AZ31镁合金在以孪生主导的塑性变形中力学行为的模拟（英文）

从实验和黏塑性自洽(VPSC)模拟两个方面定量分析具有织构的AZ31镁合金中孪晶数量及其与应力-应变曲线的关系。沿着两个不同的方向进行压缩以启动{1012}拉伸或者{1011}压缩孪生。{1012}拉伸孪晶在塑性变形的初始阶段形核并且长大到完全吞并母体。当沿着法向压缩时,{1011}孪生和{1011}-{1012}二次孪生在应变量为0.05时开始启动,并且这些孪晶的数量一直增加直到材料断裂,即应变量大于0.15。当沿着横向压缩应变量为0.06时,也会启动{1011}孪生和{1011}-{1012}二次孪生,然后在已经完全发生{1012}孪生的晶粒中大量启动。应用适当的参数,VPSC模型可以准确地判断拉伸孪晶、压缩孪晶和二次孪晶的启动和流动应力以及变形织构。从模拟中可以看出,孪生和滑移具有相同的硬化参数。     

密排六方金属{1012}形变孪晶长大机制的研究进展

利用{1012}孪晶结构调控镁合金织构和组织,可作为开辟一条低成本生产高性能镁合金的路径。探索{1012}形变孪生新的特点和规律,揭示{1012}孪生变形的物理本质是利用{1012}孪生变形调整镁合金组织和性能的关键。对国内外学者应用孪生晶体学理论、分子动力学计算机模拟和透射电镜等研究手段探索{1012}形变孪晶长大机制进行综述。重点对{1012}孪晶界面精细结构以及{1012}孪晶长大机制(孪生位错剪切机制和曳步机制)进行总结与评述。针对目前国内外学者在{1012}孪生机制中存在的重大争议,有必要丰富实验研究及计算机模拟结果,进一步探索{1012}孪生长大机制,从而为利用{1012}孪晶调控镁合金力学性能的研究奠定理论基础。     

孪晶类型对AZ31镁合金静态再结晶的影响

对轧制下压方向平行和垂直晶粒c轴的两类板材进行150℃轧制(5%下压量)后,利用背散射电子衍射分析(EBSD)研究了轧制试样中不同类型的孪晶组织对静态再结晶的晶粒形核、微观组织及织构的演变的影响。结果表明:含有大量{1011-}-{1012-}双孪晶的样品中,二次孪生有效促进再结晶形核,显著细化晶粒。再结晶晶粒取向规律性不强,有效削弱基面织构。而含有大量{1012-}拉伸孪晶的样品,拉伸孪晶不能有效促进再结晶形核。退火过程中基体不断长大,当再结晶驱动力足够大时,基体会吞并周围拉伸孪晶,同时诱发织构改变,基体取向的织构逐渐增强,拉伸孪晶取向的织构逐步减弱。     

挤压态AZ31镁合金单向压缩过程中的退孪生行为

用金相法、XRD等技术研究了挤压态AZ31镁合金单向压缩过程中的退孪生行为,并探讨退孪生机理.结果表明,在应变量较低时,拉伸孪晶数量随变形量的增大而增多,而当应变量＞4％时,随着变形量的增大,拉伸孪晶数量反而减少,即产生了退孪生现象.这种特殊的退孪生现象可以通过晶体转动理论解释,即随变形量的增大,基体逐渐转到硬取向,孪晶伴随转动,变形量较大时产生的{1012}拉伸孪晶的受力状态随转动发生改变,在已孪生部分又发生一次{10 12 }拉伸孪生,使原来已孪生部分取向再次与基体相同,即产生了退孪生.     

AZ31镁合金在平面应变压缩过程中的孪生行为研究

采用EBSD技术研究了AZ31镁合金在平面应变压缩过程中的孪生行为.结果表明,当压缩方向为TD,约束方向为RD时,孪生类型主要以{1012}拉伸孪晶为主,孪生变体的选择主要由沿TD的孪生Schmid因子(m)决定,并受RD的影响.可用孪生应变张量来解释不同类型孪生晶粒的差异.对于晶粒内部只发生1个{1012}孪生变体的情况,孪生变体在约束方向上的平均孪生应变张量会使得样品伸长;对于晶粒内部含有2个及以上变体的情况,孪生m较大的变体在约束方向上的平均孪生应变张量使得样品伸长,而m较小的变体使得样品在约束方向缩短,在平面应变压缩变形过程中,不同类型的孪生变体相互协调变形.     

