Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers and kidneys of sheep slaughtered in The Netherlands

The results obtained between 1981 and 1986 in a Dutch monitoring programme investigating the presence of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers and kidneys of sheep are presented. For the meat, livers and kidneys, the median values were 0.001, 0.003, and 0.007 mg/kg (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.003, 0.054, and 0.098 mg/kg for cadmium; 0.04, 0.85, and 0.36 mg/kg for lead; and 0.001, 0.002, and 0.007 mg/kg for mercury. During the reported period, no clear trends were observed. The results are compared with the data from other countries. The mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the levels of lead in livers are relatively high. The lead concentrations in livers showed seasonal fluctuations, the highest concentrations usually being found during the winter. Significant linear relationships were found between the concentrations in livers and kidneys for arsenic, cadmium and mercury. Tissue trace element levels were not related to the age of the investigated animals.     

Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers and kidneys of cattle slaughtered in The Netherlands during 1980-1985

The results obtained between 1980 and 1985 in a Dutch monitoring programme investigating the presence of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in meat, livers and kidneys of cattle are presented. During the period of investigation no clear trends were observed in the metal concentrations, except for lead in kidneys, for which the average concentration decreased from 0.48 mg/kg in 1980 to 0.24 mg/kg in 1985. The average cadmium and lead concentrations found in livers and kidneys in the present study were lower than those obtained for Dutch cattle investigated between 1970 and 1980. In general the metal concentrations found were in good agreement with data reported for other countries. The provisional Dutch legal limits for heavy metals in foods were exceeded only for cadmium in 2 kidney samples. Significant linear relations were found between the concentrations in livers and kidneys for arsenic, cadmium and lead. Significant relations were found also between the cadmium and lead concentrations in livers and between the cadmium levels in livers and kidneys and the age of the animals investigated.     

Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers, and kidneys of swine slaughtered in The Netherlands during the period 1980-1985

The results obtained between 1980 and 1985 in a Dutch monitoring programme on the presence of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat and organs of swine are presented. For meat, livers and kidneys the median values were, respectively, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.003 mg/kg (fresh weight) for arsenic, 0.002, 0.044, and 0.260 mg/kg for cadmium, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.08 mg/kg for lead and 0.001, 0.002, and 0.005 mg/kg for mercury. No significant changes were observed in the tissue arsenic and mercury levels during the investigated period. A decrease was observed in the cadmium and lead concentrations in livers and kidneys. The provisional Dutch legal limits were exceeded only for lead in one kidney sample. A significant recti linear relation was found between the cadmium concentrations in livers and kidneys. In general the cadmium and lead levels found are comparable with published data, reported from other countries. Compared with data from the literature, the arsenic and mercury concentrations found in the present study are low.     

Manganese, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, mercury and lead in muscle meat, liver and kidneys of poultry, rabbit and sheep slaughtered in the northern part of Poland, 1987

Manganese, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, mercury and lead concentrations have been determined in muscle meat, livers and kidneys of ducks, geese, chickens, hens, rabbits and sheep slaughtered in the northern part of Poland in 1987. The mean values obtained related to wet weight for muscle meat, livers and kidneys of animals were: 0.11-0.27, 0.73-3.3 and 0.90-1.9 mg/kg Mn; 0.52-7.3, 3.8-88 and 2.8-15 mg/kg Cu; 5.7-40, 20-45 and 21-30 mg/kg Zn; 10-35, 27-83 and 50-180 mg/kg Fe; less than 5-5, 16-140 and 250-5100 micrograms/kg Cd; less than 1-3, 2-10 and 5-12 micrograms/kg Hg; and less than 10-20, 100-210 and 120-1300 micrograms/kg Pb, respectively. Substantial differences have been found in the mean copper concentration in muscle meat, livers and kidneys, zinc and iron in muscle meat, and cadmium in kidneys, between some of the species examined. The mean and maximum concentrations of mercury and lead found in muscle meat and organs of animals in the present study were low, and only in the case of cadmium were somewhat higher values found in kidneys of rabbit and hen. The results obtained are compared with the literature data on the concentrations of the metals examined in muscle meat, livers and kidneys of poultry, rabbit and sheep in Poland or elsewhere.     

Copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc in kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and in chicken livers in The Netherlands

Kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and chicken livers have been analyzed for contents of copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc. Mean levels found for copper, manganese and zinc correspond well with results of earlier studies as well as with literature data. Contents measured for chromium and nickel are very low: for nickel in porcine kidneys and sheep kidneys median values of 0.045 and 0.022 mg/kg were found. Average contents for nickel in the other tissues and for chromium in all tissues investigated are below 0.01 mg/kg fresh mass. These results for chromium and nickel correspond well with recent results from Sweden, but are lower than most published values.     

Copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc in kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and in chicken livers in The Netherlands

Summary Kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and chicken livers have been analyzed for contents of copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc. Mean levels found for copper, manganese and zinc correspond well with results of earlier studies as well as with literature data. Contents measured for chromium and nickel are very low: for nickel in porcine kidneys and sheep kidneys median values of 0.045 and 0.022 mg/kg were found. Average contents for nickel in the other tissues and for chromium in all tissues investigated are below 0.01 mg/kg fresh mass. These results for chromium and nickel correspond well with recent results from Sweden, but are lower than most published values.

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Kupfer, Chrom, Mangan, Nickel und Zink in Nieren von Rindern, Schweinen und Schafen und in Hühnerlebern in den Niederlanden

Zusammenfassung Nieren von Rindern, Schweinen und Schafen und Hühnerlebern wurden auf den Gehalt an Kupfer, Chrom, Mangan, Nickel und Zink untersucht. Die Durchschnittswerte für Kupfer, Mangan und Zink stimmen gut mit Ergebnissen früherer Untersuchungen und mit Literaturwerten überein. Die gemessenen Werte für Chrom und Nickel sind sehr niedrig; für Nickel in Schweine- und Schafnieren wurden mediane Gehalte von 0,045 und 0,022 mg/kg gefunden. Durchschnittswerte für Nickel in den übrigen Geweben und für Chrom in allen untersuchten Geweben liegen unterhalb 0,01 mg/kg Frischsubstanz. Diese Werte für Chrom und Nickel stimmen gut mit neueren Daten aus Schweden überein, aber sie sind niedriger als die meisten Literaturdaten.

     

Polyunsaturated fats in meat from Merino, first- and second-cross sheep slaughtered as yearlings

This study examined the level of long chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fats, the ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat (PUFA/SFA) and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 (n-6/n-3) fat in sheep grown under grazing conditions in Australia. The sheep genotypes used were Poll Dorset_growth × Border Leicester Merino (PDg × BLM), Poll Dorset_growth × Merino (PDg × M), Poll Dorset_muscling × Merino (PDm × M), Border Leicester × Merino (BL × M) and Merino × Merino (M × M). Loin muscles (Longissimus lumborum) collected from 40 ewe and wether sheep slaughtered at 14 months of age were processed for fatty acid determination. After frozen storage, 20 g samples were minced and a 7 g homogenate was processed for muscle lipid extraction using a chloroform:methanol (2:1) procedure. There was an increase in PUFA/SFA as the proportion of Merino genetics increased in the progeny (second-cross < first-cross < Merino), but this was not shown in the n-6/n-3 ratio. The PUFA/SFA trend appeared to be associated with an increase in the level of total polyunsaturated fats, but not a decrease in the level of total saturated fats. The results demonstrate that there is a need to improve the PUFA/SFA content in first- and second-cross animals which are mainly used for meat production in Australia so as to maintain the healthy lipids in meat. Nutritional manipulation through feeding systems or selection of sires for greater heritability of omega-3 fat deposition may be suitable pathways to elevate the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and in particular omega-3.     

Uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms

It is reported of the uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) from lead, cadmium and mercury-containing substrates. Cd and Hg were observed to accumulate significantly via the mycelium, whereas Pb accumulated scarely, even if the Pb contents in the substrate were high. High lead concentrations in wild mushrooms, therefore, are likely to be mainly due to emissions; whereas, with Cd and Hg, uptake from the soil must also be considered.     

