柴油抗磨剂对柴油质量影响研究

针对使用抗磨剂柴油出现的乳化、絮凝等质量问题,借助抗磨剂结构、作用和发展的分析,剖析了酸/酯型抗磨剂原料选择、酯化、后处理等生产工艺对抗磨剂使用性能的影响。表明脂肪酸型抗磨剂仅适用于低酸度柴油,脂肪酸酯型抗磨剂的适应面广,稳定性好;提出控制使用酸型抗磨剂的柴油总不溶物、灰分、10%蒸余物残炭及使用酯型柴油抗磨剂的非烃元素含量、柴油破乳性即可保障柴油质量稳定。     

生物基柴油抗磨剂酯化反应催化剂研究进展

随着燃油规范以及环境保护有关要求的不断更新,对车用柴油品质要求也逐步升级,低硫化将会成为未来车用柴油发展的必然趋势。然而,由于柴油中去除了具有抗磨功能的天然硫组分,导致柴油的润滑性能大幅降低,从而增加了零部件之间的磨损。因此,可通过添加抗磨剂,依靠其溶于柴油中在摩擦表面形成的定向吸附膜实现润滑的目的。相比于传统的抗磨剂,生物基柴油抗磨剂因具有非烃元素含量极低、可生物降解、能够满足不断发展的环保要求等特性,逐渐成为柴油抗磨剂的主要研究方向。酯化反应作为生物基柴油抗磨剂制备过程中的一种工艺,催化剂的选取对此影响较大。因此,本文对近年来生物基柴油抗磨剂酯化反应催化剂进行了总结、简述。     

改善低硫柴油润滑性能研究概况

柴油低硫化是未来车用柴油发展的必然趋势,但是低硫柴油的润滑性问题逐渐突显。本文提出了改善低硫柴油的润滑性的几种途径,并详细介绍了柴油抗磨剂的研究概况。结合当前技术经济形式,开发复合型酯类柴油抗磨剂更具有现实意义和经济意义。     

脂肪酸型抗磨剂在柴油调和中的应用

随着柴油质量的不断升级,加氢精制生产过程中硫和芳烃被大量脱除,柴油的润滑性越来越差,因此需要加入抗磨剂改善其润滑性。中石化安庆分公司选用脂肪酸型抗磨剂在柴油调和中进行应用。探讨了抗磨剂的加入对柴油酸度等质量指标的影响,认为抗磨剂加剂量为150mg/kg时具有良好的使用效果和经济效益。     

EVA型降凝剂的应用及对柴油润滑性能的影响

为了满足当前的生产要求以及追求更好的生产灵活性和经济效益,惠州炼化对作为其主要产品之一的0#车用柴油调和方案做出了合理的调整。结果显示,EVA型降凝剂的调入能有效改善0#车用柴油的低温流动性能,降低了其凝点和冷滤点,但降凝剂的加入也对脂肪酸型抗磨剂的润滑性能产生一定的负协同效应,同时也对该效应产生机理进行简要阐述。采用新调和方案后的车用柴油产品完全能满足0#国Ⅳ柴油的质量标准要求,并最终为煤、柴油平衡乃至整个公司的物料平衡提供技术支持。     

TH-KM01柴油抗磨剂在加氢精制柴油的应用

考察了油酸三乙酰胺酸和柴油抗磨剂对加氢精制柴油抗磨性能、抗乳化性能的作用和影响。研究表明:柴油抗磨剂具有抗磨性能好、抗乳化能力强、酸值低的特点,可以全面满足加氢裂化柴油抗磨剂的要求;添加量为80mg/kg时,柴油磨痕直径都低于国标 420 WS1.4/μm。     

直接液化柴油与间接液化柴油调和实验研究

本文提出适合煤基液化车用柴油调和的扩展虚拟纯组分法模型,在此模型基础上,以煤基液化车用柴油为主要原料,添加适量抗磨剂,进行了一系列调和实验,制备车用柴油。实验结果表明:以此方法制备的煤基液化车用柴油,优于同类石油基产品质量指标,并且降低了改进剂的使用量,从而降低生产成本。     

柴油抗磨剂的研究

随着柴油的清洁化,柴油对燃料泵的磨损问题也随之而来,解决这个问题最简单有效地方法就是向柴油中直接添加柴油抗磨剂。本文概括了目前常用的柴油抗磨剂及它们的优缺点,并介绍了抗磨剂的评价方法,为进一步研究柴油抗磨剂提供了依据。     

