平面四旋翼无人飞行器运送系统的轨迹规划与跟踪控制器设计

对于四旋翼无人飞行器运送系统而言,需要保证飞行过程中负载的摆幅维持在适当的范围内,并且在飞行器到达目的地后负载无残余摆动.本文针对四旋翼无人飞行器运送系统,提出了一种新颖的轨迹规划与跟踪控制方法.论文首先得到了平面四旋翼无人飞行器的运动特性与负载摆角之间的非线性耦合关系.通过相平面内的几何分析,分别设计了两个轴方向上的分段式加速度轨迹.这种轨迹具有简洁的解析表达式并可获得较高的运送效率,同时满足飞行器的速度,加速度等物理约束.为了使四旋翼无人飞行器准确跟踪规划好的轨迹,本文基于反步法设计了一种非线性跟踪控制器,并通过李雅普诺夫方法对其闭环稳定性进行分析,证明其能使跟踪误差指数收敛于零.论文最后通过仿真结果验证了本文所提出方法的可行性与有效性,及其对外界干扰的鲁棒性.     

欠驱动桥式吊车系统自适应控制

针对桥式吊车这类非线性欠驱动系统, 提出了一种基于耗散理论的自适应控制器. 它能够有效地抑制运输过程中负载的摆动, 并将其快速准确地运送到指定的位置. 相比其他吊车控制系统, 这种控制器无需准确测量台车和负载质量以及吊绳长度, 可以根据系统响应情况来对这些参数进行在线估计, 这将极大地方便控制器在实际吊车系统中的推广应用. 对于闭环系统的稳定性, 文中通过李雅普诺夫理论及拉塞尔不变性原理进行了证明, 仿真结果也证实了这种自适应控制器能够对吊车系统进行良好的控制.     

欠驱动三维桥式吊车系统自适应跟踪控制器设计

针对三维桥式吊车系统的欠驱动特性, 设计了一种目标轨迹自适应跟踪控制器. 相比其他常规的三维桥式吊车控制器, 它不需要对吊车模型进行任何近似解耦或线性化处理, 并且考虑了系统所受的摩擦力与空气阻力等干扰. 在负载质量和吊绳绳长等发生变化或存在不确定因素的情况下, 它依然能实现对台车的精确定位与负载摆动的有效抑制. 对于闭环系统的稳定性, 文中通过Lyapunov方法和芭芭拉定理对其进行了理论分析, 随后的实验结果也表明了这种自适应跟踪控制器良好的控制性能和对不确定性因素的适应性.     

一种直接基于摆角约束的欠驱动桥式吊车轨迹规划方法

针对非线性桥式吊车系统,本文提出了一种新颖的基于摆角约束的轨迹规划方法.为了提高运送过程的效率和安全性,论文设计了期望轨迹以实现如下优点: 1)使台车很快到达目标位置; 2)将负载摆角抑制到可接受的范围之内; 3)当负载在目标位置停止时无残余摆动.具体而言,所设计的轨迹由三个阶段构成,每一阶段均根据抗摆和零残余摆角的要求来构造摆角曲线,在此基础上,利用桥式吊车的非线性运动学方程分析得到台车轨迹.论文引入了一种优化机制对运送时间,最大摆角等指标进行折衷考虑.文中通过仿真和实验结果表明了所设计的直接基于摆角约束的轨迹规划方法的性能.     

带有状态约束的双摆效应吊车轨迹规划

对于欠驱动吊车而言,已有方法大都将负载摆动视为单摆进行处理.然而当吊钩质量相比负载质量不可忽略或负载体积较大时,负载会绕吊钩产生第二级摆动,出现双摆效应,使系统的摆动特性更为复杂,欠驱动度更高,其控制更具挑战性;此外,现有方法均无法保证系统的暂态控制性能.针对这些问题,本文提出了一种基于轨迹规划的消摆定位控制方法.具体而言,本方法所规划的台车轨迹具有解析表达式,且充分考虑系统安全性(摆动幅值)及台车运动的物理约束;通过构造新颖的平坦输出信号,将施加在台车运动和两级摆动上的约束/指标转化为对平坦输出的约束,从而将轨迹规划转化为凸优化问题.该方法能够保证整个过程中系统两级摆动的角度、角速度,台车的速度、加速度、加加速度均保持在设定范围内.通过与已有方法进行仿真对比,可见本方法不仅简单易行,且在工作效率与摆动抑制方面均具有更为良好的控制性能.     

