滴流床反应器内脉冲流宏观流体力学的特性参数

引　言在石油化工工业的加氢处理中 ,滴流床反应器常操作在接近脉冲流流型区域[1] .脉冲流下气液流速都比较高 ,所以该操作方式适合催化剂活性高、反应速率快的反应[2 ] ,而且气液流量大有利于强放热反应的反应热从反应器移出。流体力学参数如脉冲速度、脉冲频率、持液量、气液分布、压力降等对于该类反应器的工业设计及操作具有很重要的意义 .Ｓａｔｏ等[3] 较早地对脉冲流的特性进行过定性的实验研究 .Ｂｌｏｋ等[4 ] 以及Ｔｓｏｃｈａｔｚｉｄｉｓ等[5] 通过电导法也对脉冲流宏观特性进行过研究 .本文用不同的实验方法对滴流床反应器内脉…     

滴流床反应器内脉冲流流体力学特性参数的模型预测

通过对气流两相在填料床反应器并流向下流动情况的分析,提出了计算如气、液两流体在富液和富气脉冲柱内的速度、持流量及脉冲柱长度等流体力学参数的数学模型方程,为使模型方程封闭,根据实验数据提出三个经验关联式关联表观脉冲速度、脉冲频率和平均持流量三个宏观平均参数,模型计算结果与分析结论吻合良好。     

小长径比组合立管的液塞耗散作用

试验研究了小长径比组合立管的液塞耗散作用,分析了组合立管进出口持液率、液塞频率及液塞长度的变化规律。结果表明:组合立管中的扩径管使出口段液膜区与液塞区的持液率均小于入口段,出口段液塞区随折算气速增加而减小直至消失,而随折算液速的增加变化不大;液塞频率变化率随折算气速增加而增大;在中低气速下,液塞频率变化率随折算液速增加而增大,在高气速下,液塞频率变化率先稳定在最大值而后又下降;液塞长度变化率随折算气速增加而增大,在最低与最高气速下,液塞长度变化率随折算液速增加先稳定后减小,在中等气速下,液塞长度变化率稳定在0.6附近。     

脉冲筛板萃取塔CFD-PBM模型研究

脉冲筛板萃取塔是核工业等领域中最常用的萃取设备之一，为深入了解脉冲筛板萃取塔中两相流行为规律，使用CFD-PBM模型对脉冲筛板萃取塔中由有机相(30%TBP-正十二烷)、水相(HNO₃水溶液)组成的体系进行两相流过程模拟分析，模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好，分散相存留分数和Sauter平均液滴直径的相对偏差仅为8.28%和5.54%；随脉冲速度增加，Sauter平均液滴直径减小，液滴直径分布更均匀，分散相存留分数增加，特性速度减小；两相表观速度对液滴直径影响较小，分散相表观流速增加有利于提高分散相存留分数，而连续相表观流速影响不大；发生液泛时分散相液泛表观速度随连续相液泛表观速度增大而减小，随脉冲速度增加液泛通量先增后减，存在极值。     

变气速气—固流态化流体力学

在φ１００ｍｍ流化床内，使用活性炭，高密度聚乙烯、石英砂３种Ｂ类粒子，测定了当脉冲气流频率在０～７ＨＺ时，变气速流化的床层压降、起始流化速率和空隙率。实验得到了反映变气速流化时起始流化速度降低的ｕ＾０ｍｆ－ｕｐ图。通过测定床底的压力波动，得到了反映变气速流化的强制振动作用与脉冲气速、平稳气速的关系的ｕｅ－ｕｐ图。     

滴流床反应器内脉冲流下动持液量实验

对气液强相互作用下滴流床反应器内的流体动力学进行了分析讨论 .实验测定了脉冲流流型下的床层平均动持液量 .考察了气液流率、液体黏度、填料材料等因素对动持液量的影响 .根据对滴流床反应器内流体流动机理的分析及实验结果 ,提出了关联脉冲流型式下动持液量的关联式 .该关联式能很好地关联实验数据 ,可用于预测温和型脉冲流下的动持液量     

