沸腾冷却区的宽度及其传达的信息

用摄像记录了液态介质中冷却时试样表面的冷却情况.试验发现,在液态介质中淬火时,试样表面的沸腾冷却是在呈带状的沸腾冷却区扫过的过程中完成的.这类沸腾冷却区通常多很窄,因此工件表面上任何部分经历沸腾冷却的时间都很短,靠沸腾冷却方式降低的温度都不多.淬火冷却中,从工件表面出现第一个超前扩展点开始,到蒸汽膜区完全消失为止的很长一段时间内,三种散热方式共同存在;其中,蒸汽膜冷却方式和与对流冷却方式对工件淬火冷却的贡献都比沸腾冷却的要大.     

不同温度水液淬火介质冷却特性的变化规律

为了在热处理中更加有效地选择和利用水的冷却能力,利用Ivf smart quench设备测定了不同水液温度时的冷却曲线,并根据冷却曲线上的特征来评价不同温度水液的冷却特性.结果表明:在0～80℃,冷却过程曲线分为3个阶段:膜沸腾阶段、泡沸腾阶段和对流冷却阶段；100℃水的冷却过程曲线无法清晰分辨出冷却过程的3个阶段.随温度的升高,蒸汽膜破裂时的温度递减,对流温度递增,冷却过程曲线右移；最大冷速和达到最大冷速时的温度呈递减的趋势,冷却速度曲线左移；即随着水温的升高,水的冷却能力越低.     

交界线借用挑战有效厚度观念

运用液态淬火介质中冷却的四阶段理论分析得出:在工件淬火冷却过程中,交界线借用应当是非常普遍的现象.工件上较厚大部分可以借用相邻部分已有的交界线,直接由蒸汽膜阶段进入中间阶段的交界线扩展期.由于省略了超前扩展点的形成期,交界线借用可以明显增大工件获得的冷却速度.这与建立在三阶段理论基础上的有效厚度观念是相矛盾的.通过两组实验,分别演示了交界线借用能提早结束厚度更大试样的蒸汽膜阶段,以及能使更厚大试样获得更高的淬火硬度的现象.由此可以认为,交界线借用动摇了传统的有效厚度观念.     

淬火介质的搅拌

1.搅拌的作用搅拌对淬火工件的散热情况有极端重要的影响。研究表明,搅拌可使淬火冷却第一阶段的蒸汽膜在更高的温度破裂,而提早进入沸腾冷却阶段;在沸腾冷却阶段,搅拌使工件表面     

淬火介质(九)

（6）淬火的原理 淬火的原理普遍认为：在水、油类淬火介质中冷却过程的冷却特性曲线上分为蒸气膜、沸腾和对流三个阶段,见下图。介质的沸点远比淬火工件温度低,赤热的工件进入淬火介质迅速使周围的淬火液汽化,并形成一层蒸汽膜包围工件,使工件与周围淬火液隔开。     

吊重法测蒸汽膜厚度(一)

经过分析对比,提出了用蒸汽膜对试样的上浮力计算蒸汽膜厚度的蒸汽膜厚度测量法.确定了适合的试样.选用电子吊秤测量吊重.以匀速冷却液和60SN基础油作为冷却介质.试验中用两部摄像机分别记录了试样表面状况和吊重变化.用试验结果计算出试样温度在600℃附近时,在匀速冷却液中蒸汽膜厚度为0.2 mm,而在60SN基础油中蒸汽膜厚度为0.1 mm.试验结果验证了蒸汽膜随试样温度降低而减薄的变化规律.确定了蒸汽膜厚度,诱导锥的最低高度和隔离堤的最大缝隙也就确定了下来.用测算出的蒸汽膜厚度值解释了淬火介质的冷却特性曲线上油性介质在蒸汽膜阶段的冷却速度比水生介质的约大一倍的原因.     

淬火冷却中工件的正放与斜放(一)

摄像记录了多种试样以正放和不同的斜放方式在油中淬火的冷却过程.研究对比了不同放置方式下试样冷却的快慢和冷却的均匀性.结果表明,和试样正放相比,试样斜放冷却得既快而又均匀.冷却过程中,在水平向下的表面上观测到倒立的气体堆.倒立气体堆的存在极大地减慢了所在表面的冷却速度,在工件上造成了很大的温度差.推测了倒立气体堆的形成机理和演变过程.提出了防止出现倒立气体堆的方法.蒸汽膜内气体的流动规律和中间阶段特性是引起上述现象和差异的原因.它们对试样淬火冷却效果的影响可归结成两类:一是在工件上造成了显著的相对厚度差,二是使形状对称的工件得不到具有相似对称关系的冷却效果.     

