盒形件充液拉深成形工艺优化及试验研究

本文主要研究充液拉深成形技术在复杂异形长法兰类盒形件成形过程中的应用,首先对该类零件的材料进行了力学性能和成形性能测试分析,获取材料的成形极限,确定了充液拉深成形方案;建立了盒形件的有限元仿真模型,模拟了盒形件在充液拉深成形过程中材料的壁厚变化情况,通过成形缺陷分析对关键工艺参数低压充液时间TLP、整形时间TIP、最大压边力Fmax、液体流速Vel％,最大成形力Pmax及时效时间Tw等进行了重新设计,并通过数值模拟和试验验证相结合的方法优化了工艺参数;最终,完成了盒形件充液拉深成形流程再造,确定出最优的工艺参数,并成功实现盒形件的充液拉深成形,使其制造效率和产品质量大幅提升,为低塑性、难变形材料盒形件的批量制造奠定了工艺基础.     

加载路径对汽车顶盖充液拉深成形影响数值模拟

板材充液拉深（hydromechanical deep drawing,HDD）是在拉深凹模中以一定压力液体作为传力介质代替刚性凹模传递载荷,使坯料在液体压力作用下贴靠凸模拟实现金属板材零件的成形。与传统拉深工艺相比,板料成形性显著提高,成形表面质量好,模具寿命长。随着成形设备和相关技术的发展,充液拉深工艺被广泛应用于汽车、飞机制造业。     

分区压边拉深工艺改善矩盒形件成形研究

板料拉深过程中成形性能的优化是最重要的问题之一。通过有限元分析软件DYNAFORM对矩盒形件拉深成形过程进行模拟,研究了盒形件在整体压边圈恒压边力、分块压边圈恒压边力以及分块压边圈变压边力情况下的成形性能。模拟分析结果表明,分块压边下存在最优压边力分布,对每一分区加载随凸模位置变化的压边力类V型曲线,能最大程度的提高矩盒形件的拉深成形性能,为实现矩盒形件拉深过程的最优化提供思路,并在实践生产中指导复杂工件的工艺优化,最终改进工件的成形性能。     

液体辅助压边周向充液拉深

为了克服液压辅助压边中橡胶膜易破损和发挥径向压力对提高板料成形极限的作用,提出液体辅助压边周向充液拉深新技术。将液池内液体通过增压活塞增压后,加载到毛坯凸缘上表面和凸缘边缘实现液体直接压边和高于液池压力的径向压力辅助拉深;采用导流孔将毛坯边缘的液体引至板料凸缘下表面部分区域,缩小液体实际压边区域,减少凸缘区摩擦阻力。初步试验验证该方案可行有效后,用有限元法对成形过程进行研究,并得到合理的工艺参数。通过试验建立极限拉深比和增压比的成形区域。研究表明:拉深得到的零件壁厚分布存在两个谷底值,分别对应冲模力的两个峰值;增压活塞增压比的增大影响成形零件的壁厚分布,较大的增压比下拉深得到的零件壁厚也较大;当液池压力18MPa时,采用2.4倍的增压活塞,得到拉深比达2.86的铝合金2A12O杯形件。     

薄壁深抛物线形零件固体颗粒介质成形工艺

薄壁抛物线形壳体成形过程为拉深和胀形两种变形模式的复合,极易发生起皱和破裂。固体颗粒介质成形是采用固体颗粒代替刚性凸模或凹模(或弹性体、液体)对板料进行成形的工艺。板材在颗粒介质内压的作用下成形,可以有效防止抛物线形件拉深成形过程中侧壁的起皱;由于颗粒内压是非均匀分布的,故可以有效控制抛物线形件成形过程中的破裂,提高板材的成形极限。根据固体颗粒介质成形工艺的特点,提出了两次成形薄壁深壳体零件的工艺,建立了数值分析模型,通过数值模拟和试验对该成形过程和工艺参数进行了分析。结果表明,采用固体颗粒介质成形工艺过程简单、成形工件壁厚分布均匀、表面质量好、回弹小。     