镁单晶沿不同取向压缩的变形机制分子动力学研究

基于分子动力学理论,建立沿C轴以及10 10(垂直C轴)方向进行单轴压缩的模型,结合两种模型的应力-应变曲线,分析镁单晶沿不同取向压缩的微观变形机制。结果表明,沿C轴压缩时模型的压缩弹性模量较大,说明该取向难变形。且该模型先发生基面不全位错滑移(柏氏矢量b→1=1/3 10 10)以及锥面位错滑移(柏氏矢量b→2=1/6 02 23),其次在位错畸变区形核产生{10 11}孪晶。此外,在晶体内部观察到两种不同类型的{10 11}孪晶变体。沿垂直C轴方向压缩过程中,首先会形成大量的紊乱点,为位错以及孪晶的产生提供形核点。进一步加载时,会出现{10 12}孪生过程,且{10 12}孪晶迅速吞噬基体,模型变为沿C轴方向压缩变形,最后在位错堆积的畸变区形核生成{10 11}二次孪晶。     

高纯钛压缩孪生行为研究

利用背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术对高纯钛形变组织中同一个晶粒内部出现的{1122}和{1124}压缩孪生进行了研究。结果表明:{1124}孪晶总是伴随{1122}孪晶在同一晶粒中产生,在变形组织中没有发现单独存在的{1124}孪晶;这种极少出现的{1124}压缩孪晶主要由{1122}孪晶与传统晶界或{1122}孪生变体之间交互作用改变了局部应力状态而诱发的。在同一个晶粒中,由{1122}孪晶诱发的{1124}孪晶更倾向于同其中一个{1122}孪生变体具有相同的转轴。此外,根据晶体对称性及相同晶粒中{1122}和{1124}孪晶之间的取向关系,{1122}和{1124}孪晶之间可发生孪晶反应并形成4种不同类型的孪晶反应界面。     

交叉预压缩对轧制态AZ31镁合金拉压不对称性的影响

通过对轧制态AZ31镁合金板材进行多向预压缩,运用塑性变形的方式,产生了{1012}一次拉伸孪晶和{10 1 2}-{10 1 2}二次拉伸孪晶,并结合EBSD表征和XRD分析,对预压缩后材料的拉伸压缩实验的结果表明,预压缩对镁合金拉压不对称性的降低和强度的提高有明显效果。交叉预压缩之后,由于产生了孪生,材料组织晶粒细化,使得材料在再变形时,屈服强度和最大强度均明显增强。产生的拉伸孪晶片层可以有效地改变晶粒的取向,在一定程度上削弱了基面织构,在{1012}一次拉伸孪晶中产生了{1012}-{1012}二次拉伸孪晶,二者结合作用,改善了材料的再变形行为,从而降低了镁合金板材的拉压不对称性。     

动态压缩条件下高纯钛微观组织特征

利用光学显微镜(OM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对高纯钛低-中应变动态压缩变形的微观组织特征进行了研究。结果表明:随着应变量(ε)的增加,晶粒内部通过孪晶与孪晶,孪晶与位错以及位错与位错之间的交互作用逐步细化原始晶粒;变形初期,形变孪生以{1122}孪晶为主,当ε达到0.2后,{1012}孪晶转变为主要形变孪生类型,孪生改变了原始晶粒的取向,进一步促进晶粒内部的位错滑移。高纯钛动态压缩变形经历了由位错滑移到形变孪生,再到位错滑移主导的过程,但位错滑移和孪生始终共同作用协调动态压缩变形。     

基于原子尺度模拟研究HCP镁中的一次及二次孪生模式

通过分子动力学模拟（MD）,研究在HCP镁中的一个对称倾斜晶界与基面滑移的位错相互作用而激发的变形孪晶,也就是孪晶形核与长大的过程（或者是孪晶界迁移,TBM）。{1^-1^-21}孪晶在该过程中是最易被激发的孪生模式。一旦这样的孪晶形成了,它们就会不断长大。该种孪晶界迁移是由单纯的原子位置局域调整造成的。在模拟过程中同时也产生了二次孪晶{1^-1^-22}。该二次孪晶模型的孪晶形核与长大需要克服的能垒与{1^-1^-21}孪晶不同。同时,二次孪晶的孪晶界迁移过程是通过孪晶界上的锥形滑移而激发的。     

Investigation of deformation twinning in a fine-grained and coarse-grained ZM20 Mg alloy: Combined in situ neutron diffraction and acoustic emission

