Gemini型表面活性剂的合成进展

综述了Gemini型表面活性剂,包括阴离子型、阳离子型、非离子型、两性型及一些特殊类型Gemini表面活性剂的合成方法研究进展。有参考文献23篇。     

磺酸盐/硫酸酯盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成及应用进展

Gemini表面活性剂又作“双子表面活性剂”,其分子结构类似于两个表面活性剂分子的聚合体,故又称二聚表面活性剂。Gemini表面活性剂具有较单烷基链烃和单离子头基组成的普通表面活性剂更好的表面活性。根据双子表面活性剂所含亲水基团电荷差异,将其分为阴离子型、阳离子型、非离子型和混合型四大类。其中磺酸盐型和硫酸酯型属阴离子型双子。     

驱油用脂肪醇醚改性表面活性剂研究进展

针对脂肪醇醚表面活性剂在三次采油的局限性,综述了脂肪醇醚改性表面活性剂的研究现状和所开发的种类,重点介绍了硫酸酯盐型、磺酸盐型、磷酸酯盐型和羧酸盐型等改性常规表面活性剂的基本合成方法及产物性能,同时对含有醚为联结基Gemini阴离子表面活性剂进行了介绍。     

阴离子型双子表面活性剂研究进展

根据亲水基的性质不同,双子表面活性剂可以分为阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型、两性离子型四种。由于其结构独特而具有许多优良的性能,如高表面活性、超低表面张力、强协同效应等。本文简要介绍了阴离子型表面活性剂的种类,主要包括磺酸盐型、羧酸盐性、磷酸盐性和硫酸酯盐型,同时简要介绍了阴离子型双子表面活性剂的合成方法,最后阐述双子表面活性剂现在存在的一些问题及其未来的发展方向。     

双子Gemini表面活性剂在低渗油藏中耐温耐盐性研究进展

双子(Gemini)表面活性剂具有高表面活性、低浓度下可形成胶束,并可达到超低IFT(界面张力),并且它还具有很好的耐温性和耐盐性,将此类Gemini表面活性剂应用于油田降压增注具有重要的研究价值。将应用于低渗油藏方面的阴-非离子型、阳离子、非离子和阴离子型双子(Gemini)表面活性剂进行了综述,并对其耐温性、耐盐性、降低界面张力及降压增注能力进行了评述,以期为更多从事相关领域研究的人员提供参考。     

Gemini型表面活性剂结构性能与应用

Gemini型表面活性剂的结构和性质与传统的表面活性剂有很大的不同,例如Gemini型表面活性剂可以视为两个普通表面活性剂在亲水基或者靠近亲水基处由连接基团通过化学键连接而成;Gemini表面活性剂的C20值和cmc值都比传统表面活性剂的值要低很多。着重介绍了Gemini型表面活性剂的特性,结构与表面活性的关系以及应用。     

阴离子表面活性剂在制革工业中的应用

简要介绍了表面活性剂的分类,综述了其在制革生产工序中常用的羧酸盐、磺酸盐、硫酸酯盐和磷酸酯盐型阴离子表面活性剂的结构和性能,着重阐述了阴离子型表面活性剂在浸水、脱脂、脱毛、脱灰、染色、加脂、涂饰等工序中的应用。     

双子Gemini表面活性剂在低渗油藏中耐温耐盐性研究进展

双子(Gemini)表面活性剂具有高表面活性、低浓度下可形成胶束,并可达到超低IFT(界面张力),并且它还具有很好的耐温性和耐盐性,将此类Gemini表面活性剂应用于油田降压增注具有重要的研究价值。将应用于低渗油藏方面的阴-非离子型、阳离子、非离子和阴离子型双子(Gemini)表面活性剂进行了综述,并对其耐温性、耐盐性、降低界面张力及降压增注能力进行了评述,以期为更多从事相关领域研究的人员提供参考。     

