从国外经验看我国立体绿化发展政策的问题和优化方向

立体绿化是缓解城市生态环境问题、提升绿地效能和景观风貌的重要途径。现阶段我国立体绿化总体水平较低,各地发展不均衡,有待建立完善的政策体系。本文梳理了国外立体绿化的政策框架和类型,从其经验出发,总结出我国立体绿化政策发展中的问题,包括推行力度弱且法律法规缺失、政策化评价体系缺失、财政补贴统一标准缺乏、激励性政策形式单一等等,最终提出法制化、规范化、特色化、效益化、信息化的政策优化方向。     

Public policy and construction innovation

The particular roles played by governments through their policies and programmes are considered within a comparative context in order to gain an understanding of construction innovation systems and processes. The analysis of this question is grounded in a framework which develops: a typology of construction related activities, a precise definition of innovation, the measurement of innovation, and models linking R&D and innovation. Comparative findings suggest that the political and social structures of individual countries do not create radical differences in their national approaches to innovation. However, government structure, the type of national innovation system and the nature of construction institutions influence the choice of specific policy instruments. A summary of findings from a task group is presented which reviews various national policies towards innovation in construction. Country specific observations are drawn from case studies of 15 countries in Europe, North and South America, South Africa and Japan. Often public policy instruments in support of innovation have not been of real benefit to the construction industry. Recommendations are made to improve the focus and utility of future policy initiatives for innovation, including: the creation of collaborative arrangements with industry initiated research and emphasis on performance and sustainability. Dans cet article, les auteurs comparent les rôles particuliers joués par les gouvernements au travers leurs politiques et leurs programmes afin de mieux faire connaître les nouveaux systèmes et procédés de construction. L'analyse de cette question se fait dans un cadre qui propose une typologie des activités liées à la construction, une définition précise de l'innovation, la mesure de l'innovation et des modèles qui lient la R&D et innovation. Des résultats comparatifs laissent à penser que les structures politiques et sociales de chaque pays ne créent pas de différences radicales entre les approches nationales en matière d'innovation. En revanche, les structures gouvernementales, le type de système national propre à l'innovation et la nature des institutions du domaine de la construction ont une influence sur le choix d'instruments d'intervention spécifiques. On trouvera la synthèse des résultats des travaux d'un groupe d'étude accompagnée d'une présentation de diverses politiques nationales en matière d'innovation dans le secteur de la construction. Des observations spécifiques par pays sont extraites d'études de cas provenant de 15 pays d'Europe, d'Amérique du nord et du sud, l'Afrique du sud et le Japon. On constate que les moyens publics d'intervention en faveur de l'innovation n'apportent pas toujours de réels avantages à l'industrie de la construction. Des recommandations sont faites pour améliorer la portée et l'utilité des futures initiatives politiques en faveur de l'innovation; il faudrait notamment élaborer des formules de coopération dans le cadre d'actions de recherche engagées par l'industrie et faire en sorte qu'une plus grande importance soit accordée aux performances et on développement durable.     

英国零售业规划政策评述

本文对英国零售业的规划政策进行了回顾与评述。在过去的20年间,英国零售业规划政策的一项核心内容是通过“城镇中心优先政策”来减少新型零售业态的扩张对城镇中心所带来的影响,从而保持与提高城镇中心的活力,并通过集约化使用土地达到可持续性发展。文章同时对规划政策制定过程中的五大矛盾进行了阐述。研究表明,“城镇中心优先政策“的执行受到近年来经济衰退和其他经济结构变化的影响和干扰。对很多人而言,城镇中心不再是他们日常生活的主要场所。在网购和手机购物直行的今天,现行的零售规划政策必须与时俱进,做出适当调整和改变。同时,许多经营大店的零售商正在反思和重估大店赖以生存的社会经济条件,并减少对大店的投资。     

试析当前我国空间管制政策的悖论与体系化途径

本文对我国当前四大空间管制政策进行比较分析和系统考察，涉及政策空间、部门管理、法定地位、整体逻辑关系等方面。在厘清政策悖论的基础上，借鉴国内外空间资源管理的实践经验，对我国空间管制政策体系化架构提出若干原则性见解。     

阿尔卑斯山地区的政策演变及瑞士经验评述与启示

阿尔卑斯山是欧洲山区旅游业发展最为成功的地区之一，而多层次的山区政策是其可持续发展的有力保障。本文从国家、欧盟和国际组织三个层面归纳总结了山区政策的发展特点，并以瑞士为例深入展开，分析了山区显性政策和隐性政策的演变历程。最后结合我国山区政策目前正处于转型阶段的特点，对山区政策的制定以及山区小城镇的整体发展提出建议。     

