Flat coil-based tunnel diode oscillator enabling to detect the real shape of the superconductive transition curve and capable of imaging the properties of HTSC films with high spatial resolution

Owing to a pick-up coil's flat design, relatively low MHz-range operation frequency, and six orders relative resolution a flat coil-based tunnel diode oscillator has advantages, compared to all other methods. They become crucial in studies with thin high-T_c superconductivity (HTSC) materials (with small signals), especially at the start of the Cooper pairs’ formation. Due to this the superconductivity precursor ‘paramagnetic’ effect was detected recently in YBaCuO films at N/S transition. It precedes Meissner ejection and specifies details of the shape of the transition curve. We discuss the influence of the currents on this effect, and the relationship between the quality of the material and the shape of the effect. A new imaging device has also been created based on this test method (using a focused He–Ne laser beam as a probing signal), capable of imaging the properties of HTSC films with 3 μm spatial resolution. The method is based on detection of the inductance and Q-factor value changes of a single-layer flat coil, placed at the face of the sample. This leads to frequency and/or amplitude changes of the stable oscillator. The test device enabled 2D-mapping of the grain structure of a bridge-shaped YBaCuO film. Basically, the method is capable of imaging 2D-current distribution in thin HTS with sub-μm spatial-resolution, using non-bolometric response. However, the achieved resolution 3 μm of a bolometric nature (in a given device with 3.5 mm-size coil) by no means is limited by the abilities of the method, but mainly, it depends on how narrowly it is possible to focus the probing beam, while the own resolution of a present flat coil-based technique is better than 0.1 μm, and can be improved essentially by reducing the coil size.     

Simultaneous measurements of heat capacity and pressure coefficient of liquid He4 and He3 - He4 mixtures

An apparatus for simultaneous measurements of heat capacities and pressure coefficients was designed and constructed for experimental studies of critical phenomena near the lambda points of liquid He⁴ and He³ - He⁴ mixtures.The pressure was measured with a capacitance pressure sensor involving a copper-beryllium thin plate (0.4 mm thickness). An oscillator circuit, including the capacitance pressure sensor, and driven by a tunnel diode was attached to the bottom of the calorimeter. The resolutions of temperature and pressure in this apparatus are ～ 2 × 10^?7 K and ～2 × 10^?6 bar (～2 × 10^?1 N m^?2) respectively.     

Application of the T-integral and S criteria in finite element analysis of impact damage at fastener holes in graphite/epoxy laminates under compression

This paper illustrates the application of two fracture criteria, Atluri's T^*-integral and Sih's strain energy density factor S for estimating the residual strength of an impact damaged fastener hole in a composite laminate. Finite element analyses are performed, and the magnitude and distribution of T^* and S are determined around the delamination. It is found that the profiles of these distributions are extremely complex and sensitive to the modelling of the stress fields close to the delamination. The effects of local closure, shear moduli and cracktip singularity are investigated. It is also shown that the representation of the stress singularity in the finite element model has a strong effect on the distribution of T^* and S. The distribution of both T^* and S is such that three local maxima occur and are situated at the same locations around the delamination. These locations approximately coincide with the points of maximum growth as revealed by ultrasonic C-scan of the damage growth of several specimens. The T^*-integral is shown to be more sensitive to the values of interlaminar shear moduli than S. The results of the analyses suggest that both the T^*-integral and S criteria may be successfully employed in the prediction of residual strength. However, S is better at predicting the direction of damage growth provided the stress fields near the delamination can be accurately modelled.     

A 3.2 kHz, 14-Bit Optical Absolute Rotary Encoder With a CMOS Profile Sensor

We have developed a 3.2 kHz, 14-bit optical absolute rotary encoder system using a profile sensor and a slit disc. The profile sensor, which we have designed for this purpose, is a unique CMOS area image sensor aimed at high-speed position detection of X and Y axes. Y axis profile data from the profile sensor is used for recognition of an index code on the slit disc, and X axis profile data is used for position detection of the index code. This combination of two-axis information enables high resolution even with a small number of index codes (64 indexes) and a small amount of digital calculations. Experimental results show that this system can detect rotation with an angular resolution of 14 bits (0.022deg) and a maximum detection speed of 3.2 kHz.     