环境友好的新型糖基表面活性剂的开发

本文介绍了糖基Gemini型表面活性剂的合成及表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度、表面张力、分子半径、标准自由能、缔合数等物化性能，并对有代表性的糖基Gemini型表面活性剂的特殊性能作了介绍．最后展望了糖基Gemini型表面活性剂的发展前景。     

N，N’-双脂肪酰基乙二胺二丙酸甲酯的合成及性能研究

以无水乙二胺、丙烯酸甲酯及不同的脂肪酸反应,合成了Gemini型表面活性剂双脂肪酰基乙二胺二丙酸甲酯,通过测定不同浓度溶液的表面张力和电导率,对系列Gemini型表面活性剂,即C10（癸酸）Gemini型、C12（月桂酸）Gemini型、C14（肉豆蔻酸）Gemini型、C15（棕榈酸）Gemini型的相关性能进行了表征。同时探讨了不同金属离子的加入对于Gemini型表面活性剂的表面活性的影响。     

采油用阴离子双子表面活性剂的研究进展

阴离子双子表面活性剂由于独特的物化性质,使其在三次采油中的应用具有一定的可行性和巨大的应用潜力,越来越受到重视。综述了国内外采油用阴离子表面活性剂的合成研究现状。主要介绍了羧酸盐型、硫酸盐型和磺酸盐型三类阴离子双子表面活性剂的合成及应用研究,并探讨了阴离子双子表面活性剂的应用发展前景。     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Sulfonate Gemini Surfactants

Sulfonated Gemini surfactants are a relatively new class of anion surfactants, composed of 2 or more sulfonated surfactant monomers connected by a spacer at or near the head groups through a covalent bond. In general, the sulfonated Gemini surfactants show better properties compared to conventional anionic surfactants including better surface activity, a lower critical micelle concentration, enhanced detergency, excellent compatibility with other surfactants, and better solubility in high ionic strength systems. This article reviews the synthesis of the sulfonated Gemini surfactants using different raw materials. Based on the existing information in the literature, new ideas are proposed for the synthesis and application of the sulfonated Gemini surfactants.     

Surface Properties and Solubility Enhancement of Anionic/Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures Based on Sulfonate Gemini Surfactants

As a class of novel surfactants, Gemini surfactants usually exhibit fairly excellent interfacial properties in aqueous solutions on account of the unique structure. They have significant application and development potential for industrial production. However, the mixing properties of Gemini surfactants with conventional surfactants are the key to their application. The equilibrium surface tension curves of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixtures based on the sulfonate Gemini surfactant (SGS-12) were measured using the Wilhelmy Plate method. The parameters of surface adsorption, the interaction parameters between anionic and nonionic surfactants, and the thermodynamic parameters of micelle formation were calculated from the corresponding equations. In addition, the dynamic surface tension (DST) curves of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixtures were examined through bubble profile analysis, and the diffusion performance parameters were acquired from empirical formulas. The solubilization of pyrene in micelle solutions was studied using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the interaction parameters of all anionic/nonionic surfactants are negative, indicating that there is a synergistic effect on reducing the surface tension. For the SGS-12/OP-10, SGS-12/Tween 80, SGS-12/AEO9, and SGS-12/APG0810 mixtures, the optimum mixing ratios are 6:4, 7:3, 7:3, and 8:2, respectively. The thermodynamic data of micelles show that the formation of mixed micelles for SGS-12/APG0810 mixtures is an enthalpy-driven process. The tendency of DST curves of the SGS-12/APG0810 mixture is similar to that of SGS-12. In comparison with single-surfactant solutions, the anionic/nonionic surfactant mixtures show stronger solubilization capacity toward pyrene.     

