时间空间联合频谱检测认知协作分集系统的中断概率分析

无线网络中利用协作分集技术可显著提高传输性能。认知无线网络中采用时间空间联合频谱检测能更充分地利用主用户的空闲频谱空洞。本文对采用时间空间联合频谱检测的认知协作分集系统的中断概率性能进行分析,给出采用选择解码转发中继协议时在瑞利衰落信道下的准确中断概率闭合式。分析和仿真结果表明:采用时间空间联合频谱检测的系统的中断概率性能优于单独时间频谱检测和单独空间频谱检测的系统,而协作分集技术的引入也明显改善了认知用户的传输性能。中断概率的理论结果对于衡量和评估认知网络的频谱检测方案、协作传输方案的性能有重要的理论和实用价值。      

基于可靠次用户信息的协作频谱感知算法研究

对认知无线电系统最基本要求之一就是次用户必须有能力以高的精确率来确定主用户是否存在。而以前对认知无线电频谱感知的研究表明:在实际认知网络中次用户之间的相互协作可以提高其频谱检测性能。然而,对于协作频谱感知而言,随着协作次用户数目的增加,势必会增大用于传输本地检测结果到融合中心的专用控制信道带宽,从而增加系统开销。该文在控制信道带宽有限的约束条件下,提出一种通过考虑可靠次用户信息的协作频谱感知算法来进一步改善频谱检测的性能。该算法的基本思想:只有具有可靠的本地检测结果的次用户才发送自己的检测结果到融合中心,否则,该次用户不发送任何信息。同时,对提出的该算法在理论上进行了推导,通过仿真结果表明:在控制信道带宽受限的约束下,相比于传统的或门协作频谱感知算法,提出的算法能够大大改善对主用户的检测性能。     

基于熵最小化的协作式随机检测宽带频谱的策略

针对认知无线电中的宽带频谱检测,从信息熵角度分析了信道状态估计的准确性与熵的关系,进而提出一种基于熵最小化的协作式随机检测宽带频谱的策略.该策略充分利用了信道状态的先验信息和实际检测所得信息,选择使系统信息熵最小化的信道进行检测,从而自动调节各个信道检测时间间隔.性能分析和仿真实验表明,基于熵最小化的检测策略有效地提高了信道状态估计准确性和检测的效率.     

一种基于小区内次用户间协作的频谱检测策略

认知无线电中频谱检测性能直接影响频谱资源的使用效率,考虑次用户在空间的随机分布特性,本文提出了一种基于小区内次用户协作的频谱检测策略以提高检测性能.该策略将空间划分为若干个协作小区,同一小区内的次用户进行协作检测从而获得协作增益.基于漏警概率和虚警概率的理论推导分析可知,该策略的检测性能主要取决于协作小区的半径和检测判决门限的设置,并由此给出这两个参数设置的方法;分析还表明次用户在空间分布的随机性降低了协作增益.仿真验证了理论分析的正确性和该策略的有效性.     

非理想频谱检测对主用户干扰的性能分析

实际中认知中继网络的频谱检测不可能完全正确检测频谱状态,次级用户传输会对主用户传输产生干扰。在分布式协作频谱检测和集中式协作频谱检测情况下,研究了认知中继网络中非理想频谱检测对主用户干扰性能的影响。在瑞利信道下推导了非理想频谱检测条件下主用户干扰概率的数学表达式。最后,仿真结果证明了理论分析的合理性,并表明非理想频谱检测会对主用户产生较大干扰,而中继节点数目的增加可以明显降低干扰概率。     

基于业务感知的协作频谱决策机制研究

认知无线电频谱分配中为了追求绝对公平而采用随机分配策略,然而由于次用户业务服务质量要求不同,会导致用户中断概率增加.在主用户行为预测模型中应用二状态马尔科夫链,主用户出现概率随机产生,不能反映信道真实状态.为此,提出时频联合检测与实时监测相结合的主用户行为预测,在频谱分配中区分业务类型.仿真结果显示,所提算法次用户平均中断概率优于随机分配机制.     

