ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF A BATCH REACTOR

A globally stable adaptive predictive control system (APCS) is evaluated by application to a simulated PVC batch reactor. The reactor is run under APCS control with the objective of either temperature setpoint tracking or constant reaction rate. The batch nature of this system makes it possible to learn about the physical problem from successive runs. This knowledge is incorporated into the control strategy to improve the performance of the reactor. The problem of excessive manipulation of the control variable has been recognized and resolved by using control weighting. Performance of the adaptive technique is compared with previous results using self-tuning and PID control of the same reactor. APCS provides good, robust control despite the nonlinear dynamics of the system.     

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A NONISOTHERMAL CATALYTIC MEMBRANE REACTOR

A two-dimensional nonisothermal mathematical model has been developed to simulate a tube-and-shell configuration, catalytic membrane reactor. The three-layer membrane consists of an inert large-pore support, an o₂ semipermeable dense perovskite layer and a porous catalytic layer. The model is applied to the simulation of the partial oxidation or methane to syngas (oxyreforming). The membrane reactor simultaneously supplies oxygen to the catalytic reaction along the reactor length, and separates oxygen from the air feed, using a dense perovskite layer which is a mixed conductor, thus allowing rapid oxygen permeation without the use of an external circuit. Two configurations of catalytic membrane reactors are simulated, for both bench-scale and industrial-scale conditions. Comparisons are made to the conventional fixed-bed reactor, and to membrane reactors which are isothermal, adiabatic or wall-cooled. The simulation results imply that the temperature rise in exothermic partial oxidation reactions may be mitigated substantially by the use of a dense membrane reactor,     

列管式固定床F-T合成反应器的模拟及优化

针对列管式固定床F-T合成反应器的特点建立了一维拟均相数学模型。通过对模型计算与试验结果进行对比分析,表明该模型可以较好的描述反应过程。并从固定床反应器的操作热稳定性出发,对列管式固定床F-T合成反应器的最大允许管径和最大传热温差进行了计算。结合模型计算结果得出了合适的反应管直径与冷却介质温度范围,可以优化列管式固定床F-T合成反应器的设计。     

THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTIES ON RATE MODELING AND REACTOR SIMULATION

Experimentally determined reaction rates often are used to discriminate between proposed reaction rate models. However, little emphasis has been placed upon evaluating the effect of experimental measurement uncertainties on rate model determinations. In this work, usual methods of rate model discrimination (mean-squared error criterion) are used to distinguish the best rate model. Regression occurred on three sets of rate data that contained various levels of measurement uncertainty. This uncertainty in reaction rate is reflective of the uncertainty associated with experimental measurement of pressure, temperature, and composition. Our objective was to determine whether experimental measurement uncertainties influence the selection of the best rate model.

Five rate expressions were used to regress the sets of kinetic rate data. The best rate model depended upon the level of measurement uncertainty, indicating the need for accurate kinetic data. Simulation of a plug flow reactor using the best rate models further stressed the importance of obtaining accurate rate data by showing that reactor performance depended heavily upon the rate expression.     

GLOBAL STABILIZATION OF A BIOLOGICAL REACTOR BY LINEAR FEEDBACK CONTROL

A classical substrate inhibition model for biological reactors with PI controllers is subjected to a rigorous nonlinear analysis. The operating conditions and control settings that ensure global stability of the set-point are derived from bifurcation studies of the solution branches with the controller gains as the bifurcation parameters. The global stability of the set-point can be destroyed by co-existing extraneous attracting states, both steady and time-dependent, which may be introduced by the controllers that are designed to stabilize the set-point locally.     

加压管式反应器的模糊控制

原硝酸铵生产装置中,加压管式反应器的控制方式不能完全满足生产要求。对其进行了分析研究,论述了模糊控制技术在加压管式反应器上的应用方案,成功地用于生产,取得了良好效果。     

GLOBAL STABILIZATION OF A BIOLOGICAL REACTOR BY LINEAR FEEDBACK CONTROL

A classical substrate inhibition model for biological reactors with PI controllers is subjected to a rigorous nonlinear analysis. The operating conditions and control settings that ensure global stability of the set-point are derived from bifurcation studies of the solution branches with the controller gains as the bifurcation parameters. The global stability of the set-point can be destroyed by co-existing extraneous attracting states, both steady and time-dependent, which may be introduced by the controllers that are designed to stabilize the set-point locally.     

APPLICATION OF ADAPTIVE PID CONTROL WITH GENETIC ALGORITHM TO A POLYMERIZATION REACTOR

This article describes the application of adaptive PID control with genetic algorithm (GA) to a jacketed batch polymerization reactor. This method was used to keep the polymerization reactor temperature at the desired optimal path, which was determined by the Hamiltonian maximum principle method. The reactor was simulated and the model equations of this jacketed polymerization reactor were solved by means of Runge-Kutta-Felthberg methods. A genetic algorithm can be a good solution for finding the optimum PID parameters because unlike other techniques it does not impose many limitations and it is simple. In this research, suitability of these parameters was checked by the integral absolute error (IAE) criterion. The control parameters in the PID algorithm were changed with time during the control of a polymerization reactor. It was seen that the genetic algorithm was able to tune the PID controller used in this system in terms of higher robustness and reliability by changing the parameters continuously.     

