微波辐射溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2薄膜及其降解铬黑T的活性

通过微波辐射溶胶一凝胶法（sol-gel）法在导电玻璃（ITO）基体上制备TiO2纳米薄膜光催化剂，考察不同加热方式、微波时间、酸处理、薄膜层数等对TiO2纳米粒子及薄膜的影响。以可见光谱（UV-VIS）、X射线衍射（XRD）对TiO2薄膜进行了表征，并通过薄膜光催化降解铬黑T溶液的性能进行了研究。实验表明，ITO玻璃表面的TiO2纳米薄膜经HNO3和微波处理后，因协同效应使薄膜的光催化活性大大增强。     

磁控溅射Zr掺杂ITO薄膜在3种模拟腐蚀环境中的电学稳定性和耐腐蚀性

过去,鲜有Zr掺杂氧化铟锡（ITO）薄膜电学稳定性及耐蚀性的研究报道。采用磁控溅射法制备了ITO薄膜和Zr掺杂ITO薄膜（ITO：Zr）,研究了2种薄膜的微观结构、光电性能及其在3种模拟腐蚀环境（酸性、海洋、工业）腐蚀液中的电学稳定性及耐腐蚀性。结果表明：Zr的掺杂导致了ITO薄膜择优取向向（400）晶面转变,ITO：Zr薄膜比ITO薄膜具有更好的光电性能;2种薄膜在3种环境介质中都能发生自钝化,在工业环境中具有最好的耐腐蚀性能;ITO：Zr薄膜比ITO薄膜具有更好的电学稳定性和耐腐蚀性。     

柔性衬底ITO薄膜的制备及其光电性能研究

在室温下,采用直流反应磁控溅射法,在聚酯薄膜（PEP）衬底上镀制了高性能的ITO薄膜。为了提高薄膜与基底的结合力,溅射前采用多弧离子源对PEP表面进行了等离子体清洗。研究了溅射工艺参数对ITO薄膜的光电性能和红外发射率的影响规律,探讨了ITO膜的透光和导电机理,并分析了方块电阻与红外发射率的相互关系。实验结果表明,通过等离子体清洗,ITO薄膜的结合力和光电性能都得到了改善。ITO薄膜的红外发射率和方块电阻受制备条件的影响规律具有相似之处,红外发射率随薄膜方块电阻的增大而呈增加的趋势。     

电沉积技术制备钼酸钡薄膜及其特性表征

采用恒电流电沉积技术，在不同衬底（金属钼片、镀金的硅片、ITO导电玻璃）上，不同溶液酸碱性的条件下制备出了具有白钨矿结构的钼酸钡薄膜，利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）对制备的薄膜进行了分析表征。分析了利用电沉积方法制备的钼酸钡薄膜的成膜机制．实验结果表明：在室温环境下，利用电沉积技术，在不同材质的衬底（金属钼片、镀金的硅片和ITO导电玻璃）上，可以制备出具有白钨矿结构钼酸钡薄膜，不同材质的衬底会影响到薄膜晶粒的形状进而影响薄膜的表面形貌和致密性，用镀金的硅片（Au-Si片）作衬底时，制备的钼酸钡薄膜晶粒更加饱满，晶体生长呈四方锥形，晶界清晰。     

ITO薄膜的磁控溅射工艺优化研究

通过磁控溅射陶瓷靶制备ITO薄膜的工艺实验,研究了基底温度、溅射电压、氧含量等主要工艺参数对该薄膜光电性能的影响.实验结果表明:当基底加热温度为295℃、溅射电压为250V、氧分压占镀膜室总压力的8%即主要工艺参数皆位于最佳范围时,在厚度为5mm的普通浮法玻璃基底上,可制备出表面电阻为18Ω、可见光透过率超过80%的ITO薄膜.XPS测试结果表明:该ITO薄膜的内部Sn以SnO2相存在,In以In2O3相存在,含量分别在5.8%和85%左右.     