齿隙非线性输入系统的迭代学习控制

针对一类具有输入齿隙特性的非线性系统, 提出一种实现有限作业区间轨迹跟踪的迭代学习控制方法. 在系统不确定项可参数化的情形下, 基于类Lyapunov方法设计迭代学习控制器, 回避了常规迭代学习控制中受控系统非线性特性需满足全局Lipschitz连续条件的要求. 对未知时变参数进行泰勒级数展开, 参数估计采用微分学习律, 并在控制器设计中, 采用双曲函数处理级数展开后的余项以及齿隙特性里的有界误差项, 以保证控制器可导, 且可抑制颤振. 引入一级数收敛序列确保系统输出完全跟踪期望轨迹, 且闭环系统所有信号有界.     

一种新型的机器人自适应跟踪控制器研究

针对神经动力学模型描述的非完整移动机器人系统,研究了其在未知参数和不确定性干扰下的轨迹跟踪控制问题.基于反演技术提出了一种转矩控制器,利用Lyapunov稳定性理论和中间虚拟控制量保证跟踪误差渐进收敛到零.不但能够得到稳定跟踪所需速度,并且有效解决了不确定非完整移动机器人动力学系统的轨迹跟踪问题,具有设计方法简单,鲁棒性强的特点.仿真结果验证了所设计的控制器的有效性和正确性.     

基于S类函数的严格反馈非线性周期系统的自适应控制

针对一类严格反馈非线性周期系统, 在周期非线性可时变参数化的条件下设计自适应控制器. 通过将周期时变参数展开成傅里叶级数, 并采用微分自适应律估计未知系数, 进行控制器反推设计. 引入S类函数, 并在控制器设计中应用S类函数处理截断误差项对系统跟踪性能的影响, 同时, S类函数能确保虚拟控制的可微. 给出几种不同的S类函数设计, 分析比较将其应用于控制器设计时产生的不同效果. 理论分析与仿真结果表明, 提出的控制方法能够实现系统输出跟踪期望轨迹, 且闭环系统所有信号有界.     

桥式吊车的滑模变结构控制

针对变绳长桥式吊车系统负载快速和精确定位的要求,设计了一种滑模变结构控制器。基于系统的状态空间模型,分别设计了吊车位置和绳长的线性滑模面,在吊车位置滑模面中考虑负载摆动的速度项,实现了在小车和绳长定位的同时,消除负载摆动的控制目的。为了解决控制力的抖动问题,给出了将非连续函数连续化的方法,在保持控制效果的同时消除了控制力的抖振现象,从而提高了控制器的实用性。仿真实验结果证明,该控制器可实现变绳长吊车系统负载的定位要求。     

链式系统的轨迹跟踪控制

研究了链式系统的轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出一种新的跟踪方案,设计出能实现全局 轨迹跟踪的一维动态控制器,将其用于一类轮式机器人的控制中.仿真结果表明所提方法的 有效性.     

An Enhanced Coupling Nonlinear Tracking Controller for Underactuated 3D Overhead Crane Systems

An enhanced coupling nonlinear tracking control method for an underactuated 3D overhead crane systems is set forth in the present paper. The proposed tracking controller guarantees a smooth start for the trolley and solves the problem of the payload swing angle amplitude increasing as the transferring distance gets longer for the regulation control methods. Different from existing tracking control methods, the presented control approach has an improved transient performance. More specifically, by taking the operation experience, mathematical analysis of the overhead crane system, physical constraints, and operational efficiency into consideration, we first select two desired trajectories for the trolley. Then, a new storage function is constructed by the introduction of two new composite signals, which increases the coupling behaviour between the trolley movement and payload swing. Next, a novel tracking control strategy is designed according to the derivation form of the aforementioned storage function. Lyapunov techniques and Barbalat's Lemma are used to demonstrate the stability of the closed‐loop system without any approximation manipulations to the original nonlinear dynamics. Finally, some simulation and experiments are used to demonstrate the superior transient performance and strong robustness with respect to different cable lengths, payload masses, destinations, and external disturbances of the enhanced coupling nonlinear tracking control scheme.     

