基于FPGA的高精度多通道时间数字转换器设计

采用Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA芯片,实现了一种高精度、多通道时间数字转换器的设计。每个通道配有一条抽头延迟线,每条延迟线由64个快速超前进位链(CARRY4)组成。布线后,延迟线成链状结构紧密排列,有效消除了布线路径带来的误差,降低了积分非线性和微分非线性误差。仿真结果表明,设计的时间数字转换器的最低有效位约为26.35 ps,有效精度约为14 ps,INL小于4.3 LSB,DNL在-0.8 LSB~2.4 LSB范围内。     

一种基于FPGA的时钟相移时间数字转换器

提出了一种基于Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA的时钟相移采样(SCS)时间数字转换器(TDC)。利用Virtex5内部的时钟管理模块(CMT)产生16路固定相移的时钟信号,经过16路D触发器对输入信号同时进行采样量化。与传统的基于抽头延迟链结构相比,所用资源更少,性能更加稳定。仿真结果表明,该TDC的精度高于64 ps,占用数字时钟管理(DCM)与锁相环(PLL)资源小于20%,积分非线性(INL)和微分非线性(DNL)都小于0.3 LSB。     

一种12位低功耗电阻串架构DAC

利用分段式电阻串结构,基于CMOS工艺设计了一款12位3.4 MHz低功耗数模转换器(DAC)芯片。结合建立速度和静态性能的设计指标,确定“5+7”式分段结构,在保证建立速度的条件下考虑到电阻的失配性,实现良好的微分非线性(DNL)和积分非线性(INL)特性。后仿真结果表明,在3.4 MHz速度下,常温下DNL为0.14 LSB,INL为1 LSB,在-40～125℃下,DNL为0.6 LSB,INL为2 LSB,并且表现出-84 dB的总谐波失真(THD),以及在3 V电压下378μW的极低功耗,版图面积缩小到1.09 mm×0.91 mm。     

一种0.6 V低压两级时间数字转换器

研究了用于超低功耗全数字锁相环(ADPLL)的时间数字转换器(TDC)在近阈值电源电压下的工作原理,提出了一种近阈值电压时间转换器。采用两级量化的TDC,通过时间放大器对量化余量进行放大,实现二次量化。针对TDC低压下的功耗、速度问题,实现了一种增益可扩展的时间放大器,提高了时间分辨率。基于130 nm CMOS工艺的仿真结果表明,两级量化时间数字转换器的分辨率为2.5 ps,动态范围为640 ps,微分非线性(DNL)最大值为0.9 LSB,积分非线性(INL)最大值为2.3 LSB。4倍时间放大器的增益误差为8.2%。     

一种10位40 MHz两步式A/D转换器

提出了一种基于两步转换法(5 6)的高速高精度A/D转换器体系结构,其优点是可以大幅度降低芯片的功耗及面积。采用这种结构,设计了一个10位40 MHz的A/D转换器,并用0.6μm BiCMOS工艺实现。经过电路模拟仿真,在40 MHz转换速率,1 V输入信号(Vp-p),5 V电源电压时,信噪比(SNR)为63.3 dB,积分非线性(INL)和微分非线性(DNL)均小于10位转换器的±0.5 LSB,电源电流为85.4 mA。样品测试结果:SNR为55 dB,INL和DNL小于10位转换器的±1.75 LSB。     

用于生物医学成像的多通道高精度TDC芯片设计

针对生物医学成像设备的高分辨率、高采样率、低功耗、抗噪声等要求,设计了一种64通道,高精度,具有自校准功能的时间数字转换(TDC)电路.双Gray码计数器实现10bit"粗"计数,基于延迟锁相环(DLL)阵列的多采样技术实现8bit"细"时间的精确测量.64个通道共用一个深度为32字的异步先进先出(FIFO)单元存储时间信息.采用SMIC 0.18μm CMOS低压工艺实现电路.时间精度范围是71～143ps,动态范围是10～20μs,微分非线性误差DNL=0.8LSB,积分非线性误差INL=0.3LSB.该电路适用于生物医学成像,尤其是小动物PET成像系统.     

12bit高稳定性数模转换器设计

设计了一款12 bit高稳定性控制类数模转换器(DAC),该DAC集成了带有稳定启动电路的新型低失调带隙基准源(BGR),改善了基准电路的稳定性以及对温度和工艺的敏感性;DAC采用了改进的两级电阻串结构,通过开关电阻匹配和特殊版图布局,在既不增加电路功耗又不扩大版图面积的前提下,提高了DAC的精度并降低了工艺浓度梯度对整体性能的影响.基于CSMC 0.5 μm 5 V 1P4M工艺对所设计的DAC芯片进行了流片验证.测试结果表明:常温下DAC的微分非线性(DNL)小于0.45 LSB,积分非线性(INL)小于1.5 LSB,并且在-55～125℃内DNL小于1 LSB,INL小于2.5 LSB;5V电源电压供电时功耗仅为3.5 mW,实现了高精度、高稳定性的设计目标.     