蒸汽膜内气体的流动规律（一）

为解释试验中出现的几个现象,研究了淬火冷却过程中蒸汽膜内气体的流动规律.结果发现,蒸汽膜内气体的流动情况因蒸汽膜所处表面的朝向不同而各不相同.确定了五类基本朝向,研究推测了这些基本朝向的蒸汽膜内气体流动规律.从工件上形成了蒸汽膜开始,到最后一片蒸汽膜消失为止,这些规律一直在试样不同朝向表面之间和各个表面之内形成并且不断增加温度差异.这项规律与先前提出的四阶段理论是相互独立的.它们可能是引起工件超差淬火变形的重要原因.     

淬火温度对液体淬火介质冷却能力的影响

利用KHR-02淬火介质检测仪测试了不同温度的自来水和不同浓度PAG淬火液在850℃和500℃淬火冷却曲线,并对试验曲线进行了分析对比.试验结果表明:不管在850℃还是500℃,温度对自来水的冷却能力的影响主要是通过延长蒸汽膜期的时间来实现的,并且两个过程是有区别的,只有水的温度达到60℃以上后,500℃淬火过程中的最大冷速才开始降低;不管850℃淬火还是500℃淬火,PAG的浓度都是影响其冷却能力的主要因素之一;由于PAG在低温阶段可以通过浓度调节冷速,并且没有蒸汽膜阶段,将其应用到铝合金固溶淬火过程,用于控制铝合金变形效果会更好.     

超低温淬火（液氮淬火）

工件在普通介质中淬火时,冷却过程一般分为三个阶段（汽膜期、沸腾期、对流期）,在不同的冷却阶段,冷却速度有很大的变化,尤其是在汽膜-沸腾过渡阶段,钢正好处在塑性较低的温度范围,因过度热冲击而产生变形或微裂纹成为不可避免的现象。液氮的冷却速度比水大5倍左右。     

Comparative study of cooling curves with JIS silver specimens and alloy 600 specimens in relation to additive effectiveness

Quenching- oil cooling curves obtained using a silver specimen (Japanese Industrial Standard K 2242) in-dicate three stages of cooling: vapor blanket, boiling, and convection. The temperatures at which the va-por blanket stage transfers to the boiling stage and the boiling stage transfers to the convection stage are referred to as the characteristic temperature (CT) and the convection- stage starting temperature (CSST), respectively. As the amounts of CT- improving additives are increased in increments of 1,2,3,6, 8, 10, and 12%, the CTs become higher, as clearly shown in the cooling curves obtained using a silver specimen. Likewise, as the amounts of CSST- improving additives are increased from 1 to 2 to 3%, the CSSTs become lower. These tendencies are similarly observed when using an Alloy 600 specimen, and both additives effectively improve cooling performance. However, in the case of 6,8,10, and 12% CT- im-proving additions, the differences among the additive concentrations are more pronounced in cooling curves obtained using the silver specimen than in those obtained using the Alloy 600 specimen. This can be attributed to the greater temperature sensitivity of the silver specimen thermocouple. In field quench-ing operations, such phenomena as insufficient hardness, inverse quench hardening, and unstable distor-tion can be remedied by additive treating. However, one must know what type of additive and how much to use. To this end, cooling curve measurement using silver specimens is useful.     

Cooling Curve''''s Effect on Hardening Behavior of Steel

TO QUENCH HARDEN STEEL MATERIAL,it isrequired to give rapid quenching in the temperaturerange required of rapid quenching.On the other hand,quenching oil comprised of mineral oil as majorcomponent can be modified of its cooling curve byusing various additives.Thereby,we havequench-hardened some steel material each havingdifferent pattern of CCT curve,using quenching oilcomprised of mineral oil modified of coolingcharacteristics by dosing additives,and surveyedrelationship between ha…     

决定淬火工件表面冷却速度的两个新因素

用标准探棒检测出的油或者水的冷却速度曲线既不能反映探棒表面的冷却情况,也不能用来推测工件表面的冷却过程。因此,应直接观测工件的冷却过程。淬火冷却过程的直接观测和研究发现,除了淬火介质的冷却能力和工件某部位的有效厚度之外,不同工件表面蒸气膜内气体的流动状况和工件表面从蒸气膜向沸腾冷却方式转型的次序,对工件表面的冷却速度和整个工件的冷却均匀性都有很大影响。业已揭示了后两种新因素影响工件冷却速度和冷却均匀性的基本规律,从而可以在淬火冷却过程中对同一工件表面的不同部位的冷却速度分别加以控制,这种控制技术被称为精细淬火冷却技术。     

Performance of vegetable oils as a cooling medium in comparison to a standard mineral oil

