九轴联动叶片双刀对顶铣削的非线性误差分析与控制算法

针对双刀对顶铣削线性插补过程中三个旋转运动引起切触点实际运动轨迹与理论规划轨迹不重合的现象,为了保证工件的表面加工质量,提出了减小双刀对顶铣削中非线性误差的轨迹优化算法。针对双刀具的位置约束关系,建立九轴联动机床的运动学同步转换模型。结合工件表面的几何特征,阐述了切触点间非线性误差的理论表征方法,并建立旋转轴引起非线性误差的简化计算模型;以双刀对顶铣削轨迹线上非线性误差和加工误差为优化目标,建立双刀对应切触点同步插值的优化模型。以典型汽轮机叶片双刀对铣加工为例,同步修正了双刀对应线性插补轨迹线上的切触点,仿真和试验结果显示,该方法有效减小了加工过程中的非线性误差,可提高叶片型面的加工精度。     

基于铣削力精确建模的工件表面让刀误差预测分析

航空航天制造业结构件的高速铣削加工中,在切削力作用下由整体铣削刀具挠度变形所引起的工件表面让刀误差,严重制约零件的加工精度和效率。针对这一问题,通过建立铣削力精确预测模型,结合刀具刚度特点,对工件让刀误差进行预测分析。将切削速度和刀具前角对切削力的影响规律引入二维直角单位切削力预测模型,并通过试验进行相关系数标定。借助等效前角将直角切削力预测系数应用到斜角切削力的预测,通过矢量叠加构建整体刀具三维切削力模型。分析刀具挠度变形对铣削层厚度及铣削接触中心角范围影响规律。基于离散化的刀具模型和切削力模型,建立铣削载荷条件下刀具等效直径悬臂梁模型弯曲变形计算方法。构建以刀具变形对铣削过程影响作用规律为反馈的刚性工件表面让刀误差及切削力柔性预测模型,通过整体铣刀铣削试验验证所建立理论模型的预测精度。     

基于有限元仿真的细长导轨加工变形与误差补偿技术

细长导轨是一种典型的航空薄壁件,为解决局部刚度弱而产生的加工变形,提出了以铣削力的施加代替铣削过程模拟的误差补偿技术新方法,可以有效克服对大型工件进行铣削过程模拟的计算量大、求解时间长的问题。首先通过对刀具铣削样件进行Abaqus有限元仿真,获取三坐标方向铣削力并与经验公式对比验证,然后通过Abaqus脚本程序对采样点依次施加铣削力求取加工变形量,通过镜像误差补偿理论获取刀具补偿轨迹。试验表明,仿真计算获得的加工变形曲线与测量获得的加工变形曲线拟合的很好,采用刀具补偿轨迹加工后,工件的加工精度显著提高,变形量减少60%以上。     

五轴侧铣加工铣削接触区域建模

五轴侧铣加工时,刀具姿态的时变性使得加工过程中的刀具和工件接触区域复杂多变,提取铣削接触区域对研究多轴铣削中的切削力、加工误差和颤振稳定性至关重要,对此提出一种无需提取待加工表面信息的瞬时接触轮廓解析法。使用一系列离散切削微元表示刀具,根据刀具位置和铣削参数获得各切削微元特征点集,并使用样条曲线对其拟合。综合距离和进给方向条件限制筛选出每段切削微元的切入/切出点,同时表示在工件坐标系中获得瞬时接触轮廓。仿真和试验结果表明,最大切入/切出角误差均在3%以内,且计算效率约为实体建模法的9.5倍,证明了本方法的准确性和高效性。     

复杂曲面CNC加工技术的曲面包络逼近原理

针对当前数控加工技术以“点”去除方式加工复杂曲面效率很低的缺陷,提出了以“线”去除方式加工复杂曲面的CNC制造技术的曲面包络逼近原理。论述了以曲面活动标架思想描述和控制刀具相对工件运动的微分几何方法,建立了刀具包络面以最小误差逼近目标加工曲面的刀具运动优化模型。最后,以一个点啮合齿面的数控加工实例论证了该方法的精确性和可行性。     