方盒形件分区压边方式拉深压边力的数值模拟

板料拉深成形是冲压生产中的一种少、无切削的先进加工方法,拉深成形的重要工艺参数之一是压边力,是保证零件成形质量的关键.根据方盒形件的拉深成形特点,将压边圈设计为直边区域、法兰转角区域及直边与转角交界区域的十六块分区压边方式,并对分区压边圈在不同压边力加载模式下进行了模拟分析.分析结果表明:对于方盒形件的拉深,将压边圈设计为适当的分区结构、各分区压边圈采取合理的变压边力加载模式可以充分改善板料的成形性能、达到抑制板料起皱和延缓破裂以及提高板料拉深成形质量.     

“钢球簇”填充汽车覆盖件压力成形工艺

充液拉深是一种薄板拉深成形的新工艺。在充液拉深过程中,橡皮囊弹性凹模在液体压力介质的作用下,将薄板压贴在刚性凸模的型腔表面实施成形拉深。因此在拉深过程中薄板内表面与刚性凸模之间几乎没有相对滑动而且其外表面与橡皮弹性凹模之间的摩擦力又很小,从而避免了薄板表面及表面装饰保护层的摩擦划伤,更有效地控制了变薄拉     

自然增压充液拉深计算机控制系统的研究

自然增压充液拉深是一种综合了液体压边、摩擦保持、流体润滑、径向推力和预胀形优点的充液拉深方法.这里阐明了该方法对计算机智能化控制系统的要求,在YES-100试验机上建立了相应的计算机控制系统,通过对PCL-818数据采集卡的扩展实现了多种输入、输出量的采集与控制.使用Visual C++和ODBC编写了智能化充液拉深控制程序,主程序可以分为三个部分工艺参数设定、实时过程控制和智能化模块,有效保证了筒形件充液拉深过程的有序进行和液体压力闭环控制.     

数值模拟技术在拉深模具设计中的应用

分析了盒形件拉深成形工艺特点,建立了盒形件拉深成形的三维有限元模型,并对其进行了冲压数值模拟。针对盒形零件拉深成形实例,应用数值模拟方法辅助模具设计以及进行了拉深工艺的改进。研究结果表明,应用数值模拟技术能有效减少拉深模具设计计算量,从而提高模具设计效率。     

基于对向液压拉深的高精度拉深件的应用研究

对向液压拉深是在凹模兼液压室的型腔内充满液体,利用凸横带动板料进入凹模后建立的反向液压而使板料成形的方法。对向液压拉深方法可提高拉深时的成形极限、抑制侧壁起皱．使零件具有很高的尺寸、形状精度及表面质量。可实现零件的一体化成形,在精度要求高的拉深件中可得到广泛应用。     

圆筒形件拉深失稳及各因素影响分析

对板料成形中圆筒形件拉深的破裂失稳及产生破裂失稳的临界压边力进行研究.由于凸、凹模圆角及其间隙的存在,圆筒形件拉深的筒壁区实际为凸、凹模圆角之间的公切线部分.根据Mises-Hill屈服函数及Tresca准则求出凸缘变形区、凹模圆角区和筒壁区的应力分布,得到危险断面处的应力表达式,从而求出不产生破裂失稳的临界压边力的解析表达式,并进一步分析获得拉深比、硬化指数、厚向异性系数、摩擦因数以及径向推力等因素对临界压边力的影响规律.采用液压压边与周缘加径向推力的拉深模具对08Al板料进行拉深试验,试验结果与理论计算结果具有很好的一致性.     

