加拿大国家档案馆珍藏概览(5)——镜头中的加拿大

1989年是照片诞生后的第150周年.自从第一次将光影与化学结合起来用于从大自然中获得永恒的图片后,自然风光摄影就倍受争议.不管怎样,无论艺术还是科学,技艺还是职业,摄影都是产生于客观性与选择性之间,创造性与现实性之上的一种档案媒介.在最新的一次统计后,国家档案馆现今保存有1500万以上的照片档案.不管是百年前拍摄的还是上个星期刚刚拍摄的,照片所要传递出的要素通常是些非常独特的信息.无论照片、底片和幻灯片,是黑白的还是彩色的,无论旧与新,不管是退色了的还是色彩艳丽的,单独的还是成集合的,最为关键的是它们都见证了加拿大历史与社会的发展与兴衰.     

FRM用先进陶瓷纤维及其拉伸强度

陶瓷,其耐热性、耐腐蚀性、功能性等引起人们重视,作为一种新材料而得到开发,其有用性得到了公认。所谓新材料,或明显提高原料纯度,或使其形状极端微细化、微粉化或者薄膜化,或使原料组合、制成合金,从而使材料性能得到空前的发挥。碳化硅(SiC)、硼(B)、氧化铝(Al₂O₃)等陶瓷也可使其形状变成又细又长的纤维状,从而使拉伸强度提高,使陶瓷的使用变得容易起来。本稿将就最近开发的轻质高强陶瓷纤维的性能加以介绍。      

让七十多年前的影片《迷途的羔羊》重返银幕

中国电影资料馆珍藏着大量早期影片,其中许多具有珍贵的保存价值.1936年由蔡楚生编导、任光谱曲的<迷途的羔羊>是我国第一部以流浪儿童为题材的影片,也是我国儿童影片中的第一部有声片.此片在思想和艺术上都取得了突破,尤其是以童谣形式演唱的主题歌<月光光歌>感人至深,充分发挥了音乐的魅力,增强了整部影片的感染力.影片公映后,深受广大观众的欢迎和电影工作者的赞扬.七十多年过去了,当我们准备再次让它同观众见面时,却发现能够最真实、最原始记录影音效果的原底、声底片却出现了许多问题,给复制工作带来了空前的难度,这是我们从事资料影片复制工作三十多年来从未遇到过的难题.主要有以下几方面问题:     

涂料的前世与今生

<正>2014年3月24日,应国家主席习近平夫人彭丽媛邀请,美国总统奥巴马夫人米歇尔·奥巴马以及米歇尔的母亲和两个女儿抵达西安参观访问。中午1时,米歇尔一行的车队抵达秦陵博物院,在进入一号俑坑的一刹那,米歇尔露出非常惊讶的表情。既惊讶于兵马俑规模的宏大,也好奇于兵马俑彩绘的绚烂。当她来到一件正在清理的陶俑旁边时,陶俑身上的彩绘吸引了米歇尔的目光。米歇尔好奇地询问这些颜色是不是原始的颜色。考古人员告诉她,这是刚刚发现的。米歇尔随后表示,希望能把文物保护     

[黑井]古韵犹存的千年盐都

与云南的诸多地方相比,黑井并没有旖旎的自然风光和丰富多彩的民族风情,只不过是夹在两座高山间的一座落魄失意的小镇而已。然而就是这么一座略显破败的小镇,凭借其非凡的过往历史和保存完好的古建筑群,受到了越来越多人的喜爱和青睐……热心读者段兆顺带领我们走进这个隐藏于崇山峻岭中的古朴小镇!     

有限宽度和椭圆孔形状对缺口层合板强度预测的影响

本文采用有限元方法对正交各向异性材料含有不同椭圆孔形状的有限宽度板作了分析,给出了有限宽度和椭圆孔形状对应力集中因子K₁和孔边应力分布σ_y(x,0)的影响公式。数值结果表明:正交各向异性板的有限宽度和椭圆孔形状对K_r和σ_y(x,0)的影响均与各向同性材料不同,所以有限宽度和椭圆孔形状将对缺口层合板强度的预测产生影响。      

太白山植物园规划设计

一、引言 对秦岭周边特有的和引进的物种进行展示,主要是对苗圃种植的物种进行针对性的成年植物展示.太白县植被覆盖率达到了95％以上,为植物园的建造提供了便利的自然资源.春季,漫山遍野的杜鹃花及其它各种美丽的野花,争奇斗艳,非常漂亮. 二、植物园的选址     

基于流形的视频序列全景图的绘制方法

针对含动态场景的视频序列,本文提出了一种基于流形的全景图的绘制方法.该方法首先从视频序列中提取条形图,根据需要由一个或几个条形图组成图卡,利用相似测度确定图卡在流形种的次序;然后将相对应的图卡依最小代价路径按序排列在一起构成流形,完成全景图的拼接;最后利用拼接区域的相似性信息,使用基于局部金字塔的方法融合图像交叠处的颜色.实验结果表明,使用该方法得到的全景图可最大限度的保证原图像中的细节,没有严重的扭曲和变形,视觉效果比较好.     