高速铣削淬硬钢表面粗糙度的试验研究

通过切削试验研究了高速铣削淬硬钢时刀具变量中的几何参数(铣刀的前角、后角、螺旋角)、工件变量(工件硬度)和切削参数变量(铣削速度、每齿进给量)对加工表面粗糙度的影响。根据对试验结果的分析得出高速铣削淬硬钢工件表面粗糙度的变化规律。     

多轴铣削加工表面形貌建模与仿真研究分析

在考虑刀具偏心的情况下,建立多轴铣削加工形貌仿真模型,推导出多轴铣削情况下球头铣刀切削刃上任意一点相对被加工工件的轨迹方程,建立仿真算法求解被加工工件表面残留高度,并对平面铣削加工以及圆弧面铣削加工分别进行铣削仿真研究,研究刀具轴线角、进给倾角分别对表面粗糙度的影响。通过提高铣削过程中被加工工件表面质量,为开发实用的铣削加工过程物理仿真系统奠定了坚实的基础,对发展数控加工技术和指导实际生产具有一定的意义。     

周铣过程中加工误差预测新模型

研究铣削加工过程中加工误差的预测及控制策略是进行加工质量控制的核心环节,对于实现加工过程的高效化和精密化至关重要。针对刀具柔性较大的铣削加工过程,以周铣加工过程中的刀具变形及刀齿轨迹计算为基础,建立一种新的加工误差预测模型。该模型从铣削力的预测和刀具变形的计算出发,采用圆弧近似方法求解各刀齿的运动轨迹,然后将各刀齿轨迹离散,通过计算各离散点处所有刀齿轨迹的最小值获得加工误差。与现有方法相比,该建模方法的显著优点体现在两点:一方面,建模过程较完整地揭示了铣削加工中加工误差的形成机理;另一方面,由于考虑了刀齿轨迹对加工误差的影响,模型的预测结果能够反映已加工表面的形貌。模型的有效性通过一系列铣削试验得到了验证。     

TC4圆弧形槽铣削刀具的研发设计及试验研究

针对TC4钛合金圆弧形槽的加工设计一种专用铣削刀具。在钛合金切削加工过程中,刀具参数角度是影响工件表面粗糙度和加工精度稳定性的重要因素,在采用高速钢刀具对TC4钛合金进行高精高效加工时,利用刀具几何角度减小断面与圆弧面圆角半径,达到圆弧半径清根作用。在TC4钛合金圆弧形槽铣削加工中,设计了一种以W18CR4V高速钢为基体的切削刀具,并进行了铣削加工试验,利用SuperView W1光学3D表面轮廓仪测量其粗糙度和轮廓度,工件表面精度可达Ra1.6μm,且具有较强清根作用,经过试验对比验证,本设计可达到高效率铣削钛合金效果。     

铣刀磨损对铣削稳定性及表面位置误差的影响

为了分析刀具正常磨损后铣削颤振稳定域和表面位置误差,对刀具不同磨损状态下的切削力系数进行辨识,基于全离散法研究刀具正常磨损后铣削颤振稳定域和表面位置误差特性。发现当刀具正常磨损后,铣削系统的稳态临界切深呈现上升的趋势;随着工件表面洛氏硬度的提高,铣削系统稳态临界切深逐步下降,刀具正常磨损后临界切深与后刀面无磨损临界切深的差别逐步变小;在稳定域的局部会出现表面位置误差增加的情况。试验表明,该理论模型可以有效优化刀具正常磨损后的加工参数。     

截面包络法加工复杂螺旋面的几何仿真算法

以截面包络法数控加工螺旋面为例,给出了一种基于啮合基本定理的点接触包络加工表面的几何仿真算法。通过分析数控加工中刀具与工件的相对进给运动,得到刀触点的啮合方程式,由此可求得加工表面上的刀触点—几何仿真点。几何仿真的计算结果,用于螺杆加工的编程误差分析取得了良好的效果,对于提高数控编程精度具有重要意义     