多层百页窗式挡板三相流化床中液相混合行为

采用脉冲应答技术测定了矩形气液固三相流化床反应器中液相混合时间和下降速度。考察了挡板结构、气液流量、固体浓度对床层液相混合行为的影响。实验结果表明，在床中设置挡板构件，对液体混合时间与液体下降速度的影响不明显。     

低气液流速下三相固定床的传质特性

在低气液流速下对三相固定床气液并流向上和并流向下操作过程的传质特性进行了对比研究。分别采用物理吸收法和化学吸收法测定液相体积传质系数k_L~a与气液相际比表面积a,利用电容层析成像系统测定了床层持液量,并分别使用直径为1.9,4.0,9.3 mm的球形填料进行实验,考察颗粒的尺寸效应。结果表明:k_L~a和a均随气液流速增大而增大,其中向上流动受气液流速影响均很明显,而向下流动受液速影响较大。颗粒尺寸越小,k_L~a与a越大。相同气液流速下,向上流动相比于向下流动,k_L~a高出45%,a高出75%。采用量纲分析法拟合实验数据,得到k_L~a与气液相Reynolds数、液相Weber数之间的关联式。根据稳定气泡理论模型,得到气液并流向上过程a的预测关联式。     

下倾管段塞流液塞频率波动的非线性分析

利用非线性分析技术中的分形理论,在长24.73 m、内径0.05 m的小型气液两相流实验装置上对下倾管空气-水段塞流中的液塞频率波动特性进行了研究.结果表明,液塞频率的波动是对初始条件敏感的混沌振荡,遵循分形统计规律,具有持久性.折算液速小时,液塞频率波动的长程相关性随着混合速度的增大而减弱,液塞频率波动对初始条件的敏感程度增强,折算液速较大时则相反.管线倾角越大,液塞频率对初始条件的敏感程度受混合速度的影响越小.折算液速和混合速度均较大时,液塞频率的混沌程度受管线倾角的影响较小.     

国产脉冲填料性能研究

在直径为262 mm有机玻璃塔内,用空气一水体系对国产50 mm陶瓷脉冲填料进行了流体力学性能的测试,得出了干、湿填料压降,载、泛点气速关联式。以Na_2SO_3溶液在钻离子催化下用空气氧化法测定了液相传质系数和有效表面,并对有效表面、载点气速提出了新的关联式。试验结果表明,国产脉冲填料与西德产脉冲填料一样,具有良好的流体力学性能和传质性能。     

Pressure drop and hydrodynamic properties of pulses in two-phase gas-liquid downflow through packed columns

The hydrodynamics and the pulse properties in the pulse flow regime of gas-liquid downflow through a packed column were studied using 6 mm Raschig rings and 3 mm spheres as packings. The pulse flow regime is considered to be gas-continuous flow outside the pulses and more like dispersed bubble flow inside the pulses and the pressure drop is viewed as being contributed to by the gas continuous part outside the pulses and by the pulses themselves. Correlations for the total pressure drop, the pressure drop across the pulse and for the pulse velocity are obtained. The experimental data of the average holdup, the pulse holdup, the base holdup and the transition from gas continuous to pulse flow regime are compared with the literature values.     

Structure of trickle-to-pulse flow regime transition and pulse dynamics at elevated temperature in slow-mode cyclic operation

The effects of temperature and pressure on the structure of the trickle-to-pulse flow regime transition in slow-mode cyclic operation in trickle-bed reactors were reported. The relationship between liquid holdup and liquid velocities at the trickle-to-pulse flow transition in cyclic operation, the shock wave behavior as a function of bed depth, as well as the pulsing flow regime properties were investigated for Newtonian (air-water) and non-Newtonian (air-0.25% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)) liquids. At a given temperature, the breakthrough, plateau and decay times of the shock wave were found to decrease with bed depth. The pulse velocity and pulse frequency for pulsing flow regime both in cyclic operation and in natural pulsing (constant-throughput operation) were observed to increase with temperature. However, increasing the reactor pressure led to increased pulse frequency and decreased pulse velocity. Analysis of the transition liquid holdups for natural pulse flow and cyclic operation revealed that the liquid holdup decreased with temperature and pressure. The transition liquid holdups and superficial liquid pulse velocities in symmetric peak-base cyclic operation surpassed those in constant-throughput operation for given temperature, pressure and gas velocity, giving rise to wider trickle flow regime area in cyclic operation. The behavior of both Newtonian and power-law non-Newtonian fluids was similar regarding the effect of temperature, pressure and gas velocity.     

EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF PULSING FLOW IN TRICKLE BEDS

New data on pulsing flow onset, properties of pulses (frequency, celerity, length), liquid holdup and pressure drop are presented for aqueous glycerol solutions of viscosity 6.7 and 20.2 mPa s and compared with similar measurements from an air-water (1.0 mPas) system. With the exception of viscosity, all other physical properties of the liquid phase are kept constant and fairly close to those of water, thus allowing a direct assessment of the effect of viscosity. Pulse formation and propagation with viscous liquids is examined on the basis of time records from a conductance type technique. A striking effect due to increased liquid viscosity is the reduction of the pulsing flow regime; in particular, the pulsing-to-bubbling transition boundary is shifted towards higher gas flow rates. Pulse frequency and celerity appear to decrease only slightly with increasing liquid viscosity, whereas the two-phase pressure gradient increases significantly. Liquid holdup also tends to increase with viscosity. Moreover, holdup with viscous liquids tends to increase significantly with the liquid flow rate, whereas an insignificant effect is found for water. A new correlation for estimating liquid holdup is proposed, and a simple model for predicting pulsing flow characteristics is modified in order to take account of the aforementioned effects.     

Induced pulsing in trickle beds—characteristics and attenuation of pulses

Gas/liquid down-flow in packed beds is studied, under periodic liquid feeding (at sufficiently high frequencies to be classified as “fast” mode of pulsing), in a range of mean liquid and gas flow rates within the steady “trickling flow regime”. The aim is to identify periodic feeding conditions resulting in improved fluid-mechanical characteristics (e.g. uniform fluids distribution) and possibly enhanced transport rates in this flow regime, which is common in industrial processes. From instantaneous, cross-sectionally averaged holdup measurements, at various locations along the packed bed, quantitative information is obtained on the axial propagation and attenuation of induced pulses. A phenomenological treatment of the pulse decay process facilitates data interpretation and leads to the determination of a characteristic attenuation factor for the various conditions tested. Key parameters of the process studied include, in addition to dynamic holdup, pressure drop, pulse celerity and intensity, as a function of fluid feed rates (G,L) and liquid cyclic frequency. Under the conditions of these tests, and for fixed mean rates G,L, the time averaged holdup and the pulse celerity are practically constant along the bed; furthermore, these quantities as well as the pressure drop do not seem to be affected by the imposed cyclic liquid feeding frequency. An expression to tentatively correlate pulse celerity data is recommended.The computed attenuation factors indicate that there is a rather narrow band of mean gas and liquid rates (along the so-called “pseudo-transition” boundary to pulsing flow) where pulse decay is at a minimum. Based on these results as well as on pulse intensity vs. bed length data, recommendations are made on preferred conditions for induced pulsing (from the fluid-mechanical standpoint) which would maximize expected benefits.     

气-液并流通过堆叠筛板填料的脉冲流特性

通过高速摄像机和压力传感器测量,对脉冲流的产生机理、筛板数的影响、液相脉冲传播速度及频率进行了系统的研究。实验发现：脉冲流是重力和气流曳力作用下,孔口液相波动在向下传播过程中被叠加放大的动力学过程,且与气、液流量及筛板数密切相关;一定气量下,脉冲流的产生需要有一个最小（临界）液相流量,且增加液量可促进局部脉冲的产生,并使液相脉冲传播速度与频率均增大;临界液量之上,增大气量,气相的扰动作用增强,局部脉冲越容易产生,从而导致脉冲传播速度与频率均增大;进一步增大气量,液相脉冲会被逐渐分散,导致脉冲传播速度与脉冲频率均减小。增加筛板数,有利于增强脉冲流强度,从而导致脉冲流范围变宽,当筛板数少于三块时不会出现脉冲流。最后,基于实验结果分析,提出了脉冲传播速度及频率的预测关联式。     

