固体超强酸催化合成氯乙酸异辛酯

以自制固体超强酸为催化剂,以氯乙酸和异辛醇为原料合成氯乙酸异辛酯。考察了催化剂用量、反应物料物质的量的比、带水剂用量及反应时间对酯化反应的影响。实验结果表明,TiO2-SO4^2-类固体超强酸具有良好的催化性能,反应最佳条件为：氯乙酸用量为0．15mol时,n（异辛醇）：n（氯乙酸）=1,1：1．0,催化剂质量分数为反应物的质量的1．2％,带水刺为10mL,反应时间为2．5h。在此条件下,氯乙酸异辛酯的收率达98％,且催化剂重复使用5次。氯乙酸异辛酯的收率无明显下降。     

微波辐射催化合成氯乙酸异丙酯

在微波辐射下,以稀土固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2/La3 为催化剂合成氯乙酸异丙酯。考察微波输出功率、反应时间、催化剂用量、酸醇的物质的量比等因素对反应的影响。通过实验得出合成氯乙酸异丙酯的最佳反应条件是:氯乙酸和异丙醇的物质的量比为1∶2.5,催化剂用量为0.5g,微波输出功率为729W,反应时间为12min,在此反应条件下,氯乙酸的酯化率为95.6%。     

对甲基苯磺酸钙催化合成肉桂酸正丁酯的研究

制备了对甲基苯磺酸钙,研究了以对甲基苯磺酸钙催化肉桂酸和正丁醇的酯化反应,考察了醇酸摩尔比、反应时间和催化剂用量对反应结果的影响,对合成的产品用折光率、元素分析和红外光谱进行了表征。实验结果表明,对甲基苯磺酸钙催化合成肉桂酸正丁酯的最佳反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比为2∶1,催化剂用量1.2%(以肉桂酸的物质的量计),反应时间120min,反应温度为回流温度。在最佳反应条件下,肉桂酸正丁酯收率在95%以上。反应结束后,催化剂通过简单的相分离即可重复使用。对甲基苯磺酸钙重复使用5次后,其催化活性无明显下降,产品收率仍可达到80%以上。     

微波辐射对甲苯磺酸催化合成氯乙酸异辛酯

在微波辐射下,以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂合成氯乙酸异辛酯。考察微波输出功率、反应时间、催化剂用量、酸醇的物质的量比等因素对反应的影响。通过实验得出合成氯乙酸异辛酯的最佳反应条件是:氯乙酸和异辛醇的物质的量比为1:2.0,催化剂用量为2.0g,微波输出功率为522W,反应时间为20min。在此反应条件下,氯乙酸的酯化率为97.6%。     

对甲苯磺酸铜催化合成丁酸异戊酯

研究了由对甲苯磺酸与氧化铜反应制得的对甲苯磺酸铜作为催化剂,合成丁酸异戊酯,其最佳反应条件为：醇酸物质的量比1．4：1．0,反应时间1．5h,催化剂用量0．2％（以丁酸的物质的量计）,反应温度120～140℃,酯化率达到99％以上。对甲苯磺酸铜制备容易,使用后处理简单,可以重复使用。     

微波辐射催化合成氯乙酸异辛酯

在微波辐射下,以氨基磺酸为催化剂,由氯乙酸和异辛醇合成氯乙酸异辛酯。讨论了微波功率、醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对反应的影响。通过实验得到最佳反应条件为：微波功率为528 W,醇酸物质的量比1.4︰1,催化剂用量1.5 g（相对于0.1 mol氯乙酸）,反应时间25 min,此反应条件下的氯乙酸酯化率可达96.2%。     

钨硅杂多酸催化合成异戊酸己酯

以钨硅杂多酸为催化剂，异戊酸和己醇为原料，通过酯化反应合成异戊酸己酯，对酯化反应的影响因素进行了研究，结果表明，在醇酸物质的量比为1．8：1，催化剂用量1．5％，反应时间2h的条件下，酯化率可达98％。     

聚氧乙烯丁酸酯的合成研究

采用聚氧乙烯醚，通过酯化反应合成高沸点、化学性质稳定的分散剂。实验选用聚氧乙烯醚和丁酸，系统地研究了不同的物质的量的比例、温度、催化剂含量和反应时间对酯化反应的影响。研究表明：当醇与酸物质的量的比为1：1．2，反应温度为120℃，催化剂含量为聚氧乙烯醚质量的0．1％，反应时间为5h，得到的酯化率为85％。     

N-甲基毗略烷酮硫酸氢盐催化合成己二酸二异辛酯

以新型离子液体N-甲基吡咯烷酮硫酸氢盐（[Hnmp]HS04）为催化剂，己二酸和异辛醇为原料，环己烷为带水剂，对己二酸二异辛酯的酯化反应进行了研究，重点考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、带水剂加入量、反应时间等因素对己二酸二异辛酯酯化率的影响。实验结果表明，N-甲基吡咯烷酮硫酸氢盐对合成己二酸二异辛酯有着良好的催化活性，当己二酸用量为0．1mol时，醇酸摩尔此为2．6：1，催化剂用量为己二酸物质的量的1．2％，带水剂环己烷为10mL，回流温度下反应时间120min，在此条件下，反应的酯化率可达99％以上，且催化剂重复使用6次仍保持较高活性。     

碘催化无溶剂合成己二酸二乙酯

以碘作催化剂,无溶剂催化合成了己二酸二乙酯。考察了反应时间、原料配比、催化剂用量和反应温度对酯化率的影响。其最佳反应条件为：己二酸用量0．020mol,乙醇与己二酸的物质的量比6：1,碘用量0．060g,反应时间4．0h,反应温度84～85℃,此时酯化率可达94．68％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。