基于多叉树的梯形图向指令表转换算法

针对目前可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)编辑软件中梯形图向指令表转化算法的缺陷,通过对梯形图语言的分析与研究,并考虑到梯形图和指令表在实际应用时的优劣点,提出了一种借助多叉树来实现PLC梯形图向指令表转换的算法;该算法采取从左至右,从上至下的扫描原则将梯形图构建成多叉树,借助多叉树来反应图符间的逻辑关系,然后通过后序遍历多叉树来得到指令表程序;此算法在处理多重串并联结构梯形图时具有更高的效率,同时适用于堆栈指令,使得该算法具有更好的通用性。     

基于块生长观点的PLC指令表向梯形图转化算法

为了实现PLC指令表语句向梯形图自动转换,该文首先提出了指令表语句向梯形图转化需要的限制条件,同时,根据指令表语句本身的意义,以及梯形图绘图的结构,提出了基于块生长的观点的算法,实现这一自动转换。本算法已经成功应用于上海研翔自动化有限公司的PLC编程软件当中。     

软件PLC中梯形图编译的C 实现研究

研究了软件PLC中梯形图的逻辑化表达以及编译为指令表的实现方法,对梯形图元素之间的串并联关系进行了深入探讨,在此基础上给出了基于C 的梯形图逻辑表达模型,实现了梯形图到指令表的转换。该实现在可扩展性以及支持复杂梯形图转换方面具有一定优势。     

PLC梯形图转化为多操作数逻辑指令的设计与实现

针对每一个操作数有一个操作码的PLC逻辑指令,设计了一个操作码可带多个操作数,操作数附加“辅助符号位”的新型PLC逻辑指令,避免在执行逻辑指令过程中有多少个操作数需要译码多少次的状况;研究这种新指令语句的数据结构和梯形图的数据结构,应用这两种数据结构研究梯形图转化成新指令表的转化算法;对梯形图采用按梯级顺序递归扫描方法构造二叉树结构,然后对二叉树进行后序遍历得到一个中间结果指令表,对中间结果指令表经过逻辑关系的分析与同类型逻辑关系操作数的合并处理得到最终的指令表;通过对串并联结构梯形图的转换测试,其新指令语句的转化结果正确。     

基于简单二维数组的梯形图转换算法

探讨了一种梯形图转换指令表的算法。与较多实现相同功能的算法不同的是,所述算法的梯形图存储结构是简单的二维数组结构。这种结构的好处是便于进行梯形图的编辑,更具实用性。     

PLC梯形图的一种数据结构描述方法

针对目前PLC梯形图编辑软件中梯形图存储结构的复杂和不足,本文基于面向对象的方法,采用二叉树和双向链表相结合的数据结构来描述梯形图功能单元及其拓扑关系,并提出了相应的转换算法,然后简化为只含有功能单元的模型,使后续的指令表转换得到简化。这种模型结构简单、通用性强、易于用C++语言实现,在PLC梯形图编辑软件中应用效果良好。     

基于串并联归并的PLC梯形图向指令表转换算法

PLC梯形图转换为指令表通常分为三个阶段,即梯形图映射为AOV图、AOV图转换为二叉树、二叉树转换为指令表。其中AOV图转换为二叉树最为关键也最复杂,提出了一种利用串并联归并的思想将AOV图转换为二叉树的方法,直观易懂并容易实现。给出了一个转换实例,并介绍了算法思想及其实现步骤。     

梯形图与指令表互译算法的设计与实现

梯形图由于其形象直观、简单易用、易于掌握等特点,成为可编程控制器的主要编程语言,但其不能被可编程控制器识别,也不能在可编程控制器内部直接运行.此时就需要将梯形图转化为可编程控制器能够识别的语言.而指令表是一种类似于汇编语言的文本语言,简洁高效、较容易被解释执行,在可编程控制器内部解释执行的即为指令表或者指令表的变体.所以,实现梯形图与指令表的互译就尤为重要.文中利用树型结构这个中间工具,使用遍历扫描的方法,实现了将梯形图转化为指令表的算法设计.     

PLC梯形图的指令表转换算法研究

基于面向对象的思想,本文提出了一种PLC梯形图的指令表转换算法。该算法克服了传统拓扑排序算法在梯形图结构复杂时产生误判的缺陷,具有较强的逻辑错误检查功能。该算法应用于工业PLC编辑软件,成功地实现了图形语言与文本语言的转换。     

基于Qt的软PLC梯形图编辑软件的设计与实现

本文重点是软PLC梯形图编辑软件的设计与实现。采用跨平台能力很强的Qt作为开发工具,能够将系统应用于多种操作平台,使系统具有更强的开放性;在对梯形图整体结构进行深入分析的基础上,利用面向对象的方法,对系统进行了类层次结构的设计,提高了软件开发的执行效率;采用双层双向链表存储梯形图,使得动态编辑操作更加方便、灵活;通过顺序扫描梯形图程序,将源语言转换为指令表程序,此方法使得转换过程相对简单。最后对软件进行测试,验证了设计方法的正确性与可用性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.