超(超)临界锅炉大比热区的确定及安全运行措施

超(超)临界机组中,水在拟临界温度处会出现比热容极大、水动力不稳定等问题,给机组的安全运行带来了一定的影响.基于水和水蒸气热力性质的科学标准IAPWS 95公式,计算了22.064～31 MPa压力下的拟临界温度,给出了大比热区定压比热容的变化趋势.并关联了拟临界温度与压力的关系式,计算精度高,平均相对偏差只有0.00...     

超临界压力下直流蒸发器环形肋片管传热特性研究

超临界压力下,提出了余热锅炉直流蒸发器采用环形肋片管结构。采用回路划分法建立数学模型,计算直流蒸发器的传热系数,分析温度分布特性,并进行传热恶化判断。研究结果表明:随着工质焓值增加,直流蒸发器蒸汽侧传热系数先增大后减小,烟气侧传热系数不受影响,但烟气侧在换热系数中占主导地位;近拟临界焓值区,当工质温度高于拟临界温度,传热强化开始消失,内壁温度急剧增加;远离拟临界焓值区,处于低焓值区超临界水的换热强于高焓值区超临界汽;直流蒸发器管内工质均不发生传热恶化,同时在拟临界焓值区,存在传热强化。     

过热器和再热器氧化皮开裂与剥落的预测与控制

建立了应用于过热器和再热器的铁素体钢和奥氏体不锈钢管蒸汽侧氧化皮发生开裂和剥落时的临界应变随氧化皮厚度变化的模型,根据临界温度降幅与临界应变的关系,得到临界温度降幅与氧化皮厚度的关系.铁素体和奥氏体不锈钢管的氧化皮发生开裂和剥落时的临界应变均随氧化皮厚度增大而减小.公开发表的氧化皮厚度及其应力与所建立模型的临界值相吻合...     

丁烷-空气超临界燃烧中温度对迁移过程的影响

建立了单一燃料液滴燃烧过程的计算模型和数值方法,并利用之计算了丁烷-空气系统的蒸发和燃烧过程,研究了环境温度对迁移过程的影响.计算结果表明,在环境压力为2倍丁烷临界压力下,当环境温度为丁烷临界温度3倍时,液滴表面状态几乎在着火的同时实现了亚临界向超临界状态的迁移.环境温度低于3倍丁烷临界温度时,液滴会在迁移前着火,并借助火焰产生的热量完成迁移过程;当环境温度高于3倍丁烷临界温度时迁移时间短于着火延迟,液滴不利用燃烧产生的热量而依靠自周围高温介质传来的热量提高自身温度,进而完成迁移过程.此外,随着环境温度的升高,着火延迟时间和迁移时刻均逐渐变短.     

汽轮机轴封-转子系统动力学特性的数值分析

建立了汽轮机轴封-转子系统中蒸汽流动作用在转子上的8个蒸汽气动力等效动特性系数计算方程.基于振荡流体力学原理,计入了水蒸汽热物性变化的影响.针对某百万等级超超临界机组高压平衡活塞轴封,分别计算了设计工况下蒸汽在轴封中流动时轴封内温度、压力和剪切应力分布,得到了蒸汽气动力作用在转子上的8个等效动特性系数,计算结果与国外计算程序结果较为吻合.计算分析表明:高压平衡活塞轴封处蒸汽气动力对转子临界转速的影响比较明显,水平和垂直复模态临界转速涨幅分别达10%和4.4%.     

湿蒸汽临界参数的研究计算及其在蒸汽透平设计中的应用

本文对进口为饱和蒸汽和湿蒸汽热力平衡膨胀流动过程中的最大流量及临界参数进行了深入的探讨和分析;用最大流量法编制了计算机程序,对进口滞止压力为0.002～15MPa,进口湿度为0～20％参数范围的最大流量、临界参数进行了计算,并将计算结果绘制成能方便应用于工程设计中的曲线图;对最大流量、临界压比拟合了便于计算机及工程设计应用的计算公式。本文所计算的参数范围包括了一般火电站透平与核电站透平中可能遇到的压力和湿度值。所得到的计算结果既为有关方面的研究工作提供了基础,也为蒸汽透平的设计提供了实用数据,填补了长期以来湿蒸汽流动过程中临界参数无准确、系统数据的空白。     