Optimization of the design parameters of modified die in hydro-mechanical deep drawing using LS-DYNA

The use of a modified die enhances the limiting draw ratio compared to that obtainable in a conventional deep drawing operation. Application of these dies, in conventional deep drawing, eliminated the use of blank holder but enhances the tendency of wrinkling in drawn products. In hydro-mechanical deep drawing process, the punch deforms the blank to its final shape by moving against a controlled pressurized fluid. In this paper, a new concept of the application of modified dies in hydro-mechanical deep drawing is presented. The finite element (FE) simulations of a deep-drawing process using modified dies are performed using the 2-D explicit finite element code LS-DYNA, with the aim of optimization of design parameters and the results are compared with the experimental values. The initial design steps in the design of modified die in finite element simulation were taken from the concept of Tractrix die. The use of Tractrix die enhances the draw ratio but simultaneously increases the tendency of wrinkling. In this paper the design parameters of modified Tractrix die for hydro-mechanical deep drawing are optimized for the successful drawing of cups. It is also experimentally verified that by using such modified dies in hydro-mechanical deep drawing, deeper cups are drawn without wrinkling.     

圆杯无压边锥模拉深皱曲强度与拉深极限预测

采用能量法导出圆杯无压边锥模拉深的皱曲强度,考虑了材料性 能,径向和周向弯曲作用,厚度变化及加工硬化效应。应用该强度预测无皱极限拉深比,与 Sowerby等人使用3种材料3种板厚作的无压边锥模拉深试验结果完全一致,最大相对误差不 超过8%。提出的研究方法同样适用于轴对称非直壁零件拉深凸凹模间悬空区的切向压缩失稳 分析。     

Hydrodynamic deep drawing process assisted by radial pressure with inward flowing liquid

A radial pressure can reduce drawing force and increase drawing ratio in hydrodynamic deep drawing. However, conventional hydrodynamic deep drawing cannot attain a radial pressure higher than the pressure in the die cavity. In this research, a modified method, named hydrodynamic deep drawing assisted by radial pressure with inward flowing liquid, was proposed and investigated using both primarily experimental and numerical simulation analysis. A radial pressure higher than the pressure in the die cavity was realized by means of the inward flowing of the liquid during this process. After preliminary experimental validation, FEM was used to explore the forming process. The results from the simulation were compared with those from the experiment. The effects of the radial pressure on the wall thickness distribution, punch force, and compressive stress in the blank flange were studied with assistance of numerical simulation. The process window for radial pressures versus drawing ratios was established in 2Al2O alloy experimentally and cups with drawing ratio of 2.85 were successfully formed.     

The role of die curvature in the performance of deep drawing (hydro-mechanical) processes

A hydromechanical deep drawing process (which replaces the conventional rigid blank-holder tool with a hydrostatic fluid pressure) is utilized to study the roles played by die curvature, interfacial friction, material hardening, etc. in deep drawing performance. The analytical study is based on limit analysis in plasticity (applying both the upper and the lower bounds simultaneously) with a special emphasis on the geometry of the die profile. The resulting relationships between the various parameters obtained through the bounds are backed by an independent numerical solution using Woo's finite difference scheme. The associated experiments, with which the limit analysis is compared, were conducted with aluminium blanks at various die radii and with various holding fluid pressures.The relatively close proximity of the above solutions, in describing the observed behaviour of the process, enables one to draw a few general conclusions about the strength of the limit analysis in describing realistic deep drawing processes. Also potential improvements concerning the choice of die radius of curvature and the blank holding force are indicated.     

Experimental and mathematical analysis of simulation results for sheet metal parts in deep drawing

In this paper, deep drawing of conical and cylindrical cups without blank holder is investigated using a conical die design. These cups are produced by pushing circular blanks by pushing the flat head punch in a single stroke. ANSYS APDL 14.0 was then used to investigate the effects of die and punch geometry, half-cone angle, die and punch fillet radius, and drawing load. The thickness distribution of the cup was numerically investigated to determine the optimal process design, and mathematical analysis was adopted to determine the thickness distribution and longitudinal stress calculation. An experimental set-up was designed to validate the simulation results for conical and cylindrical shaped sheet-metal cups. Tensile tests were carried out to obtain the flow of the stress-strain curve for the simulation. The drawing characteristics of materials were investigated by performing Erichsen cupping and Vickers hardness tests. Experiments were conducted on blanks of aluminum alloys and stainless steel with initial thicknesses of 1.5 mm. A cylindrical cup of ss304 with LDR of up to 2.2 and conical cup of AA1100 with LDR of up to 2.7 were successfully achieved. Finite element simulation results showed good agreement with the mathematical and experimental results.     