Second-order sliding-mode control of container cranes

Moving a suspended load along a pre-specified path is not an easy task when strict specifications on the swing angle and on the transfer time need to be satisfied. Intuitively, minimizing the cycle time and the load swing are conflicting requirements, and their satisfaction requires proper control actions, especially if some uncertainties in the system dynamics are present. In this paper we propose a simple control scheme, based on second-order sliding modes, which guarantees a fast and precise load transfer and the swing suppression during the load movement, despite of model uncertainties and unmodeled dynamic actuators. Such controller has been tested on a laboratory-size model of the crane, and some experimental results are reported.     

基于能量分析的桥式起重机防摆控制方法

针对欠驱动桥式起重机在自动化驾驶研究中负载升/落吊运动与台车水平位移联动时,负载摆动抑制效果和控制性能不能满足实际工程需要,易造成安全事故的问题,提出一种基于能量分析的桥式起重机联动系统非线性耦合防摆控制器.采用非线性耦合控制方法,构造新型储能函数,设计出非线性耦合防摆控制器.利用LaSalle不变性原理和Lyapunov方法对该闭环反馈系统稳定性进行严格的数学分析.理论推导、仿真与实验结果表明:相比于非线性跟踪控制器和局部反馈线性化控制器,所提非线性耦合防摆控制器具有更佳的控制性能,不仅提高了负载的吊运效率,而且能够有效抑制和快速消除负载摆角;在添加外部扰动的情况下,仍能取得良好的控制效果,具有较强的鲁棒性,为桥式起重机联动系统提供了一种新的防摆控制方法.     

Nonlinear tracking control of underactuated cranes with load transferring and lowering: Theory and experimentation

A bridge crane is a complicated nonlinear underactuated mechatronic system, for which high-speed positioning and anti-swing control is the kernel objective. Existing methods for varying cable length cranes require either linearizations or approximations, when performing analysis, and they usually assume small load swing; moreover, the ranges of the tracking errors cannot be guaranteed during the overall process. Motivated by these facts, we present a new tracking scheme for cranes with load horizontal transportation and lowering control, which achieves simultaneous load swing suppression and elimination. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed method yields the first feedback closed-loop control result not needing linearization or approximation operations to the original nonlinear crane dynamics with cable length variation, while relaxing the common assumption imposed on load swing associated with existing methods. It can also guarantee that the tracking errors are always within a priori set bounds and converge to zero rapidly. Lyapunov-like analysis is implemented to support the theoretical derivations. We carry out hardware experiments to illustrate the superior control performance of the new method.     

针对输入时滞的桥式起重机鲁棒控制

针对工业桥式起重机输入信号存在时滞的问题,本文设计了一种鲁棒跟踪控制器.具体而言,本文通过分析欠驱动桥式起重机的特性,引入辅助系统,将时滞模型等效为不存在时滞的模型.在此基础上,考虑系统参数的不确定性,设计了一种鲁棒跟踪控制器.本文使用基于Lyapunov理论的稳定性分析及证明方法,通过建立Lyapunov-Krasovskii（LK）方程证明了位置跟踪误差以及摆角可以在有限时间内收敛到一个界内,且界的大小与控制增益负相关.完成控制器设计后,将其与工业上常用的比例-积分-微分（Proportion-integration-differentiation,PID）控制方法进行比较.仿真及实验结果表明,本文所设计的控制器优于PID控制器,具有良好的控制性能.     