湿蒸汽汽轮机高压缸排汽中水滴平均直径的计算

根据湿湿蒸汽汽轮机的特点，重点分析了蒸汽在叶栅中的膨胀凝结过程，探讨了利用自发凝，结成核理论计算高压缸排汽中水滴平均直径的近拟方法。     

超临界蒸汽参数对燃气蒸汽联合循环性能影响研究

为进一步提高联合循环效率,参考现有燃气蒸汽联合循环12.5 MPa/568℃亚临界蒸汽参数,提出27 MPa/585℃超临界蒸汽参数,根据燃气蒸汽联合循环计算模型,以397 MW燃气轮机联合循环机组为例,计算了超临界蒸汽参数与两种亚临界蒸汽参数的底循环效率和联合循环效率,并分析对比了3种蒸汽参数的底循环效率对联合循环效率的贡献。研究表明:对于同一燃气轮机,超临界和亚临界中低压蒸汽参数不同时,超临界蒸汽参数的底循环效率比亚临界提高了4.3%,蒸汽底循环输出功率占联合循环机组输出功率的百分比由30.21%增加到32.62%,联合循环净效率增加了2.21%,联合循环机组的输出功率增加了20.38 MW;中低压蒸汽参数相同时,超临界蒸汽参数的底循环效率比亚临界提高了2.87%,蒸汽底循环输出功率占联合循环机组输出功率的百分比由31.16%增加到32.62%,联合循环净效率增加了1.44%,联合循环机组的输出功率增加12.5 MW。     

过饱和状态下临界液滴半径公式及分析

前人工作的基础上推导出了能够精确计算过饱和状态下临界液滴半径的计算公式，并且根据已有实验数据拟合出了能够精确预测液滴表面张力的计算公式。然后综合考虑了水蒸气状态方程、表面张力计算方法和水的密度计算方法对计算临界液滴半径的影响，进而得出了计算过饱和状态下临界液滴半径的具体形式。最后通过对该计算公式的分析，认为在低过饱和度下计算临界液滴半径时，可以采用临界液滴半径计算公式的简化形式。     

三元混合物正己烷/正庚烷/正辛烷的临界性质测量

应用流动法临界性质实验系统测量了正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷不同质量配比（配比梯度：0．1）下三元混合物的临界温度和临界压力。实验结果表明,该混合物的临界温度和压力总体过渡平滑,临界温度随正辛烷的增加而升高,随正己烷的增加而降低;临界压力随正辛烷的增加而降低,随正己烷的增加而升高。固定一种物质质量分数时,临界性质随另外两种组分的变化基本呈线性关系。依据实验数据,给出了正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷三元混合物的临界性质经验公式。     

Transient convective heat transfer to water near the critical region in a vertical tube

Numerical analysis has been carried out to investigate transient forced convective heat transfer to water near the critical region in developing flow through a vertical tube. With large variations of thermophysical properties such as density, specific heat, viscosity, and thermal conductivity near the thermodynamic critical point, heat transfer in the tube is strongly coupled with fluid flow. Buoyancy force parameter has also large variation with fluid temperature and pressure in the tube. Time dependent characteristics of fluid velocity, temperature, and heat transfer coefficient with water properties are presented and analyzed. Transient Nusselt and Stanton number distributions along the tube are also compared for various pressures in the tube. Because of heat transfer from the wall transition behavior from liquid-like phase to gas-like phase of heat transfer coefficient occurs when the fluid passes through pseudocritical temperature region in the tube. Turbulent viscosity ratio also has steep variation near the pseudocritical temperature close to the wall.     