Cadmium and lead in female cattle livers and kidneys from Vojvodina,northern Serbia

ABSTRACT

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined in livers (n = 52) and kidneys (n = 52) of female cattle (345–2717 days old) from dairy farms in the region Vojvodina. Cd and Pb were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, after microwave digestion. Cd and Pb concentrations did not exceed the Serbian and European maximum set limits in any sample. The Cd concentrations in the livers and kidneys ranged from 0.033 to 0.151 mg kg^?1 wet weight and from 0.055 to 0.510 mg kg^?1 wet weight, respectively. The corresponding Pb concentrations were 0.015-0.159 mg kg^?1 wet weight and 0.021-0.196 mg kg^?1 wet weight, respectively. Mean Cd and Pb concentrations were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the liver (0.072 and 0.053 mg kg^?1 wet weight) than in the kidney (0.190 and 0.075 mg kg^?1 wet weight). There were good correlations between Cd in liver and Cd in kidney, Pb in liver and Pb in kidney, Cd level and age and Pb level and age in both tissues.     

Arsenic,cadmium and lead in sclerotia of Wolfiporia extensa of Yunnan,China

Considering the environmental pollution, edible mushroom safety is of great concern to consumers. This study aimed at providing and evaluating data on As, Cd and Pb content of sclerotia of Wolfiporia extensa collected across Yunnan in China. For the presented survey As, Cd, and Pb concentration in sclerotia of wild and cultivated W. extensa was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that As, Cd, and Pb content were below the limit promulgated by WHO, with the ranges 5.27–161, 1.51–42.1 and < 1–634 ng g^?1 dry matter. Calculated hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were used to evaluate the non-carcinogenic health risk from individual and combined metals via daily consumption of 50 g sclerotia. Both HQ and HI through consumption of sclerotia were below 1, indicating that weekly consumption of sclerotia at the indicated doses poses no significant health risk to an adult consumer.     

2012—2016年内蒙古地区主要食品中铅镉总汞污染调查分析

目的 了解内蒙古地区食品中铅、镉、总汞的污染水平,为及时发现食品安全隐患和进行风险预警提供基础数据。方法 按照2012—2016年内蒙古自治区食品中化学污染物监测计划,结合内蒙古地区地产食品种类及分布特点,采集内蒙古地区12个盟市的本地产食品样品,采用国家食品安全标准方法对样品中铅、镉、总汞进行检测,按照食品污染物限量标准进行评价。结果 共采集8类食品,其中监测铅含量的有效样品为4 212份,检出率为32.72%(1 378/4 212),超标率为0.76%(32/4 212),超标的食品类别主要为食用菌(以鲜食用菌计),超标率为7.37%(14/190);监测镉含量的有效样品为4 173份,检出率为54.18%(2 261/4 173),超标率为0.58%(24/4 173),超标的食品类别主要为食用菌(以鲜食用菌计)、水产动物及其制品及肉与肉制品,超标率分别为3.68%(7/190)、2.06%(9/437)及1.15%(6/524);监测总汞含量的有效样品为4 217份,检出率为32.68%(1 378/4 217),超标率为0.50%(21/4 217),超标食品主要为食用菌(以鲜食用菌计)及蔬菜,超标率分别为3.68%(7/190)与1.01%(11/1 088)。结论 内蒙古地区生产的食用菌(以鲜食用菌计) 、水产动物及其制品、肉与肉制品、蔬菜中存在重金属污染情况,应引起高度重视。     

Dietary intake of pesticide residues: cadmium, mercury, and lead.

Information on the dietary intake of chemical contaminants has been obtained from institutions participating in GEMS/Food. Contaminants studied include certain organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides, PCBs, cadmium, mercury, and lead. The intakes are compared with toxicologically acceptable intake levels established by international expert groups. In most cases, dietary intakes of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides are well below the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of the respective pesticide. Of some 21 countries providing information on the average dietary intake of cadmium, only in one case is the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) exceeded. Several countries identified cereals and cereal products and root and tuber vegetables as the main contributors to the dietary intake of cadmium. For mercury, all reported intakes are below the PTWI of methylmercury. The contribution of fish to the total intake of mercury varied from 20% to 85%, depending on the country. Therefore, the general assumption that fish is the main contributor to the total dietary intake of mercury may, at times, not be justified. Average dietary intake of lead exceeding or approaching the PTWI are reported for adults and infants and children in some countries. Foodstuffs which contribute most to the intake of lead vary from country to country, and have been identified as being alternately drinking water, beverages, cereals, vegetables and fruit.     