Research information: Under political scrutiny - Swedish building and construction research

The implications of proposed radical policy changes to building research in Sweden are examined by Ulf Sandstrom of Linkoping University and Jan Eriksson of the Royal Institute of Technology. The historical context of different funding mechanisms and political expectations provides a background to the current debate in Sweden over the future of the Swedish Building Research Council. The authors question the validity of the radical governmental reduction of R&D funding. Evidence suggests that collaborative funding would not maintain the current wide porfolio of R&D projects nor provide adequate knowledge production.     

Distributed electricity generation in Brazil: An analysis of policy context,design and impact

This paper analyzes the policy landscape of a new configuration for the electricity sector, distributed electricity generation, DG, which was introduced in 2012 and regulated in Brazil by the National Electricity Regulation Agency (ANEEL) through a net-metering regulation. The present analysis focuses on the landscape surrounding the policy problem definition and the subsequent policy goals which were established by the national regulator as primarily related to removing barriers to grid access. The policy context surrounding DG in Brazil is analyzed within the broader scope of electricity planning goals, which is a responsibility of the Ministry of Mines and Energy and still shows strong preference to the centralized regime. The design of the net-metering mechanism and the impact of ANEEL's resolution in terms of the number and spatial distribution of the projects across states are also explored. Lastly, an econometric approach is taken by creating a linear regression model to decipher the determinants of successful policy deployment between states. The analysis shows that the electricity rates have an important impact, while the application of a state tax ICMS has negative effects on project uptake. The strength of solar resources was not a significant variable.     

城市文化遗产保护的交通政策研究——北京旧城实例分析

首先阐述了笔者对城市文化遗产保护的理解,指出城市文化遗产是超越城市本身的人类共同的财富,并且认为保护的目的在于更好的发展;其次分析了交通政策与城市文化遗产保护的关系,指出交通建设是城市更新的主要方式,并且认为历史保护是制定交通政策的重要因素,同时交通政策对历史保护具有重要的作用;最后以自己参与完成的《北京交通发展纲要研究》为基础,对北京旧城交通政策进行了实例分析。     

Building in the Soviet Union

This summary of a book on the subject published by Statens Institut för byggnads-forskning, Stockholm, reviews the history of design and planning which has evolved into a more flexible application of centrally standardised designs.     

控制蔓延的美国经验研究

1990年代后期以来,美国的学术界、政界对于蔓延问题愈加关注.在联邦、州、地方政府各个层级,实施了立体、多样化的以控制蔓延为目的的政策.其中既有资金激励、规划调控、税收和特殊收费等手段的综合运用,也可按照已建成区、在城市化地区以及农业和乡村地区的划分有针对性地进行调控.在政策框架内,存在较成熟的体系能够对政策的效果、效率、公平性、可行性等进行全方位的预测和评价.中国的土地利用集约化政策,在一定程度上可以与美国控制蔓延的政策相参照,以寻求从价值观到技术方法、从政策内容到政策过程的革新.     

Research information: Who cares about overall industry

Andre Manseau reports on the creation of a new CIB Task Group on Construction Innovation Systems. The main objectives of the Task Group are to advance an understanding of the practical measures that can be taken to strengthen innovation systems in the construction industry. CIB members and other stake-holders are invited to participate in this study.     

Should governments fund construction research?

This paper considers the role played by government in stimulating innovation to improve quality, profitability and competitiveness in construction activities. It questions whether governments should fund research and development in construction, and if so, what level and types of support might be appropriate to meet emerging needs. It addresses this with reference to the current debate on the public funding of science, citing Kealey and Pavitt. The author considers specific construction-related issues and changing conditions, indicating the need for more, rather than less funding by both private and public sectors. In conclusion, the author develops a third way, different from Kealey's and Pavitt's approaches. Construction requires a strong and vibrant research base, partly funded by government. Simultaneously, the state requires a research and knowledge base in order to fulfil its roles such as for governance of technologies in the built environment. A complementarity effect arises from both public and private funding - which is therefore greater than the sum of the parts. L'auteur examine le role joue par le gouvernement en vue de stimuler l'innovation pour ameliorer la qualite, la rentabilite et la competitivite dans le secteur du batiment. Il s'interroge sur le fait de savoir si les gouvernements doivent financer la recherche et le developpement dans ce secteur et, si la reponse est positive, quel niveau et quels types de soutien seraient appropries pour repondre aux besoins qui se font jour. A cet effet, il se refere au debat public qui s'instaure actuellement sur le financement public de la science et cite MM. Kealey et Pavitt. L'auteur s'interesse aux questions specifiquement liees a la construction ainsi qu'a l'evolution de la situation qui militent en faveur d'une augmentation du financement public et prive plutot que d'une diminution. Pour conclure, l'auteur propose une troisieme voie, differente des methodes preconisees par MM. Kealey et Pavitt. La construction doit s'appuyer sur une base de recherche solide et dynamique, financee en partie par le gouvernement. Simultanement, l'etat a besoin d'une base de recherche et de connaissances pour tenir son role, par exemple, de gerant des technologies relatives au cadre bati. Il se degage un effet de complementarite des financements publics et prives qui est superieur a la somme des deux parties.     