自组装和分散可逆的碳纳米管圆片

通过加热碳纳米管和强酸的混合物,使碳纳米管的憎水表面发生氧化.加热含经处理的碳纳米管的悬浮液,使之脱水,得到自组装的碳纳米管圆片,该圆片可直接分散.扫描电镜图显示该圆片由局部规则排列的碳纳米管构成;红外光谱和光电子谱分析表明在化学处理过程中,碳纳米管的表面产生了含氧官能团;虽然拉曼谱测出处理过程增加了缺陷,但是X射线衍射结果表明碳纳米管类似石墨的层状结构得到保留;同时研究了经处理的碳纳米管的热稳定性.这种自组装且可分散的碳纳米管圆片为研究碳纳米管结构材料和碳纳米管复合材料提供了有效途径.     

浅谈钢琴演奏法的发展

钢琴被称为乐器之王,可以演奏出美妙的音乐,这种有键盘的乐器,似乎比别的乐器都好学,任何人都可以从上面摸出音阶来,它的音律准确,声音悦耳,绝不像初学小提琴者在琴上"锯"出来的声音难听又不准.但是要在钢琴上得心应手地弹奏出好听乐曲,绝不是一件简单的事.仅仅当一个一般水平的专业演奏者,就需要投入大量的劳动,有人估计以每天7小时的练习时间计,他需要10年.而且只有大量的练习还是不够的,同时还需要科学的演奏法.……     

Experimental measurements for condensation of downward-flowing R123/R134a in a staggered bundle of horizontal low-finned tubes with four fin geometriesMesures expérimentales de la condensation lors de l'éoulement vertical d'un mélange de R123 et de R134a sur un faisceau de tubes en quinconce munis de quatre types d'ailettes

Experiments were conducted to obtain row-by-row heat and mass transfer data during condensation of downward-flowing zeotropic mixture R123/R134a in a staggered bundle of horizontal low-finned tubes. The vapor temperature and the mass fraction of R134a at the tube bundle inlet were about 50°C and 14%, respectively. The refrigerant mass velocity ranged from 9 to 34 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, and the condensation temperature difference from 1.9 to 12 K. Four kinds of low-finned tubes with different fin geometry were tested. The highest heat transfer coefficient was obtained with a tube which showed the highest performance for R123. However, the diference among the tubes was much smaller for the mixture than for R123. The heat transfer coefficient and the vapor-phase mass transfer coefficient decreased significantly with decreasing mass velocity. The mass transfer coefficient increased with condensation temperature difference, which was due to the effect of suction associated with condensation. On the basis of the analogy between heat and mass transfer, a dimensionless correlation of the mass transfer coefficient was developed for each tube.     

Prediction of in-tube condensation heat transfer characteristics of binary refrigerant mixtures

This study presents a prediction model for the condensation heat transfer characteristics of binary zeotropic refrigerant mixtures inside horizontal smooth tubes. In this model, both the vapor-side and liquid-side mass transfers are considered, and the high flux mass transfer correction factor is used to evaluate mass transfer coefficients. The model was applied to the binary zeotropic refrigerant mixture R134a/R123, which has a large temperature glide. Calculation results showed that the heat transfer degradation of R134a/R123 due to gradients in the mass fraction and temperature is considerable, and depends on the mass fraction of the more volatile component and the vapor mass quality of the refrigerant mixture. By comparison with experimental data, incorporating the present finite mass transfer model for the liquid film side into the calculation algorithm was shown to reasonably well predict the condensation heat transfer coefficients of binary refrigerant mixtures with the mean deviation of about 10.3%. In the present calculations, however, it was also found that the high flux mass transfer correction factor had only a slight effect on the condensation heat transfer.     

