Coatings with metallic effect pigments for antimicrobial and conductive coating of textiles with electromagnetic shielding properties

Effect pigments were originally developed to realize advanced optical effects by coating on several types of material surfaces. However, metallic effect pigments are expected to be valuable for many other applications, such as antimicrobial effects, electrical conductive coatings, or shielding against radio waves (electromagnetic shielding). Accordingly, the aim of this article is to evaluate the advanced properties which can be realized by application of coatings containing metallic effect pigments onto textile materials leading to new functional textiles. In total, four different metallic effect pigments were investigated and compared to silver and graphite pigments. By application of coatings with copper- or silver-containing effect pigments significant antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus can be realized. To achieve electric conductive textiles, which also enable effective shielding against radio waves, a copper pigment carrying a silver coating leads to the best properties. Altogether, an effective coating method is presented to achieve functional textiles that offer a broad range of possible applications.     

Surface treatment of pigments. Treatment with inorganic materials

The surface treatment of pigment particles plays an ever more important role in the pigment industry — especially in paint and ink applications. The use of pigment derivatives shows some strong limitations with respect to bleeding and coloristics. Novel treatments of pigments with inorganic materials are presented. This type of colorless and insoluble treatment has a marked positive effect on the rheological behavior of paints without changing the other pigment properties. These treatments allow a broad modification of the surface characteristics of the pigment particles which leads to novel improved products.     

Replacement of heavy metal containing pigments in PVC

Many companies are facing the challenge of replacing heavy metal containing pigments in their products because of possible legal restrictions as well as toxicological and environmental considerations. Replacing one pigment in a single formulation is not generally an insurmountable problem, but replacing this pigment in hundreds or perhaps thousands of formulations might generate some anxiety. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the techniques useful for pigment selection. Colorimetric properties and physical characteristics form the basis for logical selection. Chromaticity characteristics, data on relative opacity, migration resistance, hat and light stability of more than thirty pigments will be included. Examples of the use of the techniques illustrating the replacement of chromate pigments in five colors will be presented. Comparative performance data will be included. On the basis of the information presented, limitations in making high chroma yellow will be discussed.     

Coloration of cellulose nanofibres with pigments

Electrospun nanofibrous mats are popular for their wide technological applications as medical, filtration, sensing and high performance textiles. The potential for coloration of electrospun nanofibrous mats for aesthetic purposes has also been explored recently, and the pigment coloration of cellulose electrospun nanofibrous mats is reported for the first time in this paper. Cellulose acetate electrospun nanofibrous mats were fabricated using electrospinning followed by treatment with sodium hydroxide to synthesise regenerated cellulose electrospun nanofibrous mats. Then the cellulose mats were coloured with commercially available pigments by a pad‐dry‐bake method. Excellent K/S and colour fastness to both washing and light were produced with the application of three commercial pigments. The pH and total dissolved solids content of the coloration wastewater, as well as the mechanical properties of the electrospun nanofibrous mats, were also tested. Attenuated total reflection‐Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis were used for characterisation.     

水性涂料用着色剂的选择

本文对在水性涂料中的各类着色剂进行了归类;综述了各类着色剂在水性涂料中的应用,包括染料、无机颜料、有机颜料、效应颜料、特种颜料和颜料预制剂;详细地分析对比了常用有机和无机颜料的性能和应用的领域。另外,文章以劳尔色1021油菜黄为例,列举了不同涂料体系中对应的配色方案。     

DPP颜料的化学性能、应用与市场分析（一）

介绍了DPP颜料的发现史,讨论了合成DPP类化合物的反应机理,比较了各种合成DPP类化合物方法的优缺点。给出了DPP类颜料的化学和物理性质,论述了DPP类颜料在应用时与其他颜料组成混晶或固态溶液的情况。着重说明了,为何它的生产容易做到“零排放”,并与其他种类红色颜料的生产过程进行了比较。最后讨论了用它取代其他红色颜料的可能性,提出了国内的制造商在销售该类颜料时的问题。     

DPP颜料的化学性能、应用与市场分析（二）

介绍了DPP颜料的发现史,讨论了合成DPP类化合物的反应机理,比较了各种合成DPP类化合物方法的优缺点。给出了DPP类颜料的化学和物理性质,论述了DPP类颜料在应用时与其他颜料组成混晶或固态溶液的情况。着重说明了,为何它的生产容易做到“零．排放”,并与其他种类红色颜料的生产过程进行了比较。最后讨论了用它取代其他红色颜料的可能性,提出了国内的制造商在销售该类颜料时的问题。     

Functional finishing and coloration of textiles with nanomaterials

Global demand for functional textiles is continually increasing for both conventional as well as advanced technical applications. Nanomaterials have the potential to transform the textile industry by imparting multifunctional properties such as physical, chemical and biological self‐cleaning, ultraviolet (UV) protection, wrinkle resistance and coloration to textiles without compromising the inherent characteristics of the substrate. This review highlights some of the major applications of nanomaterials to textile substrates to obtain different functional properties. Possible side effects of the nanomaterials on textiles are also reviewed, along with potential hazards to humans and the environment.     