Immersion quenching is the most widely used quenching technique today and is usually one of the last steps in heat treat processing. Improper hardening to incorrect cooling is generally a great loss and causes a great percentage of manufacturing costs. To avoid a failure in cooling, researchers are committed to describing the cooling effect as precisely as possible. The cooling of immersion cooled workpieces or probes is generally characterized by the process of wetting. Evaporable fluids exhibit the three well known stages of cooling: vapor blanket stage, boiling stage, and convective heat transfer. Therefore cooling behavior is influenced by a wide variety and depends on a number of parameters, that is, type of quenchant used, bath temperature, rate of agitation, and the physical and chemical properties of the quenched parts. Environmental pollution has caused the search for new products in har dening and shock cooling of steels. The use of soybean oils as quenching fluids is new, and compared with standard mineral oils, there are many advantages mainly concerning the environment and the health of workers.     

Identification of Heat Transfer Coefficients by Use Conditions of Quenching Oil

Heat transfer coefficients of the quench medium are necessary for heat-treatment simulation. Cooling characteristics of quenching oil vary with kinds and usage greatly. Users are selecting oil solutions that come up to their desired hardness and quenching distortion requirements. In particular cooling performance rises by agitation and decompression. Therefore we identified a heat transfer coefficient by usage and kinds of quenching oil. Cooling characteristics are different greatly by a kind of quenching oil. A difference of a cooling characteristic by a kind of oil depends on a temperature range of a boiling stage and the maximum heat transfer coefficient mainly. On the other hand, in a convection stage, there are few changes in a boiling stage. Even if quenching oil temperature is changed, heat transfer coefficients do not change greatly. When quenching oil stirred, heat transfer coefficients of vapor blanket stage and a convection stage rise, but there are a few changes in a boiling stage. When quenching oil is decompressed a temperature range of a high heat transfer coefficient moves to the low temperature side. In addition, a heat transfer coefficient in a vapor blanket stage comes down. For precision improvement of heat-treatment simulation, it is important that the heat transfer coefficient is calculated in conformity to the on-site use reality.     

40Cr钢喷雾淬火换热系数的计算及数值模拟

为计算ф25 mm×100 mm 40Cr圆柱试件喷雾淬火冷却过程的换热系数,采用四通道采样系统测定了喷雾淬火过程的冷却曲线,并用反传热法中的非线性估算法计算出换热系数。计算结果表明,喷雾淬火过程分3个阶段:膜沸腾阶段、核沸腾阶段和对流换热阶段,并在冷却到120℃时,换热系数达到峰值9800 W·m-2·℃-1。采用此换热系数作边界条件,对40Cr钢的喷雾淬火过程进行了数值模拟,得到淬火过程中不同时刻的温度场、组织场、硬度场和应力场。     

An experimental study of heat transfer in aluminum castings during water quenching

The influence of quenching orientation and agitation conditions on heat transfer of aluminum alloys during water quenching was experimentally investigated with a test casting. The results indicate that heat transfer in water quenching of casting aluminum alloy consists of film boiling, nucleate boiling and convection stages. The highest heat transfer coefficients (HTC) are observed in the nucleate boiling, while the lowest is in the convective cooling stage. The heat transfer coefficients on the horizontal surfaces facing down during quenching are lower than those of other surfaces regardless whether the water is agitated or not. Agitation enhances heat transfer process especially when castings are at high temperatures and heat transfer process is in the film boiling stage.     

冷却工艺对低碳钢屈强比的影响机制

采用复合冷却方法进行了低碳钢板的热轧冷却试验.考察了4种冷却工艺(包括一段冷却、后段冷却、两段冷却和前段冷却)对低碳钢力学性能、显微组织和晶粒间取向差分布的影响.研究结果表明,与一段冷却相比,后段冷却或两段冷却的屈服应力和屈强比较低.但两者的影响机制不同.后段冷却的屈强比较低的原因是晶粒尺寸较大,而两段冷却的屈强比较低的原因是小角度晶界比例较低.     

对自来水作为淬火介质的两大缺点的研究

从自来水淬火时工件容易淬裂、硬度不均且畸变大等现象，列出了自来水作为淬火介质的两大缺点：一是低温冷却速度太快，二是冷却特性对水温变化太敏感。分析了自来水第二大缺点引起淬火硬度不均和畸变的原因。通过与气态介质的对比，指出了液态淬火介质共同的两类缺点：一是任何确定的液态介质，其冷却速度的可调节范围都很有限，以致同一个车间必须配备普通淬火油、中速淬火油和高速淬火油，才能满足不同工件的需要；二是工件从蒸汽膜阶段到沸腾阶段期间，冷却速度突然增大，可能引起较大的淬火畸变。提供了克服液态淬火介质第二类缺点的七类技术方法。