Experimental study on multi-stage deep drawing for rectangular cup with high aspect ratio

Multi-stage deep drawing process for rectangular cup using finite element method has been analyzed to understand the main process parameters, to modify the tool configurations for achieving sound intermediate blanks, and to obtain the rectangular deep-drawn cup in the prior study. As shown in the results of the numerical analysis, it has been ensured that the rectangular deep-drawn cup could be obtained. In this study, the tool fabrication and development considering the effects of the intake angle and the ironing operation are performed. The developed tool sets are applied to the multi-stage deep drawing process of this study, and a systematic experiment for the rectangular deep drawing process is carried out. From the first trial in the experiment, several failures are predicted. To solve these failures, the contact surface on the lower die is modified. As shown in the experimental results for the second trial by applying the modified lower die, it is investigated that the failures such as wrinkling and tearing phenomena are not observed, and the excessive deformation behavior due to thinning and thickening effects is decreased. Furthermore, the thickness distributions on the major axis and the minor axis of the intermediate blanks are investigated to be already satisfied by the target (ironing) thickness, respectively. By this systematic approach, it is confirmed that the experimental results show a good agreement with the designed and required configuration of the final product.     

An investigation on manufacturing process parameters of CNG pressure vessels

Mass production of CNG pressure vessels requires an accurate understanding of process effective parameters. In this paper, the finite-element method has been used to study the vessel manufacturing parameters. The FE model has been verified by experimental results. The entire manufacturing process, including deep drawing, redrawing and ironing, of an aluminum liner sample of CNG pressure vessels (without spinning) have been simulated. The deep drawing process has been modeled by using three types of dies: flat, conical and tractrix; then drawing force and wall thickness variations have been compared. In order to achieve the final diameter of the liner, the redrawing process has been implemented in a conical die. To obtain a uniform wall thickness, the ironing process has been simulated in two stages, and the required force and die angle for each process have been extracted. The result of this work presents an integrated perspective for decision-making on the manufacturing of CNG liners.     

The effect of a multistep deep-drawing process with circular and rectangular shapes on the deformation of AZ31 magnesium sheets

This study has mostly focused on the forming limit, microstructural change, and anisotropy that arise from rectangular and circular deep drawing of magnesium sheets. Moreover, this study predicts the change in the material thickness and the forming depth at the first forming process that produces the rectangular cup by the deep drawing of the rectangular blank. Further, by using the rectangular cup that is formed by the first forming process, when the circular and square cups in the rectangular cup are simultaneously manufactured in the so-called second forming process, the effect of the clearance between the die and punch on the change in the product thickness according to forming depth associated with microstructural analysis is investigated. The forming temperature is optimized to maximize formability. The results obtained in this study are utilized as data for predicting the die clearance and the change in the thickness.     

Effects of forming media on hydrodynamic deep drawing

Apart from the punch and the die, a pressurized fluid (water or oil) is used in hydroforming. The presence of such pressure media is the main difference between hydroforming and conventional deep drawing. No comprehensive study has yet been conducted on the effect of forming media on the formation of cylindrical cups via hydrodynamic deep drawing assisted by radial pressure. This study investigated the formation of such cups through Finite element (FE) simulation and experiments. First, the process was modeled numerically using ABAQUS FE software. After simulation, copper and St14 sheets were formed with water and oil as the forming media. The effect of these forming media on thickness distribution and maximum punch force was investigated. By examining the thickness distribution curve of the hydroformed cup, a close agreement was found between experimental and numerical results. Using oil as the forming media reduced thinning at the corner radius zone of the punch and increased the maximum punch force. Changing the forming media does not significantly influence the maximum thickening at the cup wall region.