The non-equilibrium response of a high-resolution Ti/Au X-ray microcalorimeter

We have studied the response of a high resolution Ti/Au transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter with an energy resolution of 6.2±0.7 eV at 1.5 keV and 7.8±0.9 eV at 6.4 keV. We find that the sensitivity ≡R/T dR/dT of the TES varies significantly along the superconducting-to-normal transition that the bias point traverses during a pulse. Furthermore, is reduced significantly during a pulse compared to its equilibrium value calculated from the DC characteristics. This leads to an overestimate of the expected energy resolution when basing the prediction on the equilibrium sensitivity.     

环境温度对星敏感器测量精度的影响

环境温度对星敏感器测量精度有一定影响.运用光机结合方法,研究环境温度对星敏感器测量精度的影响.在计算典型星敏感器光学系统热效应引起的结构参数变化的基础上,分析了星敏感器星点定位误差.计算结果表明:在视场角0°附近,环境温度变化对星点定位精度影响较小;通过材料匹配,减小系统温度焦移系数,可以减小环境温度变化引起的星点定位误差.热补偿设计后,在环境温度-20～60℃范围内,星敏感器最大测量误差仅为0.02″,约为原系统的1/7.     

Diode laser absorption spectroscopy of water vapor in a scramjet combustor

A sensor based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy was constructed for time-resolved temperature and water vapor concentration measurements in a scramjet combustor. The sensor probed two absorption lines near 1390 nm with two time-multiplexed lasers used to measure temperature and water vapor concentration at up to 20 kHz. A demonstration experiment was performed in the supersonic, expanding exhaust region of the combustor, showing the measurement to be repeatable, able to resolve temporal trends during tunnel operation, and sensitive to changes in combustor operating conditions.     

摆式加速度计零位偏离故障分析

针对悬丝支承摆式加速度计的输出零位偏离问题,通过故障树图进行了机理分析和试验验证,得出了输出零位偏离是由信号传感器对称线圈发生形变导致的结论,并提出了纠正预防措施。     

Multilayer planar inductor array based angular position sensor for cryogenic application

The design, development and testing of a cryogenically operated multilayer planar inductor array based eddy current angular position/rotation transducer is claimed. An array of 4 multi-layered coils is used to divide the 360° into four sectors of 90° each. Switching between each of the inductor is done by a cold electronics based multiplexer circuit coupled to an unbuffered inverter LC oscillator. The angular displacement is a function of frequency of cold electronic LC oscillator. The pickup coil forms the inductor of the oscillator which is operated down to 4.2 K and uses thermal cycled stable components. The change in frequency as a function of angular displacement was calibrated at cryogenic temperatures. The developed sensor was found to have good thermal stability, sensitivity and repeatability over the entire cryogenic range.     

伺服电机转子位置检测的误差分析与补偿

针对伺服电机转子位置检测中存在安装不方便、成本高等问题,提出了基于隧道磁阻效应和时栅技术相结合的转子位置检测单元的设计方案。将空间正交的一对TMR传感单元嵌入在电机的前端盖上,实现嵌入式位置精密检测。根据检测单元转子位置解算原理,分析了检测单元的安装误差、电气误差、电磁噪声误差等引起的误差成分。提出了基于超限学习机的误差补偿方法,通过对真实值和测量值样本的训练得到模型最优参数,根据模型参数建立转子位置的误差模型。利用所得到误差模型实现对转子位置的误差补偿。实验结果表明,在2000r/min匀速工况下,补偿前转子位置最大测量误差为4.64°,补偿后转子位置误差为0.315°,精度提升了93.2%,为伺服电机转子位置检测提供了新的方法。     