伴有初始负载摆角的桥式起重机能量防摆控制

桥式起重机是一种广泛应用的大型搬运设备,在实际工作过程中,台车运动时会产生伴有初始负载摆角的负载摆动,影响工作效率并带来安全隐患.针对这种情况,设定期望的台车误差轨迹和摆角误差轨迹,将桥式起重机动力学模型转换为误差跟踪动力学模型,提出一种基于能量分析方法的桥式起重机防摆控制策略.通过LaSalle不变性原理和Lyapunov方法对闭环系统的稳定性进行理论分析.仿真与实验结果表明,所提防摆控制方法的控制性能几乎不受初始负载摆角的影响,可以保证桥式起重机在无初始负载摆角和带有初始负载摆角的情况下都能取得良好的控制效果,能够驱动台车准确到达目标位置,有效抑制并快速消除负载摆角,同时对外部扰动具有很强的鲁棒性.     

Nonlinear Anti-swing Control of Underactuated Tower Crane Based on Improved Energy Function

The control system of tower crane exhibits strong nonlinearity in the process of control execution, which is prone to the problems of inaccurate positioning control of the payload and difficult anti-swing control. Aiming at the problems, this paper proposes a control law based on improved energy coupling analysis for suppressing the payload swing in the tower cranes. A three-dimensional dynamic model of tower crane system with considering friction is established, and an improved energy coupling signal is designed. The coupling relationship of trolley movement and payload swing, jib rotation and payload swing are considered, then a nonlinear anti-swing controller is established in order to reduce the swing. The closed-loop stability of the system with the controller is verified by the Lyapunov method and LaSalle invariance principle, simulations and experimental analyses are performed to verify the controller performance. The control performance of the controller is compared with other classic and typical current control methods, and the proposed controller outperformed other controllers. The anti-swing controller proposed in this paper has accurate positioning, and can achieve precise control when the payload is transported, reaching the set target position in a little time and eliminating residual swing angle. Meanwhile the proposed controller has a good control robustness, which can restore stability in around a very short time when the rope length and payload mass of the system’s inherent property are changed and external interference is added. In addition, when different target position parameters are uncertain, the proposed control law has good robust performance.

     

绳长时变情况下轮胎式集装箱起重机非线性防摆控制算法

四绳轮胎式集装箱起重机由于自身的动力学特性较为复杂,目前仍缺乏稳定高效的控制手段.为解决港口起重机作业过程中台车定位精准度低、负载易受干扰摆幅大的问题,文章设计了一种面向工业场景的非线性反馈控制器.首先在未进行近似处理的前提下对起重机吊具摆动情况进行了建模分析.在此基础上,通过在控制器中引入摆幅反馈信息,实现了绳长时变...     

A unified symplectic pseudospectral method for motion planning and tracking control of 3D underactuated overhead cranes

In this paper, a unified symplectic pseudospectral method for motion planning and tracking control of 3D underactuated overhead cranes is proposed. A feasible reference trajectory taking constraints into consideration is first generated offline by the symplectic pseudospectral optimal control method. Then, a trajectory tracking model predictive controller also based on the symplectic pseudospectral method is developed to track the reference trajectory. At each sampling instant, the trajectory tracking controller works by solving an open‐loop optimal control problem where linearized system dynamics is used instead to improve the computational efficiency. Since the symplectic pseudospectral optimal control method is the core algorithm for both offline trajectory planning and online trajectory tracking, constraints on state variables and control inputs can be easily imposed and hence theoretically guaranteed in solutions. By selecting proper weighted matrices on tracking error and control, the developed controller could achieve control objectives in both accurate trolley positioning and fast suppressing of residual swing angles. Simulations for 3D overhead crane systems in the presence of perturbations in initial conditions, an abrupt variation of system parameter, and various external disturbances demonstrate that the developed controller is robust and of excellent control performance.     

Vibration control of load for rotary crane system using neural network with GA-based training

A neuro-controller for vibration control of load in a rotary crane system is proposed involving the rotation about the vertical axis only. As in a nonholonomic system, the vibration control method using a static continuous state feedback cannot stabilize the load swing. It is necessary to design a time-varying feedback controller or a discontinuous feedback controller. We propose a simple three-layered neural network as a controller (NC) with genetic algorithm-based (GA-based) training in order to control load swing suppression for the rotary crane system. The NC is trained by a real-coded GA, which substantially simplifies the design of the controller. It appeared that a control scheme with performance comparable to conventional methods can be obtained by a relatively simple approach. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008