Wuxi Branch of Southeast University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214028, China; 2.The 58th Institute of China Electronic Technology Company, Wuxi Jiangsu 214035, China

在研究高速D/A转换器的基础上,设计了一种5 V 10 bit高速分段式温度计码D/A转换器.设计的5-1-4温度计译码电路以及对版图布局的优化,使得DAC的DNL和INL最小,该电路的核心由三段式温度计编码控制的47个电流源构成.基于上华0.5μm工艺,采用HSPICE仿真工具对其进行仿真,得到在200 MHz的采样频率下对50 Ω负载满量程输出为45mA,非线性误差为DNL＜0.5LSB,INL＜0.75LSB.     

采用熔丝修调技术的高精度电流舵D/A转换器

高精度D/A转换器的实际精度往往低于理论上的精度。针对这个长期困扰的难题,在设计16位D/A转换器的过程中,提出了一种熔丝修调技术,即通过修调电流源输出端的电流,有效地减小电流源失配和有限输出阻抗对D/A转换器的DNL和INL的影响,大幅度提高D/A转换器的精度。基于0.18 μm CMOS 工艺的测试结果表明:在采用熔丝修调技术前,该电路的DNL和INL分别为－0.72~9.07 LSB和－5.55~18.1 LSB;在采用熔丝修调技术后,该电路的DNL和INL分别为－3.95~0.70 LSB和1.94~8.06 LSB。当输入信号频率为102 MHz、采样频率为500 MHz时,SFDR达到82.16 dBc,完全满足D/A转换器高精度的要求。     

多路并行延迟锁相式射频DAC设计

提出了一种适用于2GS/s以上速率射频DAC设计的结构——多路并行延迟锁相式DAC,并基于该结构实现了一款14位2.5GS/s高性能DAC。测试结果显示:积分非线性误差INL为±0.5LSB,微分非线性误差DNL为±0.4LSB;2.5GS/s转换速率条件下,输出100 MHz正弦波时SFDR为67.08dBc,IMD达到93.08dBc,输出550 MHz正弦波时,SFDR为56.42dBc。     

聚对苯撑苯并双(口恶)唑发光及其器件制备

采用光谱技术,研究了聚对苯撑苯并双(口恶)唑(PBO)溶液的光敏发光特性,并用相对法估算出溶液发光效率在50%范围.结合光谱技术、半导体电学和电化学等研究手段,具体研究了以PBO为发光层的单层电致发光器件,研究结果显示,电致发光与薄膜的光致发光有具有相同的发光中心,峰值位于510 nm左右.同时发现,由于存制备过程中不同处理条件使得不同厚度薄膜残留的掺杂物质浓度不同,从而引起薄膜的导电性的不同.使得器件的阈值场强随PBO厚度的减小而逐渐增加.     

系统级封装新型埋入式电源滤波结构的研究

在高密度小尺寸的系统级封装(SiP)中,对供电系统的完整性要求越来越高,多芯片共用一个电源网路所产生的电压抖动除了会影响到芯片的正常工作,还会通过供电网路干扰到临近电路和其他敏感电路,导致芯片误动作,以及信号完整性和其他电磁干扰问题.这种电压抖动所占频带相当宽,几百MHz到几个GHz的中频电源噪声普通方法很难去除.结合埋入式电容和电源分割方法的特点,提出一种新型高性能埋入式电源低通滤波结构直接替代电源/地平面.研究表明,在0.65～4GHz的频带内隔离深度可达-40～75 dB,电源阻抗均在0.25ohm以下,实现了宽频高隔离度的高性能滤波作用.分别用电磁场和广义传输线两种仿真器模拟,高频等效电路模型分析这种低通滤波器的工作原理以及结构对隔离性能的影响,并进行了实验验证.     

Emerging interconnects: a state-of-the-art review and emerging solutions

Aluminium was a primary material for interconnection in integrated circuits (ICs) since their inception. Later, copper was introduced as interconnect material which has better metallic conductivity and resistance to electromigration. As the aggressive technology scaling continues, the copper resistivity increased because of size effects, which causes increase in delay, power dissipation and electromigration. The need to reduce the resistor-capacitor??????? delay, dynamic power utilisation and the crosstalk commotion is as of now the fundamental main impetus behind the presentation of new materials. The purpose of this paper is to do a survey of interconnect material used in IC from introduction of ICs to till date. This paper studies and reviews new materials available for interconnect application which are optical interconnects, carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and silicon nanowires which are alternatives to copper. While doing a survey of interconnect material, it is found that multiwalled CNTs, multilayer GNR and mixed CNT bundles are promising candidates and are ultimate choice that can strongly address the problems faced by copper but on integration basis copper would last for coming years.     