Induced pulsing in trickle beds — Particle shape and size effects on pulse characteristics

Periodic liquid feeding of the ON-OFF type is investigated — at sufficiently high frequencies to be classified as “fast” mode of induced pulsing — in the range of mean gas and liquid flow rates corresponding to the steady “trickling flow” regime. Two of the most common types of catalyst-support particles, i.e. porous spherical and cylindrical extrudates, are employed to study the imposed pulse characteristics. Detailed information is obtained, on the axial propagation and attenuation of pulses, from instantaneous, cross-sectionally averaged holdup measurements. Key fluid-mechanical parameters studied include, aside from dynamic holdup and pressure drop, pulse celerity and intensity, as a function of fluid feed rates (G,L) and liquid cyclic frequency. Similar published data, for 6 mm glass spheres, are employed for comparison; it is shown that, for the particles examined, particle size has a pronounced effect, but not as significant as that of particle shape. For particles of comparable size, the cylindrical shape is associated with much greater global dynamic holdup and pressure drop, and with increased pulse attenuation. Moreover, packed extrudates exhibit a significant increase of holdup in the axial direction, recently also observed in steady trickling flow. For spherical particles, both time-average holdup and pulse celerity are practically constant along the bed for fixed L,G. Pressure drop, global holdup and pulse celerity are not affected by cyclic liquid feeding frequency, for both spherical and cylindrical extrudate particles. Based on the pulse attenuation characteristics, for the three particle types examined, recommendations are made on preferred conditions for induced pulsing (from the fluid dynamics point of view) which would maximize benefits. Overall, it appears that spherical packings hold significant advantages over cylindrical extrudates of comparable size. Finally, in view of the observed significant decay of imposed pulses along the bed, care should be exercised to properly interpret data obtained in short laboratory reactors (where pulse attenuation is limited) for scale-up of the much longer industrial beds.     

Gas holdup and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a modified reversed flow jet loop reactor

Experiments were conducted in a modified reversed flow jet loop reactor having the liquid outlet at the top of the reactor to determine the gas holdup and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient in the air-water system. The influence of gas and liquid flow rates, and the draft tube to reactor diameter ratio were studied. It was observed that both gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient increased with increased gas and liquid flow rates and were found to be significantly higher in the modified reactor compared to the conventional one. The optimum draft tube to reactor diameter ratio was found to be in the range of 0.4 to 0.5. Empirical correlations are presented to predict gas holdup and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient in terms of operational and geometrical variables.     

Hydrodynamics of a Multi‐Stage Internal Loop Airlift Reactor

The local hydrodynamic properties in a multi‐stage internal loop airlift reactor were investigated in this study. The gas‐liquid two‐phase flow hydrodynamic properties, including gas holdup, bubble velocity, bubble diameter, and liquid circulation velocity at various stages were measured by dual electrical resistivity probes and conductivity cells. Detailed studies on the gas holdup, bubble velocity, bubble diameter, and liquid circulation velocity were conducted with respect to various values of superficial gas. The Zuber and Findlay drift flux model was used to represent the variation of slip velocity with total gas‐liquid velocity at various stages and the model fits the data well.     

γ-CT measurement and CFD simulation of cross section gas holdup distribution in a gas–liquid stirred standard Rushton tank

Cross section gas holdup distributions at 3/4 dimensionless static liquid height in a gas–liquid stirred standard Rushton tank were measured using ¹³⁷Cs γ-CT scan measuring technology at larger gas flow rates and higher impeller rotating speeds. The obtained CT scan images and digital distribution curves of gas holdup with dimensionless radius based on the CT images could explain the fluctuation changes of gas holdup distribution. The dense area of gas holdup distribution appeared in the upper space of impeller blades. Gas holdup increased both with gas flow rate and impeller rotating speed, but gas flow rate had more influence on gas holdup than impeller rotating speed. The Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model coupling with the bubbles' coalescence and break-up models, and the drag coefficient model were established to make CFD simulation of gas holdup distributions for the gas–liquid stirred Rushton tank under different gas flow rates and impeller rotating speeds.