The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in slaughtered animals, in meat, and in meat products in Yugoslavia

45% of all pigs examined harboured L. monocytogenes in the tonsils, and 3% were faecal excretors. L. monocytogenes was demonstrated in 29% of swabs from the retropharyngeal nodes of cattle and in 19% of faecal samples. The tonsillar and retropharyngeal samples did not correspond to the faecal samples. L. monocytogenes was not demonstrated in the deeper parts of the muscle tissue from 12 beef carcasses all harbouring Listeria in lymph nodes. L. monocytogenes was found in 69% of minced meat (mixed pork and beef) samples. 19% of raw dry sausages and 21% of vacuum-packaged hot smoked sausages were positive for L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was not detected in the hot smoked sausages heated to an internal temperature of 70-75 degrees C, after the smoking process.     

Residues of lead,cadmium, mercury and tin in canned meat products from Egypt: an emphasis on permissible limits and sources of contamination

In an attempt to determine the residual levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and tin (Sn) in canned meat products marketed in Egypt, a total number of 160 random samples (40 each) of canned chicken luncheon (CCL), canned beef luncheon (CBL), canned frankfurter (CF) and canned corned beef (CCB) were randomly collected from different supermarkets in Egypt to be analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From the obtained results, it was found that the mean values of residual levels of Pb in examined CCL, CBL, CF and CCB samples were 0.330, 0.224, 0.206 and 0.334 mg/kg, respectively, while those of Cd were 0.057, 0.053, 0.039 and 0.042 mg/kg, those of Hg were 0.387, 0.450, 0.402 and 0.332 mg/kg, and finally those of Sn were 2.061, 2.308, 0.755 and 1.997 mg/kg. The obtained results were compared with the permissible limits of heavy metals recommended by international and national authorities. In addition, the public health significance as well as the sources of contamination of canned meat products by heavy metals were addressed.     

山东省南四湖水产品中铅、镉、砷、汞污染状况的调查与分析

目的调查南四湖水产品中铅、镉、砷、汞的污染,分析南四湖的污染状况。方法对南四湖7种主要经济鱼类及鸭、螺、藕、菱角等湖产品共2 5 0份进行铅、镉、砷、汞含量的检测;其中鱼、鸭以池养鱼、家鸭作为对照。结果铅、镉、汞含量均高于对照组,最高超出国家标准1 3.2倍;而砷只在鲫鱼、鳊鱼、鲂鱼中的含量高于对照组。结论通过对南四湖湖水及湖产品污染4种元素的检测分析表明,湖区受周围工业污染严重,应进一步加强综合治理。     

Total mercury,cadmium and lead levels in main export fish of Sri Lanka

Total mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels were determined in the muscle of four commercialised exported fish species Thunnus albacares (yellowfin tuna), Xiphias gladius (swordfish), Makaira indica (black marlin) and Lutjanus sp (red snapper) collected from the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, during July 2009–March 2010 and measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results show that swordfish (n = 176) contained the highest total Hg (0.90 ± 0.51 mg/kg) and Cd (0.09 ± 0.13 mg/kg) levels, whereas yellowfin tuna (n = 140) contained the highest Pb levels (0.11 ± 0.16 mg/kg). The lowest total Hg (0.16 ± 0.11 mg/kg), Cd (0.01 ± 0.01 mg/kg) and Pb (0.04 ± 0.04 mg/kg) levels were found in red snapper (n = 28). Black marlin (n = 24) contained moderate levels of total Hg (0.49 ± 0.37), Cd (0.02 ± 0.02) and Pb (0.05 ± 0.05). Even though there are some concerns during certain months of the year, this study demonstrates the safety of main export fish varieties in terms of total Hg, Cd and Pb.     

深圳市售水产品铅镉汞污染状况分析

目的了解深圳市市售水产品中重金属铅、镉、汞含量水平,评价水产品食用的安全性。方法在深圳市区范围内采集具有代表性、典型性的水产品, 26个品种共377份样品,按照GB 5009.268-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中多元素的测定》的方法进行分析。引入单因子污染指数法分析污染状况。结果镉、甲基汞、铅超标率分别为7.43%、1.60%和1.06%。单因子污染指数显示镉汞存在一定程度污染,其中镉重度污染样品主要集中在鱼类(重度污染占比10.2%)和甲壳类(重度污染占比14.7%),对比其他地区近5年污染数据显示深圳市售甲壳类水产品镉污染状况明显高于广东省平均水平。结论深圳市售水产品重金属安全卫生质量较好,但甲壳类水产品镉存在一定程度污染,应引起高度重视。