喷雾热分解法制备ITO薄膜及其光电性能研究

采用自制的喷雾热分解装置在玻璃衬底上制备ITO薄膜,并对实验条件进行了正交设计,以考察制备ITO薄膜的优良条件,结果表明,影响ITO薄膜光电性能的主要因素是基板温度。制备ITO薄膜的优化条件为：基板温度300℃,载气气流速度1L·min^-1,退火温度540℃,溶液配比为铟锡比10：1,喷嘴与基板距离8cm,薄膜沉积时间3．5min,相应的透光率为97％,方块电阻3875Ω／。     

带有氧化钨涂层的ITO平面电极在LB系列电解液中的阻抗分析

电致变色实验显示1mol／L六氟磷酸锂与碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯和碳酸甲乙酯所混合形成的电解液（LB）系列是一类非常节能的电致变色电解液，它们能用很小的充电电流（20μA／cm^2）使得氧化钨薄膜获得更长久、更好的变色性．研究氧化钨薄膜在LB系列电解液中的交流阻抗特性，有助于更好地理解氧化钨薄膜的变色性能．文中研究了带有氧化钨薄膜层的ITO平面电极处于LB系列电解液中的阻抗谱，分别得出了氧化钨薄膜和ITO电极的等效电路；测算出氧化薄膜的常相位角元件、薄膜电阻、韦伯电阻以及与ITO电极有关的电双层电容和电极电荷转移电阻．证实了LB315是性能优良的电解液．     

电解液对TiO_2薄膜电极光电化学性能的影响

本文先用直流磁控溅射法分别在ITO导电玻璃基底上沉积TiO2和TiN二种纳米薄膜,再在500℃的马弗炉氧化性气氛下进行退火处理,制得TiO2/ITO和TiO2-xNx/ITO薄膜电极。样品的结构和成分用XRD和XPS进行表征。然后分别采用pH=10的Na2CO3/NaHCO3缓冲溶液和1M KOH水溶液作为电解液,在三电极体系中用线性扫描伏安法（LSV）和电流时间曲线（i-t）法测定二种薄膜电极在光照和暗态下的光电化学性能。研究结果表明：以1M KOH水溶液作为电解液比pH=10的Na2CO3/NaHCO3缓冲溶液作为电解液更有利于样品发挥其光催化活性;同时,TiO2-xNx/ITO薄膜电极比TiO2/ITO具有更好的光电化学性能。     

空间太阳电池玻璃盖板表面超薄ITO防静电层的设计及制备工艺

ITO/MgF2复合薄膜既具有较好的表面导电性能又具有较高的透过率,可应用于空间太阳电池玻璃盖板表面。文章主要对ITO/MgF2复合薄膜中表层的超薄ITO薄膜进行了研究。利用TFCalc软件模拟了ITO薄膜厚度对ITO/MgF2复合薄膜光学性能的影响,根据模拟结果采用电子束蒸发法在衬底上依次沉积MgF2薄膜和氧化铟锡(ITO)薄膜,研究了ITO薄膜工艺参数(沉积速率、沉积温度和工作气压)和ITO薄膜厚度对ITO/MgF2复合薄膜光电性能及微观结构的影响。当ITO薄膜沉积速率为0.05nm/s、沉积温度为400℃、工作气压为2.3×10~(-2) Pa、厚度为10nm时,表层ITO薄膜基本连续,其方块电阻(1.94kΩ/)已符合设计需求,ITO/MgF2复合薄膜在可见光区间(400~800nm)的平均透过率达到89.00%。     

由溶胶-凝胶法制备的掺氧化钼的氧化钨薄膜的电致变色性能

钨粉和钼粉在过氧化氢的作用下生成氧化钨和氧化钼的溶液，加入冰乙酸进行酸化，然后在60℃下烘干，用适量的乙醇配得氧化钨和氧化钼母液。用ITO玻璃在该溶液浸泡后拉出并在150℃下烘干1h，便得到掺有氧化钼的氧化钨薄膜。X射线衍射（XRD）显示所得的薄膜为非晶态结构，扫描电镜（SEM）发现整个薄膜的表面较为平滑，但在极其微小的局部仍有裂纹颗粒生成。薄膜的伏安特性显示薄膜对锂离子具有一定的存储能力，其光的透过率测量表明溶胶-凝胶制备的掺有氧化钼的氧化钨薄膜对光具有很好的调节作用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...