Workpiece locating error prediction and compensation in fixtures

In machining process, fixture is used to keep the position and orientation of a workpiece with respect to machine tool frame. However, the workpiece always cannot be at its ideal position because of the setup error and geometric inaccuracy of the locators, clamping force, cutting force, and so on. It is necessary to predict and control the workpiece locating error which will result in machining error of parts. This paper presents a prediction model of a workpiece locating error caused by the setup error and geometric inaccuracy of locaters for the fixtures with one locating surface and two locating pins. Error parameters along 6 degrees of freedom can be calculated by the proposed model and then compensated by either using the “frame transformation” function of a numerical control (NC) system or modifying NC codes in post-processing. In addition, machining error caused by the workpiece locating error can be predicted based on a multi-body system and homogeneous transfer matrix. This is meaningful to fixture design and machining process planning. Finally, a cutting test has shown that the proposed method is practicable and effective.     

锥铣刀加工端面螺旋面法及误差计算

介绍了波形弹簧成形模具凸、凹螺旋面参数的计算公式,提出了锥铣刀在铣床上利用挂轮装置铣削端面螺旋面的方法及刀具选择方法,用螺旋面加工理论建立刀具坐标系及工件坐标系,推导了本文所述加工方法的加工误差计算公式及铣刀安装角度的优化计算公式,推证了螺旋面波谷的曲率半径与工件半径成线性关系的公式.用实例进行了系统计算,锥铣刀加工方...     

Redesigned Surface Based Machining Strategy and Method in Peripheral Milling of Thin-walled Parts

Currently, simultaneously ensuring the machining accuracy and efficiency of thin-walled structures especially high performance parts still remains a challenge. Existing compensating methods are mainly focusing on 3-aixs machining, which sometimes only take one given point as the compensative point at each given cutter location. This paper presents a redesigned surface based machining strategy for peripheral milling of thin-walled parts. Based on an improved cutting force/heat model and finite element method(FEM) simulation environment, a deflection error prediction model, which takes sequence of cutter contact lines as compensation targets, is established. And an iterative algorithm is presented to determine feasible cutter axis positions. The final redesigned surface is subsequently generated by skinning all discrete cutter axis vectors after compensating by using the proposed algorithm. The proposed machining strategy incorporates the thermo-mechanical coupled effect in deflection prediction, and is also validated with flank milling experiment by using five-axis machine tool. At the same time, the deformation error is detected by using three-coordinate measuring machine. Error prediction values and experimental results indicate that they have a good consistency and the proposed approach is able to significantly reduce the dimension error under the same machining conditions compared with conventional methods. The proposed machining strategy has potential in high-efficiency precision machining of thin-walled parts.     

Optimising tool positioning for achieving multi-point contact based on symmetrical error distribution curve in sculptured surface machining

The multi-point tool positioning algorithms produce much larger machining strip width than the single-point algorithms and apparently reduce the actual machining time. This paper presents a tool positioning algorithm for multi-point machining of sculptured surface, which is excellent at dealing with both of concave and convex surfaces. The proposed method is based on the middle-point error control (MPEC) method, which means the connection point between cutter and surface corresponds to the middle point of error distribution curve. Usually, only one cut contact (CC) point can be obtained with this method. Thus, the proposed method improved the MPEC method for achieving two CC points. At first, the shape of error distribution curve is investigated, and its asymmetry is evaluated. Secondly, the error distribution curve becomes symmetrical after the cutter is rotated with a roll angle, and the cutter is separated with surface at the same time. Finally, the minimum tilt angle is found, and two CC points are obtained without gouging. Machining experiment is conducted to verify the proposed method, and the result reveals that the machining strip width is increased apparently and the tool position is almost unchanged after the adjustment with proposed method. Simulation, measurement, and analysis are also given in the part of the experiment.     