认知无线电多时隙联合频谱感知方法及优化

为了降低认知无线电中次用户对主用户的干扰,提出了次用户通过多个时隙的能量感知联合检测主用户的频谱感知方法。每个传输帧被分成若干个时隙,次用户在每个时隙的开始进行能量感知,通过合并多个时隙的感知结果,提高次用户对主用户的检测性能。为了最大化次用户的频谱效率,将主用户状态建模为二维马尔科夫随机过程,并根据该过程优化单时隙频谱感知时间。仿真结果表明：相比Liang的“先听后传”频谱感知方法,提出方法仅牺牲14％的频谱效率,却使干扰概率降低了28％;随着信噪比增加,提出方法的最大频谱效率逐渐接近“先听后传”频谱感知方法。     

基于信道统计特征的认知无线电协作频谱检测

针对认知无线电到融合中心间的控制信道为Nakagami-m衰落信道的情况,研究了认知无线电协作频谱检测问题,推导出融合中心利用衰落信道统计特征的似然比协作频谱检测公式.该方法不需要瞬时信道状态信息,简化了协作频谱检测过程,便于实际应用.通过仿真对融合中心的协作频谱检测性能进行了分析,结果表明:利用衰落信道统计特征的似然比协作频谱检测的性能较利用瞬时信道状态信息的似然比频谱检测性能略有下降,但是在高信噪比或衰落不严重的情况下,二者的性能非常接近,认知无线电节点个数对两种频谱检测方法间的性能差距几乎没有影响.     

认知Ad Hoc网络能量有效频谱接入策略

针对认知无线Ad Hoc网络中次用户能量受限问题,提出一种基于能量有效性的机会频谱接入策略。联合考虑信道状态的时变性和次用户的频谱感知准确性,基于部分可观测马尔科夫决策过程（POMDP）建立了一种最大化能量有效性的分析架构,指导次用户选择能效最佳信道,并根据信念状态、信道增益和检测概率,自适应控制传输功率。仿真结果表明,该策略能够有效提高次用户传输的能量有效性,通过对传输功率的有效控制,实现了传输性能和能量开销的有效折中。      

一种动态时变衰落信道下的频谱感知算法

针对时变慢衰落信道中频谱感知问题,提出一种新颖的动态状态空间系统模型,将授权用户状态与时变衰落信道状态看作2个隐藏系统状态;在此基础上,提出一种联合估计时变信道增益与授权用户状态的新型频谱感知方法。仿真结果表明,提出的新方案能够显著提高动态时变衰落信道中的频谱感知性能。     

Investigation on outage capacity of spectrum sharing system using CSI and SSI under received power constraints

In this paper, we have investigated the outage capacity of secondary user for opportunistic spectrum sharing under the joint peak and average received power constraints for Rayleigh fading environment. Under this communication scenario, on detecting the licensed primary user inactive, the secondary unlicensed users transmit data/information in the licensed frequency band such that no or minimum interference may be experienced by the primary user. The soft sensing information (SSI) and secondary user’s channel state information is used to obtain the closed form expressions for the ergodic and outage capacity using truncated channel inversion with fixed rate technique under the joint peak and average received power constraints. Numerically simulated results are provided to demonstrate the improvement in outage capacity of secondary user under the proposed spectrum sharing scheme. Moreover, the proposed scheme is also compared with other conventional spectrum sharing schemes to illustrate the benefits of SSI and received power constraints on the outage capacity of secondary user.

     

Capacity in fading environment based on soft sensing information under spectrum sharing constraints

In this paper, the ergodic channel capacity for a secondary user is investigated using soft sensing information about primary user activity in a shared channel under joint peak transmit power and average received interference power constraints for Nakagami-m fading channel. The results of the proposed power adaptation scheme illustrate the effect of communication environment parameters and soft sensing information about primary user activity on the channel capacity of secondary user. In particular, the effect of cross link channel state information to maximize the channel capacity for the power adaptation scheme is emphasized by considering the Lagrangian optimization problem for joint peak transmit power and average interference power constraints. Moreover, the performance of the primary user is also investigated considering the interference of the secondary user to the primary in spectrum sharing environment in terms of transmission rate and average channel capacity.     

碰撞约束和非理想感知下认知多址接入信道的有效吞吐量

在碰撞约束和非理想信道信息下,研究认知多址接入信道中多个次用户接入主用户频谱的有效吞吐量问题。在机会频谱接入方式（OSA）下,定义有效吞吐量并作为次用户的性能指标。考虑信道质量信息,在信道质量分布参数未知的情况下采用有限的信道样本对参数进行估计,并对非理想感知下次用户的性能进行分析。通过仿真实验,分别讨论了信道质量门限与碰撞概率及次用户性能之间的关系,对比了理想感知和非理想感知下次用户的性能,并与其他算法进行对比,验证了本文接入策略的有效性。     

Cooperative spectrum sensing scheduling scheme based on discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm

The statistical characteristics of the network state changes were analyzed by using the CTMC model.Considering the difference of each secondary user’s sensing ability,two integer programming problems on cooperative sensing scheduling scheme were established from two aspects:the primary users and the secondary users respectively.A discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed to solve the integer programming problems,and compared with the traditional random scheduling scheme and greedy scheduling scheme based on SNR.The simulation results show that the cooperative sensing scheduling scheme based on discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm is superior to random scheduling scheme and greedy scheduling scheme based on the SNR,which gets a higher spectrum sensing accuracy.     

