检测数据触合算法分析

雷达组网反隐身目标探测技术是现代军事领域比较关注的一个问题,其中的多传感器数据融合技术又是一热点问题,因而有必要从概念和应用上对其进行了解并为检测数据融合算法的研究提供一个可参照的框架。为此,本文首先说明了多传感器下的检测问题和经典检测问题的相互关系,进而结合信息论的观点就近年来出现的一些典型检测融合算法进行了分析和比较,同时提出了其它可能的一些算法类型。最后,通过计算说明数据融合技术对探测系统的影响和对反隐身系统的重要意义。     

Distributed fusion architectures and algorithms for target tracking

Modern surveillance systems often utilize multiple physically distributed sensors of different types to provide complementary and overlapping coverage on targets. In order to generate target tracks and estimates, the sensor data need to be fused. While a centralized processing approach is theoretically optimal, there are significant advantages in distributing the fusion operations over multiple processing nodes. This paper discusses architectures for distributed fusion, whereby each node processes the data from its own set of sensors and communicates with other nodes to improve on the estimates, The information graph is introduced as a way of modeling information flow in distributed fusion systems and for developing algorithms. Fusion for target tracking involves two main operations: estimation and association. Distributed estimation algorithms based on the information graph are presented for arbitrary fusion architectures and related to linear and nonlinear distributed estimation results. The distributed data association problem is discussed in terms of track-to-track association likelihoods. Distributed versions of two popular tracking approaches (joint probabilistic data association and multiple hypothesis tracking) are then presented, and examples of applications are given.     

Positioning Algorithms by Information Fusion in Wireless Sensor Networks

To overcome the disadvantages of the positioning technologies by fuzzy theory in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), positioning algorithms based on information fusion are presented in this article. The fuzzy theory is used to deal with the randomness and fuzziness in the WSNs. And the information fusion is introduced to improve the location accuracy. If the collinearity of the anchor nodes is larger, the misjudged reference nodes may be caused. They are removed by using clustering method. The algorithms in this paper can enhance the location accuracies compared with using the fuzzy theory and alleviate the effect of the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) measure errors. Moreover, the algorithms avoid the high complexity of computation and the requirement of more anchor nodes. Simulation results indicate that the algorithms are more precise, robust as well as with good suitability.     

Choice of low resolution sample sets for efficient super-resolution signal reconstruction

In applications such as super-resolution imaging and mosaicking, multiple video sequences are registered to reconstruct video with enhanced resolution. However, not all computed registration is reliable. In addition, not all sequences contribute useful information towards reconstruction from multiple non-uniformly distributed sample sets. In this paper we present two algorithms that can help determine which low resolution sample sets should be combined in order to maximize reconstruction accuracy while minimizing the number of sample sets. The first algorithm computes a confidence measure which is derived as a combination of two objective functions. The second algorithm is an iterative ranked-based method for reconstruction which uses confidence measures to assign priority to sample sets that maximize information gain while minimizing reconstruction error. Experimental results with real and synthetic sequences validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Application of our work in medical visualization and super-resolution reconstruction of MRI data are also presented.     

Intelligent Acquisition and Learning of Fluorescence Microscope Data Models

We propose a mathematical framework and algorithms both to build accurate models of fluorescence microscope time series, as well as to design intelligent acquisition systems based on these models. Model building allows the information contained in the 2-D and 3-D time series to be presented in a more useful and concise form than the raw image data. This is particularly relevant as the trend in biology tends more and more towards high-throughput applications, and the resulting increase in the amount of acquired image data makes visual inspection impractical. The intelligent acquisition system uses an active learning approach to choose the acquisition regions that let us build our model most efficiently, resulting in a shorter acquisition time, as well as a reduction of the amount of photobleaching and phototoxicity incurred during acquisition. We validate our methodology by modeling object motion within a cell. For intelligent acquisition, we propose a set of algorithms to evaluate the information contained in a given acquisition region, as well as the costs associated with acquiring this region in terms of the resulting photobleaching and phototoxicity and the amount of time taken for acquisition. We use these algorithms to determine an acquisition strategy: where and when to acquire, as well as when to stop acquiring. Results, both on synthetic as well as real data, demonstrate accurate model building and large efficiency gains during acquisition.      

Perceptual-based image fusion for hyperspectral data

Three hierarchical multiresolution image fusion techniques are implemented and tested using image data from the Airborne Visual/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) hyperspectral sensor. The methods presented focus on combining multiple images from the AVIRIS sensor into a smaller subset of images white maintaining the visual information necessary for human analysis. Two of the techniques are published algorithms that were originally designed to combine images from multiple sensors, but are shown to work well on multiple images from the same sensor. The third method presented was developed specifically to fuse hyperspectral images for visual analysis. This new method uses the spatial frequency response (contrast sensitivity) of the human visual system to determine which features in the input images need to be preserved in the composite image(s) thus ensuring the composite image maintains the visually relevant features from each input image. The image fusion algorithms are analyzed using test images with known image characteristics and image data from the AVIRIS hyperspectral sensor. After analyzing the signal-to-noise ratios and visual aesthetics of the fused images, contrast sensitivity based fusion is shown to provide excellent fusion results and, in every case, outperformed the other two methods     