国Ⅵ车用柴油生产存在的问题及对策

通过对各装置馏出口柴油的性质进行分析,结合国Ⅵ车用柴油的质量要求,分析当前装置结构下国Ⅵ车用柴油中存在的问题,提出了解决问题的措施。     

柴油质量升级改造要点

随着环保问题的日益突出,车用柴油排放标准的要求日益严格。根据国家环保部要求,2017年柴油质量全国要执行硫质量分数低于10μg/g的国Ⅴ排放标准,很多炼油厂面临着柴油质量升级问题。以某厂一套柴油加氢装置改造为例,为将柴油质量从国Ⅲ升级到国Ⅴ质量标准,对所面临的加氢装置升级改造主要问题进行了探讨。从工艺技术选择、催化剂及反应器内件、装置系统瓶颈核算等方面阐述了柴油质量升级改造的要点。     

Effects of NanoTag Markers in Palm Methyl Esters and Their Blends with Petroleum Diesel

Given the critical need to address smuggling and unauthorised usage of subsidised diesel, the Malaysia Government introduced fuel marking for subsidised diesel under the NanoTag Program in April 2006. NanoTag markers mixture consists of VisioTag (dye) and NanoTag (immunoassay marker) were spiked into palm methyl esters (PME) and its diesel blends. The blending ratio tested was 5, 10 and 20% (by volume) of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in diesel fuel. Both NanoTag and VisioTag markers were found to be stable in PME and blended fuel after 9 months of storage. The concentration of the NanoTag marker (MTK-021) remains consistent as determined by HPLC–UV detector. No colour change or discolouration was observed for the VisioTag marker. Other important fuel quality parameters such as acid value, oxidative stability, and moisture content of the samples were studied. The results showed that NanoTag markers pose no significant measurable effects on blended PME and diesel fuel quality upon storage up to B20.     

Effects of fatty acid derivatives on the ignition quality and cold flow of diesel fuel

The biodiesel that is considered as a possible substitute or extender of conventional automotive diesel fuel is commonly composed of fatty acid methyl esters that are prepared from the glycerides in vegetable oils by transesterification with methanol. This form of biodiesel is compatible with diesel fuel but offers no improvement in its ignition quality. This work describes the results of a series of experiments aimed at assessing other common fatty acid derivatives that could provide the desired biofuel component and, at the same time, improve the performance of the fuel. It was found that tertiary fatty amines and amides are significantly more effective than methyl esters in enhancing the ignition quality of the finished diesel fuel without having any negative effect on its cold flow properties.     

Palm oil methyl esters as lubricant additive in a small diesel engine

Malaysian crude palm oil has been successfully converted to methyl esters, also known as palm oil diesel (POD), which is readily combustible in diesel engines. This paper presents and discusses the results of current studies on the performance and the effects of POD on the wear characteristics of tribological components of a small, four-stroke diesel engine. Adding POD to commercial lubricating oil has enhanced the performance of such oils. Results obtained from this study show that the power output and brake specific fuel consumption of the engine, lubricated with commercial SAE 40 oil blended with POD, are comparable to those of 100% SAE 40 oil. Wear debris analysis shows that blends of POD and SAE 40 commercial lubricating oil increase the anti-wear characteristics of the engine when compared to 100% SAE 40 lubricating oil.     

国外减少柴油车尾气污染技术的新进展

介绍了近年来国外柴油车排放法规更严格的趋势、柴油性质对排放物影响的新研究成果、柴油质量标准发展趋势和减少柴油车尾气污染技术的新进展,对北京市改善空气质量提出了几点建议。     

Engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant

The use of biodiesel as a substitute for petroleum-based diesel has become of great interest for the reasons of combating the destruction of the environment, the price of petroleum-based diesel and dependency on foreign energy sources. But for practical feasibility of biodiesel, antioxidants are added to increase the oxidation stability during long term storage. It is quite possible that these additives may affect the clean burning characteristics of biodiesel. This study investigated the experimental effects of antioxidants on the oxidation stability, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a four cylinder turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from croton megalocarpus oil. The three synthetic antioxidants evaluated its effectiveness on oxidation stability of croton oil methyl ester (COME) were 1, 2, 3 tri-hydroxy benzene (Pyrogallol, PY), 3, 4, 5-tri hydroxy benzoic acid (Propyl Gallate, PG) and 2-tert butyl-4-methoxy phenol (Butylated Hydroxyanisole, BHA). The fuel sample tested in TDI diesel engine include pure croton biodiesel (B100), croton biodiesel dosed with 1000 ppm of an effective antioxidant (B100 + PY1000), B20 (20% croton biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel) and diesel fuel which was used as base fuel. The result showed that the effectiveness of the antioxidants was in the order of PY > PG > BHA. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants decreased more than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidants, but both were higher than that of diesel. Antioxidants had few effects on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine running on biodiesel. Combustion characteristics in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. This study recommends PY and PG to be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage. Overall, the biodiesel derived from croton megalocarpus oil can be utilized as partial substitute for mineral diesel.     