Neutron diffraction and acoustic emission were used in a single in situ experiment in order to study the deformation twinning of two ZM20 Mg alloys with significantly different grain sizes at room temperature. The combination of these two techniques facilitates the distinction between twin nucleation and twin growth. It is shown that yielding and immediate post-yielding plasticity in compression along the extrusion direction is governed primarily by twin nucleation, whereas plasticity at higher strains is presumably governed by twin growth and dislocation slip. It is further shown that, in the fine-grained alloy, collaborative twin nucleation in many grains dominates yielding, whereas twin nucleation in the coarse-grained alloy is progressive and occurs over a larger strain range. In addition, it is shown that, despite twin nucleation stresses increasing with decreasing grain size, roughly the same overall volume fraction of twins is formed in both fine and coarse parent grains. This confirms the difficulty of the alternative deformation modes and suggests a negligible suppressive effect of grain size on twinning in the case of the strongly textured fine-grained alloy. The current results also show that twins in the coarse-grained alloy are born less relaxed with respect to surrounding polycrystalline aggregate than those in the fine-grained alloy. This is believed to lead to lower reversal stresses acting on twin grains in the coarse-grained alloy upon unloading and thus to less untwinning and thus to a smaller pseudoelastic-like hysteresis.     

Strain hardening model of pure titanium considering effects of deformation twinning

This paper is concerned with the effect of deformation twinning on the strain hardening behavior of commercially pure titanium during the compressive loading. In accordance with many studies on titanium, the strain hardening behavior of titanium during compression has different characteristics from those of general metallic materials. It has been reported that the strain hardening rate of titanium during compression can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, the strain hardening rate decreases as the strain increases due to dynamic recovery. Following the first stage, however, a sudden increase in the strain hardening rate is observed in the second stage. It is well known that the occurrence of the second stage is due to the generation of deformation twinning. After the second stage, the strain hardening rate decreases again as the strain increases in the third stage. In this paper, a strain hardening model that can represent the three stages of strain hardening is proposed based on the investigated effect of deformation twinning on the strain hardening behavior of titanium. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses are conducted to quantify the twin volume fraction with increase of compressive plastic strain, which provide fundamental frame of the hardening model for titanium.     

Deformation twins in nanocrystalline body-centered cubic Mo as predicted by molecular dynamics simulations

This work studies deformation twins in nanocrystalline body-centered cubic Mo, including the nucleation and growth mechanisms as well as their effects on ductility, through molecular dynamics simulations. The deformation processes of nanocrystalline Mo are simulated using a columnar grain model with three different orientations. The deformation mechanisms identified, including dislocation slip, grain-boundary-mediated plasticity, deformation twins and martensitic transformation, are in agreement with previous studies. In 〈1 1 0〉 columnar grains, the deformation is dominated by twinning, which nucleates primarily from the grain boundaries by successive emission of twinning partials and thickens by jog nucleation in the grain interiors. Upon arrest by a grain boundary, the twin may either produce continuous plastic strain across the grain boundary by activating compatible twinning/slip systems or result in intergranular failure in the absence of compatible twinning/slip systems in the neighboring grain. Multiple twinning systems can be activated in the same grain, and the competition between them favors those capable of producing continuous deformation across the grain boundary.     

Nucleation mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization in Inconel 625 superalloy deformed with different strain rates

The effects of strain rates on the hot working characteristics and nucleation mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) were studied by optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Hot compression tests were conducted using a Gleeble-1500 simulator at a true strain of 0.7 in the temperature range of 1000 to 1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.01 to 10.00 s-1. It is found that the size and volume fraction of the DRX grains in hot-deformed Inconel 625 superalloy firstly decrease and then increase with increasing strain rate. Meanwhile, the nucleation mechanism of DRX is closely related to the deformation strain rate due to the deformation thermal effect. The discontinuous DRX (DDRX) with bulging of original grain boundaries is the primary nucleation mechanism of DRX, while the continuous DRX (CDRX) with progressive subgrain rotation acts as a secondary nucleation mechanism. The twinning formation can activate the nucleation of DRX. The effects of bulging of original grain boundaries and twinning formation are firstly gradually weakened and then strengthened with the increasing strain rate due to the deformation thermal effect. On the contrary, the effect of subgrain rotation is firstly gradually strengthened and then weakened with the increasing strain rate.     