离子液体表面活性剂的合成与应用(Ⅱ)——离子液体表面活性剂的合成

按照离子液体表面活性剂的种类,分别介绍了不同类型离子液体表面活性剂的合成方法。阳离子型离子液体表面活性剂可以采用直接季铵化法、复分解法和离子交换法合成;阴离子型离子液体表面活性剂是采用传统阴离子表面活性剂与离子液体在有机溶剂或水/有机溶剂中复分解反应完成的;两性离子液体表面活性剂通常采用直接季铵化法合成;双子和Bola型离子液体表面活性剂与传统双子和Bola型表面活性剂的合成方法相似;微波和超声等新的辅助合成方法将明显促进离子液体表面活性剂的合成。     

Effects of Spacers on Surface Activities and Aggregation Properties of Anionic Gemini Surfactants

This present article employs four anionic Gemini surfactants with different spacer groups and investigates their physicochemical and aggregation properties. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at CMC (γ_CMC) and C ₂₀ of these surfactants have been investigated using the du Nouy ring method. The aggregation number (N) was determined with intrinsic fluorescence quenching method using pyrene as a fluorescence probe and benzophenone as a quencher. Results show that these anionic Gemini surfactants have lower CMC and C ₂₀ values compared with those conventional ones and show higher surface activity. As expected, the spacer plays an important role in the aggregation properties of Gemini surfactants. Under experimental conditions, Gemini B–D with an alkoxylated group as spacer has a lower CMC and a higher aggregation number than Gemini A with methylene as spacer. For Gemini B–D, the CMC and aggregation number values decrease with the increasing flexible spacer length. The micropolarity also affects the aggregation of the present anionic Gemini surfactants. The micropolarity of micelle becomes low when the concentration of surfactants increases. Aggregation numbers of surfactants increase and fluorescence intensities decrease with the increasing concentration of NaCl. These results will help us to understand the relationship between the architectures of Gemini surfactants and their various properties in aqueous solution. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

乙二醇基Gemini表面活性剂的合成研究进展

综述了以乙二醇为原料制备阳离子、阴离子、非离子和两性离子Gemini表面活性剂的合成方法,并对合成路线进行了总结和分析,对产物的性能及其应用进行了阐述。以乙二醇为主要原料合成的Gemini表面活性剂具有更高的表面活性、较低的临界胶束浓度、良好的润湿性和抗菌性,应用范围较广。     

双子(Gemini)表面活性剂合成及研究进展

综述了阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型和两性离子型四类双子表面活性剂的合成及研究进展,指出未来双子表面活性剂研究的主要方向为获得更高的表面活性、降低合成和使用成本、不同类型的表面活性剂协同强化、提高安全环保性和拓宽应用领域等。     

Interactions between Anionic Polyacrylamide and Cationic Gemini/Conventional Surfactants

The interaction of anionic polymer polyacrylamide and cationic Gemini surfactants, namely: α,ω-bis(hexadecyldimethylammonium)alkane dibromides, (16-s-16), s = 5, 6 and their conventional counterpart cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) has been investigated by electrical conductivity, rheology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Stronger interaction of Gemini surfactants in comparison to their conventional counterpart CTAB was observed from conductivity studies, while viscosity studies show that the interaction is quite significant with Gemini surfactants. The thermodynamic parameters for interactions show feasibility of interaction between the polymer and surfactant. SEM results support the viscosity data.     

Gemini表面活性剂/醇/正辛烷/盐水体系微乳液的研究

以壬基酚为原料在催化剂存在下与二溴烷烃作用生成双醚,然后磺化,合成了一类Gemini阴离子表面活性剂,用悬滴法测定了其油水界面张力,结果表明,Gemini表面活性剂可使油水界面张力降低到 10-3mN/m。研究了Gemini表面活性剂 /醇 /正辛烷 /盐水体系的微乳液相行为,通过拟三元相图的方法确定了助表面活性剂醇的种类,实验结果表明,链长的比链短的醇具有更好的助活作用。通过正交实验方法得到了形成中相微乳液的最佳组成:w(GeminiD) =0 1%;w(n C6H13OH) =4 0%;w(NaCl) =1 5%。