Arsenic deposition as a precursor layer on silicon (211) and (311) surfaces

We investigate the properties of arsenic (As) covered Si(211) and Si(311) surfaces by analyzing data from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) images. We then create a model using total surface energy calculations. It was found that both Si(211) and Si(311) had 0.68±0.08 surface As coverage. Si(211) had 0.28±0.04 Te coverage and Si(311) had 0.24±0.04 Te coverage. The Si(211) surface replaces the terrace and trench Si atoms with As for a lower surface energy, while the Si edge atoms form dimers. The Si(311) surface replaces all terrace atoms and adsorbs an As dimer every other edge site. These configurations imply an improvement in the mean migration path from the bare silicon surface by allowing the impinging atoms for the next epitaxial layer, tellurium (Te), to bind at every other pair of edge atoms, and not the step terrace sites. This would ensure a nonpolar, B-face growth.     

光子晶体微腔发光二极管

光子晶体微腔因其具有增强自发辐射、定向输出和单模工作的能力而受到广泛关注。介绍了光子晶体微腔发光二极管的基本原理、设计、特性、制作及其典型器件。     

Comparative study of maximum power point tracking techniques for hybrid renewable energy system

The power generation demand is increasing day-by-day throughout the world, therefore, the use of hybrid systems becomes a significant solution. The hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is used for delivering power in various regions in order to overcome intermittence of wind and solar resources. Because of increasing environmental problems, for example, greenhouse gas emission and energy cost have interested novel research into substitute methods in favour of electrical power generation. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control method is a vast deal of novel research used for enhancing the efficiency of HRES. The authors have revealed that the hybrid techniques i.e. Global MPPT, fuzzy-neuro systems, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Perturbed and Observe (P&O) + Adaptive Neural Network (ANN) etc. can provide best results as compared to other MPPT control methods. This paper offering a state of art review of MPPT control techniques for HRES.     

用于单光子TOF测量的时间-幅度变换器

基于新型共源共栅电流源的积分方法,设计了一种用于单光子飞行时间(TOF)测量的时间-幅度变换器(TAC).该方法有效简化了 TAC电路结构,减小了 TAC占用面积,显著提高了TOF的满量程范围(FSR).采用0.18 μm标准CMOS工艺设计.集成TAC的单光子探测器像素单元的填充因子可达到26.8％.后仿真结果表明,...     

超宽带脉冲信号的光学生成方法研究

近年来超宽带(UWB)通信技术迅猛发展,在测量、雷达技术、民用和军事无线通信中有着重要的应用,UWB-over-fiber技术已经成为目前研究的热点,其中就包括UWB脉冲信号的产生方法。区别于传统的电子学方法,光子学产生方法不受电子瓶颈制约,可以实现很高的带宽,并且具有抗电磁干扰、重量轻、结构紧凑的优点。通过对比国内外本领域研究成果,讨论及总结了以下三种原理的UWB脉冲信号的光学生成方法:1)相位调制-强度调制转换(PM-IM);2)半导体光放大器(SOA)的非线性效应;3)频谱塑形和色散所致频域-时域映射,然后对各种方案进行了对比分析。     

Joint estimation of TOA and DOA in IR-UWB system using a successive propagator method

Impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) ranging and positioning require accurate estimation of time-of-arrival (TOA) and direction-of-arrival (DOA). With receiver of two antennas, both of the TOA and DOA parameters can be estimated via two-dimensional (2D) propagator method (PM), in which the 2D spectral peak searching, however, renders much higher computational complexity. This paper proposes a successive PM algorithm for joint TOA and DOA estimation in IR-UWB system to avoid 2D spectral peak searching. The proposed algorithm firstly gets the initial TOA estimates in the two antennas from the propagation matrix, then utilises successively one-dimensional (1D) local searches to achieve the estimation of TOAs in the two antennas, and finally obtains the DOA estimates via the difference in the TOAs between the two antennas. The proposed algorithm, which only requires 1D local searches, can avoid the high computational cost in 2D-PM algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can obtain automatically paired parameters and has better joint TOA and DOA estimation performance than conventional PM algorithm, estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques algorithm and matrix pencil algorithm. Meanwhile, it has very close parameter estimation to that of 2D-PM algorithm. We have also derived the mean square error of TOA and DOA estimation of the proposed algorithm and the Cramer-Rao bound of TOA and DOA estimation in this paper. The simulation results verify the usefulness of the proposed algorithm.     

多孔硅发光机制的分析

从量子力学的基本理论出发讨论了量子限制效应，推导出多孔硅有效禁带宽度增量并用量子限制效应和表面态及其物质在发光中作用的理论解释了ＰＳ光致发光的实验现象。