基于活动标架理论的加工目标曲面再设计及刀位计算

为解决大型低刚度复杂曲面零件精度难以保证的加工难题,针对精加工目标曲面几何面形未知、随机形变误差远大于设计公差的实际加工特征,研究基于E.Carten活动标架理论的加工目标曲面再设计正向建模技术,以及以参考廓形及几何参数实测数据为依据的刀位点计算方法。在分析了可测参考面、加工基准面及加工目标面空间位姿关系的基础上,根据物理或几何约束要求,采用数字化手段再设计出精加工目标曲面,并利用曲面模型重新计算曲面加工刀位点。通过某型号液体火箭发动机变壁厚喷管冷却通道的加工试验验证,表明所提出的再设计数字化加工方法满足这类高物理性能和高几何精度曲面零件的加工精度要求。     

铣削钛合金加工表面形貌特征参数的预测

钛合金在铣削过程中受迫振动明显,刀—工接触关系不断变化,加工表面形貌特征参数难以预测,已成为制约加工表面质量进一步提高的瓶颈。针对铣削振动与加工表面形貌的非线性随机变化特性进行了切削钛合金试验,采用高斯过程回归法构建铣削振动作用下的加工表面形貌高斯过程模型。分析刀齿误差和铣削振动对加工表面形貌特征参数的影响规律,为以加工表面质量分布一致性为前提的铣削钛合金工艺设计提供参考依据。     

类回转体曲面数控加工刀位轨迹规划

针对类回转体曲面高速进给数控加工,提出螺旋线驱动方式下圆环刀具加工轨迹的规划方法。构造螺旋线作为类回转体曲面的导动线,根据曲面上已知接触点轨迹的切线方向估算后续导动点对应的初始接触点。计算初始接触点处圆环刀具的刀心位置,再计算初始刀心位置与后续导动点对应的目标刀位点分别在圆周方向以及轴向的距离差值,利用相邻刀位点与相邻接触点存在的准相似关系,得到接近目标接触点的搜索方向和步长,经过迭代得到目标接触点和刀位点。在分析接触点处曲面曲率和圆环刀曲率的基础上,给出圆环刀加工误差计算方法。将所提出的算法用于鞋楦的五轴数控轨迹规划中,计算结果表明,该算法搜索效率较高,具有理论和实际应用价值,并通过鞋楦的五轴数控加工试验验证了算法的有效性。     

铲齿铣刀刃磨后对螺旋槽加工精度的影响分析

螺旋槽多采用铲齿成型铣刀加工,刀具沿前刀面刃磨后刃形不变,但其直径将减小,使计算出的铣刀廓形发生变化,其加工的螺旋面端面廓形将产生误差。给出可求出工件端面的截形坐标计算式和实际加工的工件螺旋面方程式,可推算出工件截形与螺旋面的加工误差。     

Prioritization analysis and compensation of geometric errors for ultra-precision lathe based on the random forest methodology

Geometric errors remarkably affect the dimensional accuracy of parts manufactured by ultra-precision machining. It is vital to consider the workpiece shape for the identification of crucial error types. This research investigates the prioritization analysis of geometric errors for arbitrary curved surfaces by using random forest. By utilizing multi-body system (MBS) theory, a volumetric error model is initially established to calculate tool position errors. An error dataset, which contains information of 21 geometric errors, workpiece shape, and dimensional errors, is then constructed by discretizing the workpiece surface along the tool path. The problem of identifying crucial geometric errors is translated into another problem of feature selection by applying random forest on the error dataset. Moreover, the influence extent of each geometric error on the dimensional accuracy of four typical curved surfaces is analyzed through numerical simulation, and crucial geometric errors are identified based on the proposed method. Then, an iterative method of error compensation is proposed to verify the reasonability of the determined crucial geometric errors by specifically compensating them. Finally, under compensated and uncompensated conditions, two sinusoidal grid surfaces are machined on an ultra-precision lathe to validate the prioritization analysis method. Findings show that the machining accuracy of the sinusoidal grid surface with crucial geometric error compensation is better than that without compensation.