A novel approach using structure tensor for medical image fusion

Medical image fusion has been shown to be effective in supporting clinicians make better clinical diagnoses. Although many algorithms have been proposed for synthesis, they still have certain limitations. Some limitations can be seen as the synthesized image is reduced in contrast or details are not preserved. In this paper, we propose an image fusion algorithm to solve the problems mentioned above. Firstly, an image decomposition method is proposed to decompose the image into two components. This method is based on the Gaussian filter and the Weighted mean curvature filter. Secondly, a fusion method for high-frequency components is based on local energy function using Structure tensor saliency. Finally, we create an adaptive fusion rule using the Marine Predators Algorithm optimization method to fuse low-frequency components. Five latest algorithms and five evaluation indexes have been used to test the proposed algorithm’s effectiveness. The obtained experimental results show that the composite image is significantly improved in quality as well as well preserved the information from the input image.

     

多传感器图像融合综述

图像融合是在多测度空间综合处理多源图像和图像序列的技术。图像融合分为：像素层图像融合、特征层图像融合和符号图像层融合。本文讨论了图像融合各层次的融合算法以及红外图像、可见光图像、多谱图像、雷达图像等的融合问题，提出图像融合的结构模型，并对图像融合的发展方向进行了展望。     

多传感器信息融合技术及其应用

随着科学技术的迅猛发展,信息采集与融合趋于多元化和复杂化.单一的传感器已经无法满足需求.因此,多传感器信息融合技术开始广泛应用于各行各业,并提高了信息处理的准确性和完整性.从概念、结构与分类、关键算法的研究和实际应用等方面对多传感器信息融合技术进行了介绍,并总结了该技术的发展趋势与未来前景.     

测量噪声相关线性系统异类传感器航迹融合

研究了异类传感器航迹融合问题。在测量噪声相关的条件下,利用线性无偏最小方差估计的基本理论,通过对异类传感器的状态估计采用顺序滤波的方法,得到了相关测量噪声线性系统异类传感器测量融合算法和状态矢量融合算法。计算机数字仿真结果表明,由于考虑了测量噪声之间的相关性,该算法比噪声不相关融合算法具有更好的跟踪性能,航迹跟踪的精度得到了改善。     

带有信息反馈的最优异步递推航迹融合算法

现有的异步航迹融合算法大都采用无全局信息反馈的设计框架,并且忽略各异步传感器局部预测航迹误差间的相关性,加之考虑上述相关性的最优整体航迹融合算法的实时性难以被保证,从而导致局部传感器估计精度低、稳定性差、全局估计的最优性丧失和差的应用性等不足。为此,本文在引入全局信息反馈的基础上,同时考虑各局部预测航迹误差相关性,在融合估计误差协方差矩阵迹最小意义下,建立一种带有全局反馈机制的最优异步递推航迹融合算法。文中不仅对各种算法的次优或最优原理及性能进行了详细的分析与讨论,理论证明和仿真结果也表明了该文算法的有效性和优越性。     

On Data Fusion for Parametric-Model-Based Wireless Localization

In this paper, we present a data fusion framework for parametric-model-based wireless localization where the mobile station location is treated as a deterministic unknown vector. Three types of fusion schemes are presented: measurement fusion, estimate fusion and mixed fusion. Theoretical performance comparison among these schemes in terms of the estimation root mean square error via the weighted least square estimator (WLSE) is conducted. Such a performance metric coincides with the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in the case of Gaussian noise. We show that, if the raw measurement vectors are correlated, then measurement fusion achieves the best performance, mixed fusion follows and estimate fusion is the worst. If the raw measurement vectors are uncorrelated, then these different fusion schemes achieve the same performance. Benefits that can be earned from data fusion for wireless localization are also investigated and numerical examples are presented to validate our theoretical analysis.     

D-S规则推广及其在飞机目标识别中的应用研究

在多传感器特征信息融合算法中,D-S理论得到了广泛应用,但该理论在处理多特征冲突问题时识别效果不十分理想。针对这种情况,本文推广了D-S规则,得出了一种处理冲突信息的新方法。在分析推广规则受融合顺序影响的基础上,提出了最佳融合顺序,较好地利用了冲突信息,并通过仿真比较了D-S规则和推广规则应用于飞机目标识别的效果。结果表明:本文提出的D-S理论推广规则能有效解决多特征冲突的飞机目标识别难题。     

Data fusion‐based interference matrix generation for cellular system frequency planning

Interference matrix (IM) has been widely used in frequency planning/optimization of cellular systems because it describes the interaction between any two cells. IM is generated from the source data gathered from the cellular system, either mobile measurement reports (MMRs) or drive test (DT) records. IM accuracy is not satisfactory since neither MMRs nor DT records contain complete information on interference and traffic distribution. In this paper, two IM generation algorithms based on source data fusion are proposed. Data fusion in one algorithm is to reinforce MMRs data, using the frequency‐domain information of DT data from the same region. Data fusion in the other algorithm is to reshape DT data, using the traffic distribution information extracted from MMRs from the same region. The fused data contain more complete information so that more accurate IM can be obtained. Simulation results have validated this conclusion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Demosaicing enhancement using pixel-level fusion