片状氧化物粉体在珠光颜料中的应用

片状氧化物粉体具有特殊的二维平面结构，可以替代云母制备第二代效应颜料，赋予珠光颜料更优异的珠光效应与良好的应用性能。介绍了几种重要的片状氧化物的合成及其在珠光颜料中的应用。     

冷颜料在涂料中的应用

本文对冷颜料的特点进行了阐述,给出了冷颜料的定义。并以白色和黑色2个典型的冷颜料的冷作用原理和特点,探讨了冷颜料的判定以及与冷颜料相关的标准。介绍了冷颜料在国内涂料行业的应用现状,指出近年来冷颜料在国内节能涂料和建筑反射隔热涂料中的应用日趋广泛,取得了一定的成绩,同时也出现了一些问题,并给出了相关的建议。     

Challenges of chromate inhibitor pigments replacement in organic coatings

General considerations concerning pigment grade corrosion inhibitors are presented and new characteristic functional parameters proposed. The chemistry, contemporarily practiced for corrosion inhibitor pigment synthesis, as well as known mechanistic considerations relevant to the corrosion inhibitor species available in pigment grades, are reviewed. Inherent limits of chemistry are outlined regarding the feasibility of developing equally effective and versatile non-toxic alternatives for chromates.

Fundamental aspects of corrosion inhibitor pigment behavior are discussed in the context of organic coatings degradation mechanisms. Disclosed experimental data demonstrate that correlation exists between solubility of corrosion inhibitor pigments, leaching from, and osmotic blistering of organic coatings. A mathematical expression is proposed and empirically proven to adequately describe the leaching rate of corrosion inhibitor pigments from organic coatings.

The barrier function of some high performance organic coatings, such as aircraft or coil, is negligible and requires the contribution of an effective corrosion inhibitor pigment, which, typically, is strontium chromate. In this context, the feasibility of replacing chromate inhibitor pigments is assessed and the “gap” observable between the inhibitor performance of chromates and traditional non-chromate pigments is noted.

Experimental data are displayed regarding the corrosion inhibitor performance of a novel, organic–inorganic, hybrid type corrosion inhibitor pigment in typical aircraft primer application on aluminum and plated steel. The presented data demonstrate the feasibility of chromate replacement in this specific case.     

Application of Artificial Pigments to Structure Determination and Study of Photoinduced Transformations of Retinal Proteins

The protonated Schiff bases of all-trans-retinal and its double bond isomers, 11-cis- and 13-cis-retinals, comprise the chromophores of bacteriorhodopsin, sensory rhodopsin, rhodopsin, and the Chlamydomonas photoreceptor pigment. Absorption of photons by these chromophores is directly responsible for the functioning of the various photopigments. Clarification of their extremely complex structures and mechanisms requires multidisciplinary collaboration. The study of synthetic retinal analogs and pigments reconstituted from analogs provides a powerful and indispensable tool for such clarification. This article summarizes the application of retinal analogs in the bioorganic, biophysical, and biochemical investigations of the various retinal pigments.     

Influence of particle size distribution of calcium carbonate pigments on coated paper whiteness

The optical properties of pigments used for paper coating are linked to their morphology. The light scattering through coated layers depends upon the size and the size distribution of the pigments and their packing behavior. In this report the effect of particle packing of various calcium carbonate pigments on the whiteness of the final coated paper is studied. Different grades of calcium carbonate pigments of different particle size distribution and optics were used for coating applications on base papers. Base papers of different optics were also selected. The entire study was carried out at different coat weights. It was observed that the overall scattering from the coated sheet depends upon the light scattering from the base paper as well as through the coated layer. Higher light scattering through the coated layer will lower the effect of the base paper, whether it is dark or bright. So high bright and white pigments are not only the criteria for an enhancement in the optical properties of coated paper; the particle size and size distribution should also be considered before introducing any pigment into a coating formulation. The base optics should also be chosen on the bases of the pigments’ optics and their morphology.     

The use of new blockcopolymeric dispersing agents for waterborne paints — theoretical and practical aspects

Newly developed blockcopolymeric dispersing agents are evaluated in their performance with a number of pigments in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the dispersing process and of the factors that affect the stability of waterborne binder free pigment concentrates. Special attention is paid to the variation of the amphiphilic ionic/non-ionic and hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of these new dispersants. By measuring particle surface charges and particle size distributions of pigment pastes and by determining relevant properties of the films obtained after application the effect of a number of binders and other paint components on the stability of dispersions is also evaluated. Guidelines for efficient and economically optimum preparation of pigmented waterborne paints are given.     