西方城市更新运动及其法制建设过程对我国的启示

本文主要分析了二战后西方国家城市更新运动的发展历程及其法制建设过程,根据不同时期的发展特点将其划分为三个阶段。这种阶段性是和西方国家不同时期经济、社会以及政治等因素紧密联系的,而且每个阶段的城市更新运动都有相应的政策法规与之配套。通过这种分析,得出对中国城市更新的有益启示。     

Efficiency and productivity of renewable energy technologies: Evidence from U.S. investor-owned utilities across regional markets

This study employs a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) modeling technique to investigate the efficiency and productivity of renewable energy (RE) adoption across technologically diverse electricity-generating utilities. By employing metrics capturing policy effects, the study evaluates the RE adoption efficiency and productivity using a dynamic DEA model and the Malmquist DEA technique. First, the findings reveal that RE adoption is not significantly different across regional electricity markets. Second, the study revealed that RE adoption increased over the last three years. The total mean productivity change over the entire study period showed a mean improvement of 4.8%.     

浅谈澳门当代建筑的变迁

本文概括地介绍了在过去的３０年中,澳门建筑的发展与政策、经济、文化及人口增长的关系。描述了澳门政策在带动澳门成为一个国际城市方面的成就,并对葡萄牙建筑师们在澳门建筑发展和中西文化交流方面的贡献作出肯定。     

英国国家规划政策指南——引导可持续发展的规划调控手段

国家“规划政策指南”是英国规划体系中一项重要的政府调控手段。自1988年开始颁布实施以来,对各阶段的规划实践起到了明显的指导作用。开放的框架设计、适时的主题选择、明确的条款表述、及时的检讨修订、透明的信息传递,使该政策表述系统既具高度前瞻性和应用性,又具灵活适应性和普及性。对当前我国规划从技术型向政策型转变的关键时期具有很好的借鉴意义。     

Landscape Policy and Planning Practice: The gap in understanding,Ontario, Canada

Distortions inevitably occur between the creation of policy and its practical application. The gap that exists between the understanding of landscape held by the policy writers and that of the implementers of land-use planning legislation in Ontario, Canada is revealed. The story is told over a nine-month period between the passing and defeat of one planning act, and the introduction of another. A change of government and a substantive shift in governing ideology resulted in the radical transformation of the policies protecting landscapes in this Canadian province's land-use development process. The research documented took place over that crucial period and gives a window into the dynamics of landscape conservation that is created by upper- and lower-tier differences. Higher-level policy makers have a considerable task in protecting landscapes within land-use planning that demands rational and bounded terminology and processes. Conversely, the local implementers of that policy need more flexible and site-specific strategies to conserve those landscapes on the ground. It is this gap that has stalled the protection of landscapes in Ontario, where governments and communities struggle to conserve their valued landscapes - a phenomenon not uncommon in other locations. Some strategies on how to bridge that gap in understanding and improve the prospects for landscape conservation are given.     

城郊结合部的规划发展研究

在现代城市急速演进发展的今天,无论从功能分布方面,还是从景观、交通方面,城郊结合区域都受到极大的影响甚至侵蚀,城郊结合部的社会和城市空间结构正经历着复杂而巨大的变化。如何去面对城郊结合部在城市功能、环境、景观、产业等方面不断分异和重组的态势,研究和确定城郊结合部相对合理的发展方向,是我们面临的课题之一。     

预拌砂浆在上海地区的推广应用

文章从技术准备、科研配套工作和政策导向三方面详细阐述了预拌砂浆在上海地区的推广应用。并分析了上海地区预拌砂浆的发展现状及存在的问题，提出了提高预拌砂浆生产与施工质量的方法和措施。