Bayer pattern has been widely used in commercial digital cameras. In NASA’s mast camera (Mastcams) onboard the Mars rover Curiosity, Bayer pattern has also been used in capturing the RGB bands. It is well known that debayering, also known as demosaicing in the literature, introduces artifacts such as false colors and zipper edges. In this paper, we first present four fusion approaches, including weighted and the well-known alpha-trimmed mean filtering approaches. Each fusion approach combines demosaicing results from seven debayering algorithms in the literature, which are selected based on their performance mentioned in other survey papers and the availability of open source codes. Second, we present debayering results using two benchmark image data sets: IMAX and Kodak. It was observed that none of the seven algorithms in the literature can yield the best performance in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), CIELAB score, and subjective evaluation. Although the fusion algorithms are simple, it turns out that the debayering performance can be improved quite dramatically after fusion based on our extensive evaluations. In particular, the average PSNR improvements of the weighted fusion algorithm over the best individual method are 1.1 dB for the IMAX database and 1.8 dB for the Kodak database, respectively. Third, we applied the various algorithms to 36 actual Mastcam images. Subjective evaluation indicates that the fusion algorithms still work well, but not as good as the existing debayering algorithm used by NASA.     

Video fusion performance evaluation based on structural similarity and human visual perception

In order to evaluate different video fusion algorithms in temporal stability and consistency as well as in spatial information transfer, a novel objective video fusion quality metric is proposed with the structural similarity (SSIM) index and the perception characteristics of human visual system (HVS) in this paper. Firstly, for each frame, two sub-indices, i.e., the spatial fusion quality index and the temporal fusion quality index, are defined by the weighted local SSIM indices. Secondly, for the current frame, an individual-frame fusion quality measure is obtained by integrating the above two sub-indices. Lastly, the proposed global video fusion metric is constructed as the weighted average of all the individual-frame fusion quality measures. In addition, according to the perception characteristics of HVS, some local and global spatial-temporal information, such as local variance, pixel movement, global contrast, background motion and so on, is employed to define the weights in the proposed metric. Several sets of experimental results demonstrate that the proposed metric can evaluate different video fusion algorithms accurately, and the evaluation results coincide with the subjective results well.     

Decision Fusion of Ground-Penetrating Radar and Metal Detector Algorithms—A Robust Approach

Numerous detection algorithms, using various sensor modalities, have been developed for the detection of mines in cluttered and noisy backgrounds. The performance for each detection algorithm is typically reported in terms of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC), which is a plot of the probability of detection versus false alarm as a function of the threshold setting on the output decision variable of each algorithm. In this paper, we present multisensor decision-fusion algorithms that combine the local decisions of existing detection algorithms for different sensors. This offers an expedient, attractive, and much simpler alternative to the design of an algorithm that fuses multiple sensors at the data level, especially in cases of limited training data where it is difficult to make accurate estimates of multidimensional probability density functions. The goal of our multisensor decision-fusion approach is to exploit the complimentary strengths of existing multisensor algorithms so as to achieve performance (ROC) that exceeds the performance of any sensor algorithm operating in isolation. Our approach to multisensor decision fusion is based on the optimal signal detection theory using the likelihood ratio. We consider the optimal fusion of local decisions for two sensors: a ground-penetrating radar and a metal detector. A new robust algorithm for decision fusion that addresses the problem in which the statistics of the training data are not likely to exactly match the statistics of the test data is presented. ROCs are presented and compared for field data     

基于最近邻-拓扑图的异类传感器目标关联算法

针对雷达和高动态平台上的红外传感器构成的异类传感器信息融合系统中的目标关联问题,该文提出了一种基于最近邻-拓扑图的目标关联算法。该算法避免了系统误差补偿环节,有效地克服了最近邻方法对系统偏差敏感和拓扑图方法运算量大的不足,显著提高了存在系统误差条件下的关联成功率,且具有很强的稳健性。数值实验结果表明了该方法的有效性,目标关联正确率在90%以上。      

基于地面传感器的数据融合技术应用研究

研究了多传感器优化布设,提出了几种典型拓扑结构。比较了Bayes方法和Dempster-Shafer证据理论,采用证据理论对目标进行身份识别。研究了地面运动目标融合算法、模型,能够对各种传感器的报警数据进行处理,得到目标的属性信息和运动轨迹。进行了低空飞行目标航迹融合研究,对传感器上报的低空目标方位角数据进行综合处理,得到目标航迹信息。实际运行结果表明,这些算法是有效的。     

分布式雷达检测数据融合系统及性能分析

研究了基于奈曼一皮尔逊准则的分布式并联融合系统的检测理论，给出了使系统性能达到最优的融合中心的融合规则和传感器的决策规则，提出了一种融合系统性能优化算法，将其应用于雷达网数据融合，并就三部雷达沿直线部署的具体情况进行了计算机仿真。结果表明：相对于单部雷达而言，融合系统的性能有非常显著的改善。