挤压态AZ31镁合金的拉压不对称性及微观组织

在考虑滑移和孪生两大塑性变形机制的基础上,通过修正的粘塑性自洽（VPSC）模型,模拟挤压态AZ31镁合金轴向拉-压过程中的力学行为及微观组织。结合EBSD实验与模拟,分析了不同变形机制对初始挤压态丝织构镁合金产生拉压不对称的机理以及塑性变形过程中的微观组织。结果表明,轴向拉伸变形初期以基面滑移系为主,由于基面滑移的施密特因子较低,导致屈服应力较高;随着应变的增加,棱柱面滑移成为主导变形机制,应变硬化率降低,应力-应变曲线较平稳;轴向压缩变形初期,临界剪切应力较低的拉伸孪晶大量开启导致屈服应力较低;随着拉伸孪晶相对活性的快速降低,应变硬化率迅速提高;轴向压缩后期,随着应力的持续升高,压缩孪晶开始启动,塑性变形积累的应力得到释放,导致应变硬化率降低。另外,从典型晶粒的颜色和孪晶迹线方面解释了沿ED方向压缩时孪晶体积分数较小的原因。     

Twinning-Associated Boundaries in Hexagonal Close-Packed Metals

In this article, we highlighted twinning-associated boundaries that play crucial roles in nucleation, growth, and interactions of deformation twins. According to microscopic characterizations and atomistic simulations in Mg, three types of boundaries are reviewed, including (I) prismatic-basal boundaries associated with twin nucleation via pure-shuffle mechanism, (II) serrated coherent twin boundaries associated with twin growth and shrinkage via glide and climb of twinning dislocations, and (III) tilt prismatic–prismatic and basal–basal boundaries associated with co-zone twin–twin interactions. More importantly, these boundaries affect twinning and detwinning processes that may correspond to twinning-induced hardening and seem universally associated with twins in hexagonal close-packed metals.     

Twinning Behaviors During Thermomechanical Fatigue Cycling of a Nickel-Base Single-Crystal TMS-82 Superalloy

This paper provides further insight into the formation of deformation twins at different stages during the whole thermomechanical fatigue cycling in a nickel-base single-crystal TMS-82 superalloy. In general, it is found that twinning behaviors can always be associated with the applied stress orientation. The preferred twinning direction at the primary stage is 〈001〉-compression since the tangled dislocations which appear after the first plastic deformation provide an opportunity for twinning nucleation in compression. At the intermediate stage, the applied stress required for formation of twins in tension is much larger than that in compression; hence, twinning behaviors show distinct tension/compression asymmetry. A thick twin plate and a great many dislocations can be found after fatigue failure, and one can rationalize the reason for this twinning being associated with the TMF procedure. Twins at the tip of the crack in tension occur owing to the existence of compressive strain field.     

The role of annealing twins during recrystallization of Cu

The texture and grain boundary structure of recrystallized materials are dependent upon the character of the deformed matrix and the selective nucleation and growth of crystallites from the deformation structure. Annealing twin boundary formation in materials of low to medium stacking fault energy is not only a product of the recrystallized structure, but also plays an important role in the recrystallization process itself. In situ and ex situ recrystallization experiments were performed on pure copper (99.99% pure) previously deformed by equal channel angular extrusion. Intermittent characterization of the structure on the surface of bulk specimens was accomplished using electron backscatter diffraction. The character of the structure where nucleation preferentially occurs is presumed to be in heavily deformed regions as nuclei were first observed in such microstructures as viewed from the specimen surface. Grain growth is observed to be heavily dependent upon twinning processes at the low temperatures used for in situ experiments, with twinning occurring to aid the recrystallization process. It is shown at these temperatures that the slowest growing grains obtain the highest fraction of twin boundaries as the new twin orientations presumably increase the boundary energy at positions where there is insufficient driving force to continue growth.     

Atomistic simulation of tension deformation behavior in magnesium single crystal

The deformation behavior in magnesium single crystal under c-axis tension is investigated in a temperature range between 250 K and 570 K by molecular dynamics simulations. At a low temperature, twinning and shear bands are found to be the main deformation mechanisms. In particular, the {1012} tension twins with the reorientation angle of about 90° are observed in the simulations. The mechanisms of {1012} twinning are illustrated by the simulated motion of atoms. Moreover, grain nucleation and growth are found to be accompanied with the {1012} twinning. At temperatures above 450 K, the twin frequency decreases with increasing temperature. The {1012} extension twin almost disappears at the temperature of 570 K. The non-basal slip plays an important role on the tensile deformation in magnesium single crystal at high temperatures.