Studies on polymorphism of Ni complexes of acetoacetanilide dioxime pigments during their preparation

The possibility of polymorphism during the preparation of some metal-complex pigments (nickel acetoacetanilide dioximates) has been investigated by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that two examined pigments exhibit polymorphism depending on the conditions of their preparation. In other cases the change of colour and application properties has been the result of morphological differences of pigment crystals.     

Characteristics of pigments,modification, and their functionalities

Novel treatments of pigments with inorganic materials have tremendous industrial and commercial prospects. Specific treatment of pigment has a marked effect on its behavior during application. The treatment allows a broad modification of the surface characteristics of pigment particles which leads to improved functionalities. Surface modification of pigments is achieved via coating, polymerization with modifying reagent, treatment with derivatives or polymers, which alter either the optical, conductivity or dispersibility during processing and application. These and many other distinguishing factors that affect the characteristics of pigments such as the class, crystal structure, particle morphology, particle size, hiding power, pigment volume concentration, surface character, and surface treatment have been reviewed. Various organic pigments such as those from fungus and bacteria, and the various families of pigment types such as metallic pigment, light interference, and diffractive pigments which presents decorative quality such as leafing, nonleafing, pearlscent, and Fabry‐Perot effects on substrates have also been reviewed in addition to those from inorganic sources with emphasis on the structure and physiochemical modifications using metal and nonmetal Ions.     

Investigating Effect of Conventional and Nano Zinc Pigments on Air-Drying Property of Palm-Stearin-Based Alkyd Resin Paints

Air-drying white paint based on palm stearin alkyd resin was prepared with conventional and nano-ZnO and ZnS pigments. The effects of used pigments on air-drying time and some physical-mechanical characteristics of the paint were investigated by comparing them with conventional counterparts. It was found that ZnS has little effect on the drying time of alkyd paints, and the time of paint drying does not depend very much on the volume concentration of this pigment. ZnO pigments had outstanding effects on drying time and physical–mechanical properties of the air-drying paints, but the best result was observed for paints containing nano–ZnO. Zinc-containing pigment systems, if composed of the nano-type, provide excellent results.     

Electromechanical Imaging and Spectroscopy of Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials: State of the Art and Prospects for the Future

Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) has emerged as a powerful and versatile tool for probing nanoscale phenomena in ferroelectric materials on the nanometer and micrometer scales. In this review, we summarize the fundamentals and recent advances in PFM, and describe the nanoscale electromechanical properties of several important ferroelectric ceramic materials widely used in memory and microelectromechanical systems applications. Probing static and dynamic polarization behavior of individual grains in PZT films and ceramics is discussed. Switching spectroscopy PFM is introduced as a useful tool for studying defects and interfaces in ceramic materials. The results on local switching and domain pinning behavior, as well as nanoscale fatigue and imprint mapping are presented. Probing domain structures and polarization dynamics in polycrystalline relaxors (PMN-PT, PLZT, doped BaTiO₃) are briefly outlined. Finally, applications of PFM to dimensionally confined ferroelectrics are demonstrated. The potential of PFM for studying local electromechanical phenomena in polycrystalline ferroelectrics where defects and other inhomogeneities are essential for the interpretation of their macroscopic properties is illustrated.     

New effect pigments from grey to black

This paper shows different possibilities of manufacturing silver-grey mica pigments. One example, the mica-ilmenite pigments Iriodin® 9602 WR II and Iriodin® 9612 WR II, are discussed in detail concerning the production process and their chemical and physical characteristics. The colorimetric data of the new mica pigments are discussed and the first weathering data presented. The results show that these pigments give the color chemist a new styling tool for the grey and silver-grey color range. Through the addition of transparent organic pigments brillant and deep metallic-like colors can be achieved. A second type of mica pigment, black magnetite on mica, is presented in its basic chemical structure and its potential use for the color chemist.     

Chromic textiles: Colour fastness properties and irreversible colour change behaviour of textiles screen printed with thermochromic,photochromic and hydrochromic colourants

The objective of this work was to study how ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, washing and rubbing can influence colour and dynamic qualities of chromic textiles, and to explore how the results attained can be applied by designers for the development of colour changing palettes. The experimental work was conducted with 74% polyamide and 26% elastane elastics screen printed with thermochromic, photochromic and hydrochromic pigments in diverse colours. Initially, colourfastness properties of each pigment type versus colour were assessed. Although washing and rubbing can interfere in samples' colours by becoming lighter at different degrees, the results attained highlight the poor stability to lighting of thermochromic and photochromic pigments, which also present changes between hues along exposure time. For conventional textile applications, poor colour fastness commonly represents a limitation. This work proposes that the way textile colours and behaviour are permanently affected by the studied conditions can be interpreted as a creative variable in the design process. Research samples with a combination of pigments were developed and tested with a combination of cycles of different fastness tests, namely one washing cycle for every 4 h of UV light exposure, totalling 48 h and 12 washing cycles. Results demonstrate the possibility of creating interactive surfaces capable of displaying a wide range of colours that evolve to static within different hues, over stimuli conditions.