Fatigue strength of welded cover plates on 6261 aluminium alloy I-beams

S−N data were acquired in bending from some 50 extruded 6261 aluminium alloy I-beams (100 mm deep, 75 mm wide and 4.2 mm thick) with cover plates welded to them. Cover plate end details were rectangular, oval or rhomboid in shape with either welded or unwelded transverse ends. Fatigue strengths of the various end details varied by about 25% at lives of either 10⁵ cycles or 2×10⁶ cycles. The S−N data were compared with design curves from British Standard CP 118:1969 and BS 8118 Part 1:1991 BS 8118 provided a conservative life estimate over the range tested (10⁴−2×10⁷ cycles), while the predictions of CP 118 were non-conservative at lives > 2±10⁶ cycles. A simple two-dimensional finite-element analysis of a model cover plate/I-beam geometry was linked with growth rate data obtained from SENB specimens, to provide a life prediction S−N curve from a Paris law integration. There was good agreement between the results from the model and the experimental data.     

通过阵列传感器获取固定板声辐射模态伴随系数

以固定支撑板为例,提出一种阵列式压电式传感器的设计方法测量前三阶声辐射模态幅值.在振动板表面布置一组形状相同的矩形PVDF(Polyvinylidene fluoride聚偏氟乙烯)薄膜作为传感器,根据所需要的声辐射模态伴随系数,通过对PVDF传感器阵列输出信号设计的加权系数,使PVDF传感器阵列输出信号为相应的声辐射模态伴随系数.结果表明这种PVDF传感器阵列设计与外激励力性质(如激励力类型、频率以及位置)无关,而且适用任意边界条件板结构.     

A fracture criterion for three-dimensional crack problems

A criterion for predicting the growth of three-dimensional cracks is developed on the basis of the strain energy density concept which has been used successfully for treating two-dimensional crack problems. Fracture is assumed to initiate from the nearest neighbor element located by a set of spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ) attached to the crack border. The new fracture surface is described by a locus of these elements whose locations correspond to the strain energy function, dW/dV, being a minimum. The function dW/dV is found to be singular of the type 1/r and is of quadratic form in the three stress intensity factors k₁, k₂ and k₃ expressed through the strain energy density factor S. It is postulated that unstable crack propagation initiates from a region where S reaches a critical value S_cr = r₀(dW/dV)_cr. The locations of failure lying on the fracture surface is determined by holding (dW/dV)_cr = S_min/r₀ constant. The quantity S_min stands for the value of S minimized with respect to θ and φ and r₀ is a radial distance measured from the crack border.

An example of failure prediction for an embedded elliptical crack subjected to both normal and shear loads is presented. According to the S-criterion, fracture initiation takes place at the ends of the minor axis. An unexpected result is that for a narrow elliptical crack and Poisson's ratio of 1/3 the lowest failure load occurs when the uniaxial tensile load makes an angle of approximately 60° with the crack surface and is in the plane of the major axis. This is in contrast to the expectation that the lowest critical load occurs when the uniaxial tension is perpendicular to the crack surface. In the limit as the elliptical crack becomes increasingly narrower, the result reduces to the two dimensional line crack case of Mode I and III loading. The S-criterion is also applied to the failure prediction of three dimensional cracks under compressive loads.     

A Modified S Chart for the Process Variance

Both the R and S charts are widely used in many manufacturing industries to monitor the process dispersion. The R chart is more popular among quality control practitioners especially when dealing with small sample sizes because of the simplicity of computing the range, R, from each sample. For larger sample sizes, the preferred choice is the S chart because it is slightly more effective than the R chart. The computation of the standard deviation, S, from each sample can now be made easily due to the availability of computers and scientific calculators. This article addresses the shortcomings of the conventional S chart and suggests a modified S chart to overcome these problems.     

Fracture angle and strain-energy-density-factor of a crack at hole at an arbitrary angle

For both the maximum stress criterion and strain-energy-density-factor (S) theory, fracture angle (the initial angle of crack growth) − θ_o is predicted by using opening and sliding mate stress intensity factors, k₁ and k₂. These theoretical predictions are consistent with experimental fracture angles.

For the S theory, the crack spreads in the negative θ_o-direction in a plane for which S is a minimum, S_min. This quantity was obtained analytically. The experimental data of the critical S (S_cr) on plexiglass fracture specimens remains essentially constant.     