湿工况下翅片管式换热器中刘易斯因子的数值研究

刘易斯因子是反映湿工况下空气侧热质传递特性的重要参数。在此提出了可计算湿工况下翅片侧刘易斯因子的数值模型和适用于工程应用的关联式,通过建立相间传质数值模型、潜热传递数值模型,利用CFD分别计算出空气侧的热质传递系数,从而求得刘易斯因子的数值解。利用数值仿真方法分析了翅片管换热器结构和运行工况对刘易斯因子的影响和已有热质传递类比关系的适用性;同时采用刘易斯因子的数值计算结果拟合得到关联式。传热和传质数值计算结果和实验的相对误差分别为6.93%和12.1%;关联式与数值模型之间的相对误差为5.52%。该数值模型有足够的精度与适用面,所得关联式可代替数值模型。     

On systems of differential equations for heat and mass transfer in capillary porous bodies

We consider converting a system of differential equations for heat and mass transfer in capillary porous bodies with transfer potentials T, u, and P to a system of differential equations with mass transfer potentials T,θ, and P. We discuss ways of simplifying the transfer equations and the interrelationship of the heat and mass transfer coefficients.     

Development of a slug flow absorber working with ammonia–water mixture: part II—data reduction model for local heat and mass transfer characterization

This study deals with a data reduction model for clarifying experimental results of a counter-current slug flow absorber, working with ammonia–water mixture, for significantly low solution flow rate conditions. The data reduction model to obtain the local heat and mass transfer coefficient on the liquid side is proposed by using the drift flux model to analyze the flow characteristics. The control volume method and heat and mass transfer analogy are employed to solve the combined heat and mass transfer problem. As a result, it is found that the local heat and mass transfer coefficient on the liquid side of the absorber is greatly influenced by the flow pattern. The heat and mass transfer coefficient at the frost flow region is higher than that at the slug flow region due to flow disturbance and random fluctuation. The solution flow rate and gas flow rate have influence on the local heat and mass transfer coefficient at the frost flow region. However, it is insignificant at the slug flow region.     

传热传质对膨胀阻燃聚丙烯裂解燃烧行为的影响

通过对膨胀阻燃聚丙烯材料在锥形量热仪实验条件下燃烧的分析和研究,建立了能够描述膨胀阻燃材料升温、燃烧过程的传热传质数学模型,分析了传热传质对材料裂解行为的影响.实验中测量了纯聚丙烯及膨胀阻燃聚丙烯在膨胀燃烧过程中的样品质量损失、质量损失速率、热释放速率和内部温度随时间变化规律.通过理论分析及实验比较发现,不同的传热传质过程,对样品裂解、燃烧及热化学行为的影响非常大.膨胀阻燃聚丙烯的传热传质过程可减缓裂解、燃烧行为.DSC的分析结果表明,炭层对传热传质的阻隔作用使膨胀阻燃聚丙烯的热稳定性增强,放热峰值降低.     

Adsorption of BTEX from aqueous solution by macroreticular resins

Theoretical and experimental investigations were conducted on the adsorption of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) by macroreticular resins. A mass transfer model based on the squared-driving force principle is presented for describing the BTEX transfer between the aqueous and solid phases. Also proposed is a theoretical model for describing the BTEX breakthrough curves of the adsorption column. While the mass transfer model involves only an overall mass transfer coefficient, the column adsorption model has two model parameters. Those parameters are conveniently estimated using the observed mass transfer and breakthrough data. The predictions using the proposed models were found to compare well with the experimental data of batch and column BTEX adsorption tests.     

超声空化泡相界面逸出时相间传质的研究

根据超声空化泡在相间特殊运动时周围流体流动特性,以相间传质渗透理论为依据,结合流体动力学原理,分析了超声空化泡在相间的传质过程,由此建立了超声波声空化气泡相界面逸出时相间传质数学关系式,该式表明,超声功率可使传质系数增加,传质系数不仅与超声波声强近似呈线性关系,而且与扩散系数、气泡的气体体积流率的平方根成正比,同时还与空化泡半径Rd、界面面积S＇等因素有关。采用文献实验数据验证文中关系式,与实验结果相吻合,能较好地描述相界面上逸出超声空化泡时液体中的传质行为。该关系式为超声波强化传质过程提供了理论依据。     

Nonlinear mass transfer between a gas and a falling liquid film. 1. Numerical analysis

A numerical analysis is carried out of the kinetics of nonlinear mass transfer between a gas and a falling liquid film. The nonlinear effect which is considered is the result of intensive mass transfer. Under these conditions the large mass flux induces a secondary flow at the phase interface. The mass transport in both phases takes into account the influence of the intensive mass transfer on the hydrodynamic behavior. An equation is obtained for the rate of absorption is greater than the rate of desorption under conditions of intensive mass transfer.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 92–98, July, 1990.     

乳状液膜提取稀土的传质模型研究（Ⅲ）

建立的乳状液膜体系中，稀土离子由内水相向外水相迁移的传质模型，探讨了该液膜体系的传质机理．实验结果表明，本文模型准确地描述了液膜体系的传质行为，扩散组分在内水相边界层和膜相的扩散阻力是主要的传质阻力