模拟人群信任和决策机制的协作频谱感知方法

通过模拟人群内部的信任和决策机制,针对多用户的频谱协作感知一致性问题,提出了一种分布式算法。该算法首先通过网络的历次协作过程预测出各感知用户的动态可信值,据此产生用户的相对可信值,并结合决策机制使得用户之间进行数据交互,随着数据的可信、迭代交互,所有用户状态将趋于一致,最后通过判定算法得出最终结果。算法充分考虑了实际环境中各用户频带感知能力的不平衡性,而且各次级用户只需要进行少量局部数据交换即可实现协作感知,与传统的OR-rule、1-out-of-N rule以及普通迭代法有较大区别。对3种数据篡改攻击进行了分析,并在预测算法的基础上提出了相应的安全策略。理论分析与仿真结果表明,新算法在准确性和安全性上均优于传统合作频谱感知算法,能显著提高频谱感知准确率,同时兼具较强的防攻击能力。     

Performance Evaluation of Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme with Censoring of Cognitive Radios in Rayleigh Fading Channel

In this paper, the performance of cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) with censoring of cognitive radio (CR) users in Rayleigh fading channel is analyzed. More precisely, CR users which employ energy detectors are censored depending on the quality of radio channels between them and a fusion center (FC). Each CR makes a hard decision about primary user (PU) using energy detection and transmits the information to FC using BPSK signaling if that CR user is selected to transmit. A training based channel estimator is used at the FC to estimate the complex Gaussian fading coefficients characterizing the channels between the CR users and the FC. This channel state information on fading coefficients is used for censoring the CR users. Two fusion rules such as majority logic fusion and maximal ratio combining (MRC) fusion rules are applied at the FC for estimating the performance in terms of probability of missed detection (P_m). We develop a simulation test bed for evaluating the performance of CSS scheme. Probability of missed detection has been evaluated for both perfect and imperfect channel estimation for various probabilities of false alarm (P_f), reporting and sensing channel SNR values.     

Cooperative Spectrum Sensing with Adaptive Node Selection for Cognitive Radio Networks

In cooperative spectrum sensing, secondary users can cooperate based on their local sensing observations so as to detect primary signals in a more reliable manner. However, because of the low strength of received primary signals, observations from some secondary users may contribute little to global decisions at the fusion center. To reduce energy consumption and sensing overhead, cooperation is recommended only with a subset of nodes receiving high-strength primary signals. This paper proposes a selection probability based cooperative spectrum sensing scheme that exploits historical observations to exclude nodes receiving low-strength primary signals. The selection probability is maintained based on local sensing information and global decisions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can exploit location advantages and shows almost the same detection performance as cooperative spectrum sensing with accurate node selection.     

Optimal cooperative beamforming design in cognitive radio networks with multiple secondary user links

In this paper, a novel beamforming method is proposed for a more realistic cognitive radio system with several secondary transmitters and receivers, a number of relays, and 1 primary transmitter and receiver. When the primary user link is idle, all secondary transmitters access temporal spectrum holes to simultaneously broadcast their information to the relays each associated with an infinite buffer. In the next stage, the relays transmit the information to the secondary receivers using a cooperative beamforming method no matter whether primary user link is silent or not. The proposed method of designing the beamforming vector enables the system to maximize the power received by the secondary users while maintaining the interference plus noise power at the primary user receiver below a predefined threshold. Results of simulations confirm validity of the method and improved performance compared to the zero‐forcing beamforming. The impact of channel quality between nodes on the performance of the system is also investigated.     

频谱协作认知检测算法研究

为实现对低信噪比主用户信号进行可靠的检测,论文结合基于循环平稳的主用户信号具有不同循环频率的特性,以及次用户间的协作检测能有效地克服无线环境中多径衰减和阴影效应等不利因素影响的特点,提出了基于循环平稳特性的协作频谱检测算法。算法利用次用户对主用户信号的多个不同循环频率进行协作检测,并对各个次用户独立的检测结果进行权值数据融合,从而实现最终全局判决。同时,为进一步改善检测性能,论文研究了基于最大比合并的权值优化方法。仿真实验表明即使信号在较低信噪比情况下,论文研究的算法亦具有较好的检测性能。