Physical and chemical properties of ethanol-diesel fuel blends

This paper discusses the physical-chemical properties of ethanol-diesel fuel blends. The attention is focused on the properties which influence the injection and engine characteristics significantly. Main properties have been investigated experimentally. The analysis of experimentally obtained fuel properties of tested fuels and their influence on engine characteristics are presented. Physical and chemical properties of diesel fuel and ethanol-diesel fuel blends were measured according to requirements and test methods for diesel fuel (EN590, 2003). The tested fuels were neat mineral diesel fuel (D100), 5% (v/v) ethanol/diesel fuel blend (E05D95), 10% (v/v) ethanol-diesel fuel blend (E10D90) and 15% (v/v) ethanol-diesel fuel blend (E15D85). It has been proved that, for ethanol-diesel fuel blends, some additives are necessary to keep stability under low temperature conditions. Also, cold weather properties test, such as cloud point and pour point tests are negatively affected by phase separation. The rest of the properties, excepting flash point, were within diesel fuel standard specifications. Based on this study, it can be concluded that using additives to avoid phase separation and to raise flash point, blends of diesel fuel with ethanol up to 15% can be used to fuel diesel engines if engine performance tests corroborate it.     

Oxidation and low temperature properties of biofuels obtained from pyrolysis and alcoholysis of soybean oil and their blends with petroleum diesel

Diesel-like fuels were synthesized by a pyrolysis method using soybean oil (pyrodiesel, PD) and soybean soapstock (SPD), respectively, as starting material. These pyrodiesel samples were compared with soy biodiesel (BD) samples. All these three biofuels (PD, SPD and BD) and their blends with high sulfur (HSD) and low sulfur (LSD) diesel fuels were evaluated by measuring a number of fuel properties, such as oxidative stability, low-temperature performance, acid value and corrosion properties. Compared to BD blends, PD and SPD and their blends were found to have better oxidative stability, though inferior acid values. SPD and its blends have better flow performance at low-temperature compared to BD and PD blends. All the biofuels and their blends met the copper corrosion requirement prescribed by US and European standard. Based on the results reported here, pyrodiesels from these two-different feedstocks have potential and will require some upgrading or change in pyrolysis conditions, if they are to be used as fuel blending component.     

Effects of biodiesel on a DI diesel engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics

Experimental tests were investigated to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion of a diesel engine using neat rapeseed oil and its blends of 5%, 20% and 70%, and standard diesel fuel separately. The results indicate that the use of biodiesel produces lower smoke opacity (up to 60%), and higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) (up to 11%) compared to diesel fuel. The measured CO emissions of B5 and B100 fuels were found to be 9% and 32% lower than that of the diesel fuel, respectively. The BSFC of biodiesel at the maximum torque and rated power conditions were found to be 8.5% and 8% higher than that of the diesel fuel, respectively. From the combustion analysis, it was found that ignition delay was shorter for neat rapeseed oil and its blends tested compared to that of standard diesel. The combustion characteristics of rapeseed oil and its diesel blends closely followed those of standard diesel.     

Influence of diesel particulate filter additives on biodiesel quality

The influence of the diesel particulate filter additives (DPA) SATACEN and EOLYS on biodiesel fuel quality has been evaluated. Both additives significantly affected the oxidation stability of neat biodiesel. The influence on acid values and CFPP was found to be only small. Combination of diesel additives with biodiesel additives like oxidation stability and CFPP improvers led to similar results. Results indicated that DPA also lowered the efficiency of the oxidation stability improver Baynox. Furthermore, the CFPP additives Chimec and Infineum were also prone to have a small influence on biodiesel oxidation stability.     

Oxidative stability of soybean oil fatty acid methyl esters by oil stability index (OSI)

Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel derived from transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, is composed of saturated and unsaturated long-chain FA alkyl esters. During long-term storage, oxidation caused by contact with air (autoxidation) presents a legitimate concern with respect to monitoring and maintaining fuel quality. Extensive oxidative degradation may compromise quality by adversely affecting kinematic viscosity, acid value, or PV. This work examines the oil stability index (OSI) as a parameter for monitoring the oxidative stability of soybean oil FAME (SME). SME samples from five separate sources and with varying storage and handling histories were analyzed for OSI at 60°C using an oxidative stability instrument. Results showed that OSI may be used to measure relative oxidative stability of SME samples as well as to differentiate between samples from different producers. Although addition of α-tocopherol or TBHQ increased OSI, responses to these antioxidants varied with respect to SME sample. Variations in response to added antioxidant were attributed to aging and other effects that may have caused oxidative degradation in samples prior to acquisition for this study. Results showed that OSI was more sensitive than iodine value in detecting the effects of oxidative degradation in its early stages when monitoring SME during storage.