Forced convective heat transfer to supercritical water flowing in tubes

Experimental investigations were made of heat transfer to supercritical water flowing in a horizontal tube and vertical tubes. A comprehensive set of data was obtained for pressures from 226 to 294 bar, bulk temperatures from 230 to 540°C, heat fluxes from 116 to 930 kW/m² and mass velocities from 310 to 1830 kg/m²s. Because the physical properties of supercritical fluids change rapidly with temperature in the pseudocritical region, the heat transfer coefficients show unusual behavior depending upon the heat flux. At low or modetate heat fluxes relatively to the flow rate, a satisfactory correlation was obtained, which predicts reasonably well the enhanced heat transfer coefficients near the pseudocritical point. The several characteristics of the deterioration in heat transfer which occurs at high heat fluxes were clarified, and the limit heat flux for the occurrence of the deterioration was determined in connection with the flow rate.     

Convective heat transfer to water near the critical region in a horizontal square duct

Numerical analysis has been carried out to investigate forced convective heat transfer to water near the critical region in a horizontal square duct. Near the critical point convective heat transfer in the duct is strongly coupled with large variation of thermophysical properties such as density and specific heat. Buoyancy force parameter has also severe variation with fluid temperature and pressure in the duct. There is flow acceleration along the horizontal duct resulted from fluid density decrease due to the heat transfer from the wall. Local heat transfer coefficient has large variation along the inner surface of the duct section and it depends on pressure. Nusselt number on the center of the bottom surface also has a peak where bulk fluid temperature is higher than the pseudocritical temperature and the peak decreases with the increase of pressure. Flow characteristics of velocity, temperature, and local heat transfer coefficient with water properties are presented and analyzed. Nusselt number distributions are also compared with other correlations for various pressures in the duct.     

Numerical Investigation of Jet Impingement Cooling of a Flat Plate with Carbon Dioxide at Supercritical Pressures

Confined round jet impingement cooling of a flat plate at constant heat flux with carbon dioxide at supercritical pressures was investigated numerically. The pressure ranged from 7.8 to 10.0 MPa, which is greater than the critical pressure of carbon dioxide, 7.38 MPa. The inlet temperature varied from 270 to 320 K and the heat flux ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 MW/m². The shear-stress transport turbulence model was used and the numerical model was validated by comparison with experimental results for jet impingement heating with hot water at supercritical pressures. Radial conduction in the jet impingement plate was also considered. The sharp variations of the thermal-physical properties of the fluid near the pseudocritical point significantly influence heat transfer on the target wall. For a given heat flux, the high specific heat near the wall for the proper inlet temperature and pressure maximizes the average heat transfer coefficient. For a given inlet temperature, the heat transfer coefficient remains almost unchanged with increasing surface heat flux at first and then decreases rapidly as the heat flux becomes higher due to the combined effects of the thinner high specific heat layer and the smaller thermal conductivity at higher temperature.     

An Investigation on Heat Transfer to Supercritical Water in Inclined Upward Smooth Tubes

Within the range of pressures from 23 to 30 MPa, mass velocities from 600 to 1200 kg/(m²s), and heat fluxes from 200 to 600 kW/m², experiments have been performed for an investigation on heat transfer to supercritical water in inclined upward smooth tubes with an inner diameter of 26 mm and an inclined angle of 20° from the horizon. The results indicated that heat transfer characteristics of supercritical water are not uniform along the circumference of the inclined tube. An increase in the mass velocity of the working fluid can decrease and even eliminate the non-uniformity. Properties of supercritical fluid acutely vary with the temperature near the pseudocritical point. While the ratio of the mass velocity to the heat flux exceeded 2.16 kg/(kWs), heat transfer enhancement occurred near the pseudocritical point; conversely, heat transfer deterioration occurred while the ratio of the mass velocity to the heat flux was lower than 2.16 kg/(kWs). As the pressure increased far from the critical pressure, the amount of deterioration decreased. Correlations of heat transfer coefficients of the forced-convection heat transfer on the top and bottom of the tube have been provided, and can be used to predict heat transfer coefficient of spirally water wall in supercritical boilers.     

A Study on Characteristics of Cooling Heat Transfer of Supercritical Pressure Fluids in a Plate Heat Exchanger

For the development of industrial heat pump systems supplying a high-temperature heat source over 130°C, experiments were carried out on cooling heat transfer of supercritical pressure fluids flowing in a plate heat exchanger (PHE). Using two refrigerants of HFC134a and HCFC22 as the test fluids, heat transfer coefficient data were obtained at different pressure, flow rate, and heat load conditions. The heat transfer coefficient generally had a maximum in the vicinity of the pseudocritical point and showed seven- to ninefold values compared with tube flow. Based on the measurements, characteristics of cooling heat transfer of supercritical pressure fluids in the PHE were clarified and a correlation of heat transfer coefficient was developed.     