Assembly of extramembranous light-harvesting complexes of green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium tepidum on glass surface by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption

Extramembranous and peripheral light-harvesting complexes (chlorosomes) of green sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium tepidum were electrostatically immobilized on a pyrex glass plate with the help of cationic polylysines. Absorbance of both Soret and Q_y bands of chlorosomes were linearly increased by repeated manipulation of layer-by-layer adsorption. Spectral features of chlorosome/polylysine layers on the glass plate indicate that the supramolecular structures of self-aggregates of bacteriochlorophyll(BChl)-c in chlorosomes are maintained on the solid surface. BChl-c molecules could be completely extracted from a single chlorosome/polylysine layer on a glass plate as monomers in acetone. Visible absorption spectra of extracted pigments indicate that BChl-c molecules inside chlorosomes were not denatured by electrostatic adsorption of chlorosomes and that the amount of BChl-c molecules in chlorosomes adsorbed on a glass plate was (1.3 ± 0.05) × 10^− 10 mol/cm² (mean ± standard deviation, three measurements). The estimation of BChl-c amounts suggests that chlorosomes are not so densely immobilized on a polylysine-adsorbed quartz plate.     

Mode-locking external-cavity laser-diode sensor for displacement measurements of technical surfaces

A novel laser sensor for position measurements of technical solid-state surfaces is proposed. An external Fabry-Perot laser cavity is assembled by use of an antireflection-coated laser diode together with the technical surface. Mode locking results from pumping the laser diode synchronously to the mode spacing of the cavity. The laser cavity length, i.e., the distance to the measurement object, is determined by evaluation of the modulation transfer function of the cavity by means of a phase-locked loop. The mode-locking external-cavity laser sensor incorporates a resonance effect that results in highly resolving position and displacement measurements. More than a factor-of-10 higher resolution than with conventional nonresonant sensing principles is achieved. Results of the displacement measurements of various technical surfaces are reported. Experimental and theoretical investigations are in good agreement.     

基于PVDF压电传感器测量振动结构体积位移

控制振动板结构的体积位移是降低结构总声功率的一种有效策略。本文以工程常见四端位移为零的振动板为例，提出一种新的压电式传感器的设计方法测量体积位移。利用正弦函数展开近似表示固定板振动位移，通过设计特殊形状的PVDF压电薄膜，使PVDF输出信号为所需要的振动结构体积位移。结果表明这种体积位移传感器不仅适用四边简支、四边固定以及介于两者之间的边界条件板结构，而且作为一种误差传感器测量振动结构体积位移是可行的。并对实验数据进行了分析比较。     

Laser vibrometer based on optical-feedback-induced frequency modulation of a single-mode laser diode

We describe a sensitive and inexpensive vibrometer based on optical feedback by diffuse scattering to a single-mode diode laser. Fluctuations in the diode laser's operating frequency that are due to scattered light from a vibrating surface are used to detect the amplitude and frequency of surface vibrations. An additional physical vibration of the laser provides an absolute amplitude calibration. The fundamental bandwidth is determined by the laser response time of roughly 10(-9)s. A noise floor of 0.23 nm/Hz(1/2) at 30 kHz with 5 × 10(-5) of the incident light returning is demonstrated. This instrument provides an inexpensive and sensitive method of noncontact measurement in solid materials with low or uneven reflectivity. It can be used as a vibration or velocity sensor.     

能量天平研究进展

能量天平法已在中国计量科学研究院开展了几年的研究。研究的目的与功率天平法是一致的,即通过测量普朗克常数来建立质量量子基准,但具体方法不同。2010年以来该项研究取得一定进展。例如对于直流互感量测量这一关键问题,已研究出一种新的方波补偿方法,测量不确定度达到10^-7量级（k=1）。还研发了一种涡流传感器,可更准确地对可动线圈定位。线圈系统的准直问题也得到进展,研制了一种油阻尼器,大大减小了由于天平基础振动和线圈加热上升气流引起的线圈抖动。这些措施改善了线圈位置及互感测量的不确定度。测量普朗克常数h的最新结果为6626104(59)×10^-34J·s,综合的相对不确定度为8.9×10^-6（k=1）。对所遇到的困难和进一步的改进措施也在文中进行了讨论。