A PARAMETER PLANE METHOD FOR THE PID CONTROL OF A MULTIRATE, SAMPLED-DATA CHEMICAL REACTOR SYSTEM WITH A TRANSPORTATION LAG

The control of a multirate sampled-data, stirred-tank chemical reactor system using a parameter plane method is considered. Due to wide acceptance of proportional-plus-integral-plus-derivative (PID) control in the chemical process industries, a PID controller with a “slow-fast”multirate scheme is used for the chemical reactor system. Based on two related stability equations and using the PID gains as the adjustable parameters, the set of all possible PID gains to maintain the chemical reactor system's stability, and at the same time, to make the system having a specified gain margin, phase margin, damping ratio, and damping factor is determined. The effects of changing the integer N (which is the ratio of the sampling rates between a slow- and a fasl-samplcr)and (he basic sampling period Ton the set of PID gains satisfying the specifications are examined. The results for single-rate and multirate cases are also studied.     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF KINETIC AND TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN A WALL－COOLED FIXED－BED REACTOR

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丙烯氨氧化工艺浅析和反应器设计

在阐述丙烯氨氧化反应机理的基础上,讨论了影响过程变化的内外诸因素,如催化剂的组成和结构、反应温度、压力等。介绍了用来描述丙烯氨氧化的K-L教学模型以及反应器设计和设计参效的取值经验。     

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION AND MODELLING OF LIQUID-SOLID MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS IN A THREE-PHASE REACTOR

Apparent mass transfer coefficients for solid dissolution in a liquid with and without a chemical reaction were experimentally determined in a fixed bed three phases reactor with downward cocurrent gas and liquid flows. The chemical system selected was benzoic acid, sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution, and atmospheric air. Continuous gas, pulse and dispersed bubble regimes were studied and the results were correlated obtaining apparent mass transfer coefficient as a function of liquid and fluid volumetric flow. It was found that gas flow effect on mass transfer coefficient was small over continuous gas and dispersed bubble regimes, but appreciable over pulse regime. Additionally, it was found that the mathematical model that best described the mass transfer process under pulse regime, by using the increment factor due to the instantaneous chemical reaction, is the film theory     

微机控制缠绕机控制系统的数字仿真监测

本文采用控制系统的数字仿真技术，在ＳＴＤ工业控制机上实现了对微机控制纤维缠绕机控制系统的稳速精度、跟踪性能和光电编码器的性能的监测。文中阐述了检测电路、测量方案、仿真程序设计和结果分析等内容。     

氧化沟间歇曝气脱氮效果及控制策略的中试研究

对前置厌氧选择区的中试氧化沟系统,采用连续流间歇曝气方式进行生物脱氮的研究。试验研究表明,不同曝气-停曝时间下出水TN范围不同,其主要与曝气/停曝(时间)比有关;曝气时间过长可能导致细胞内碳源消耗过量而使反硝化因缺乏电子供体受影响,停曝阶段持续过长又可能使NH4+-N积累过多而超标。曝气1.5 h,停曝2 h时,出水TN和NH4+-N较好地满足一级B排放标准,该模式辅助适当的曝气控制策略可保证出水水质和节省能耗。为了研究氧化沟间歇曝气控制策略,进行了连续曝气的试验研究,结果表明,ORP与NH4+-N/NO3--N的对数有较好的线性相关性,相关系数为0.987。利用以上关系,结合NH4+-N在线传感器,提出了间歇曝气的控制流程。     

基于铸浆机比例控制系统的仿真研究

分析了陶瓷成型铸浆机比例控制系统的位移、速度、压力运动规律，根据分析结果分别建立了系统的速度、压力、位移的数学模型，进行了系统的稳定性分析。并根据系统的数学模型对铸浆机系统的位移、速度、压力运用SIMULINK进行动态仿真。从仿真结果看，其速度满足快进、工进、快退的要求；位移是速度的积分曲线。闭模油缸的压力曲线必须满足跟随压坯油缸压力曲线的变化，且压力波动误差不能超过总压力的15％。否则，此液压系统将无法正常工作。由仿真结果得出铸浆机的压力系统完全满足这一要求。     

基于MATLAB的陶瓷窑炉模糊控制系统计算机仿真

将MATLAB提供的SIMULINK与FUZZYTOOLBOX有机结合起来 ,应用于陶瓷窑炉的模糊控制系统仿真中 ,并给出了仿真结果。     

化工企业安全仪表系统实施策略探讨

针对化工企业如何合理、有效、经济地实施安全仪表系统(SIS),从风险评估及安全等级评定、设计原则、系统设置方案、联锁逻辑关系、现场仪表配置等方面,对SIS的实施策略进行分析和探讨。     

固定床反应器中扩散反应问题的实验测定

为研究反应器尺度上的扩散反应问题，建立了一个可同时在轴向和径向进行温度和浓度测定的二维壁冷却式固定床反应器。选择３种操作条件进行了实验测定，利用所测实验数据对拟均相二维平推流模型进行了参数估计，发现按平推流模型得到的径向温度曲线在壁面附近同实验测定有很大偏差，本文认为是由于在颗粒大小不容忽视的条件下平推流假定过于简单之故。应当加以改进。     

EFFECT OF REACTOR HEAT CAPACITY ON THE STABILITY AND START-UP TIME OF A DIABATIC CONTROLLED-CYCLED STIRRED TANK REACTOR

A simple model was written to simulate a first-order exothermic reaction taking place in a diabatic controlled-cycled stirred tank reactor (CCTR) in which the reactor jacket heat capacity is not infinitely larger than the reacting fluid heat capacity. The simulations have shown tpthat including the reactor heat capacity in the model tends to stabilize oscillatory states to a unique steady state. A further result is that a smaller reactor heat capacity results in a shorter transition time to the final steady state. The study shows the possibility that reactor stability and short start-up times may be achieved by simple changes in the reactor design rather than through complex control systems.