Numerical study of convective heat transfer to supercritical water in rectangular ducts

Numerical investigation has been performed to analyze forced convective heat transfer to supercritical water in horizontal rectangular ducts. Convective heat transfer near the critical region in the rectangular ducts is strongly influenced by large variations of thermodynamic and transport properties of supercritical fluid with gravity force, especially close to pseudocritical temperature. Fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics such as velocity, temperature, and local heat transfer coefficient with water properties distribution in the ducts are presented. Flow accelerates along the horizontal ducts because of decreased water density from heat transfer at the duct walls. Center of large flow recirculation in the duct section locates near the middle of vertical surface and additional secondary recirculation in clockwise direction appears with the increase of duct height. Local wall temperature severely varies along the inner surface of the duct section and its variation depends on aspect ratio of the duct. The heat transfer coefficient distributions along the ducts for various aspect ratios are compared with the proximity effect to the critical pressure.     

Investigation on the characteristics and mechanisms of unusual heat transfer of supercritical pressure water in vertically-upward tubes

The heat transfer characteristics of supercritical pressure water in a vertically-upward optimized internally-ribbed tube was investigated experimentally to study the mechanisms of unusual heat transfer of supercritical pressure water in the so-called large specific heat region. The experimental parameters were as follows. The pressure at the inlet of the test section ranged from 22.5 to 29.0 MPa, and the mass flux of the fluid was from 650 to 1200 kg/m² s, and the heat flux on the inside wall of the tube varied from 200 to 660 kW/m². According to experimental data, the characteristics of heat transfer enhancement and also the heat transfer deterioration of supercritical pressure water in the large specific heat region was analyzed and based on the comparison and analysis of the current major theories that were used to explain the reasons for unusual heat transfer to occur, the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement and deterioration were discussed, respectively. The enhanced heat transfer was characterized by the gently changing wall temperature, the small temperature difference between the inside-tube-wall and the bulk fluid and the high heat transfer coefficient in comparison to the normal heat transfer. The deteriorated heat transfer could be characterized by the sharply increasing wall temperature, the large temperature difference and a sudden decrease in heat transfer coefficient in comparison to the normal heat transfer. The heat transfer enhancement of the supercritical pressure water in the large specific heat region was suggested to be a result of combined effect caused by the rapid variations of thermophysical properties of the supercritical pressure water in the large specific heat region, and the same was true of the heat transfer deterioration. The drastic changes in thermophysical properties near the pseudocritical points, especially the sudden rise in the specific heat of water at supercritical pressures, might result in the occurrence of the heat transfer enhancement, while the covering of the heat transfer surface by fluids lighter and hotter than the bulk fluid made the heat transfer deteriorated eventually and explained how this lighter fluid layer formed.     

Thermodynamic model of viscosity of hydrocarbons and their mixtures

Activation hypothesis suggested by Eyring for modeling viscosity of liquids is generalized for calculation coefficient of dynamic viscosity of pure hydrocarbons and their mixtures in wide region of temperature, pressure and concentrations. Energy of vacancy activation is modeled as difference between enthalpy of ideal gas and enthalpy of real substance. Enthalpy and other thermodynamic parameters for pure substances and mixtures are calculated on the base of well-known Lee–Kesler equation of state. Thermodynamics of mixture calculated in the frame of pseudofluid hypothesis with pseudocritical thermodynamic constants. Pseudocritical thermodynamic constants are estimated with the help of mixing rules offered also by Lee–Kesler. Two additional constants are including in the suggested model of viscosity. For normal paraffin these constant have universal value. For other substances, for example, oxygen containing hydrocarbons values of the constant are installed in accordance to the experimental data. The model with sufficiently accuracy reproduces viscosity experimental data as pure substances in vapor and liquid phases and also solutions in the wide regions of thermodynamical parameters and concentrations. Calculation results are compared with the literature experimental data.