淄博市肉鸡生产过程中沙门菌污染情况调查

目的了解沙门菌在肉鸡生产各个环节中的污染状况,对其污染程度及危害进行系统评价,为开展"从农场到餐桌"的风险评估以及制定防控策略提供基础数据。方法采集肉鸡孵化、养殖、屠宰、销售环节的不同样品,按照GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》进行沙门菌检测。结果肉鸡生产的不同环节共采集样品1 267份,检出沙门菌阳性样品298份,总检出率为23.5%,孵化、养殖、屠宰、配送分销环节的检出率分别为4.6%(10/217)、8.4%(18/215)、32.8%(187/570)、31.3%(83/265)。印第安纳沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌为主要血清型。结论沙门菌在肉鸡生产的各个环节均有检出。各季节的检出率差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。屠宰及销售环节的检出率较高,提示加工屠宰过程存在沙门菌交叉污染的可能,这些环节对减少鸡肉及其制品的沙门菌污染尤为重要。     

济南市肉鸡生产链沙门菌污染监测及分析

了解肉鸡孵化、养殖、屠宰加工和配送分销各环节的沙门菌污染状况,确定易受污染的环节和样品类别,为预防和控制由沙门菌引起的食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法 按照随机抽样的原则,在济南市肉鸡孵化场、养殖场、屠宰场(点)和配送分销点设置16个监测点,按不同的季节和环节定期随机采集监测样本。检验方法按照《2012年全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》执行。结果 监测17种样品共1204份,13种样品检出沙门菌202株,总检出率为16.78%。除1种不可分型外,其他分属4群28种血清型,以印第安纳血清型沙门菌最多(37.13%)；4个环节中,以屠宰加工环节沙门菌检出率最高(23.14%)；四个季度中,以第二季度沙门菌检出率最高(21.74%)；17种样品中,以屠宰环节的褪毛后整禽样本沙门菌检出率最高(42.19%)。结论 济南市肉鸡相关行业的沙门菌交叉污染严重,应加强肉鸡生产链全过程的监管和监测,并针对各污染环节和工序,确定不同的关键控制点,制定相应的操作程序,以减少沙门菌的交叉污染。     

肉鸡加工过程中沙门氏菌的污染监测及分析

目的对肉鸡屠宰加工的不同环节进行沙门氏菌监测,了解各个环节沙门氏菌的污染状况,分析肉鸡加工过程中沙门氏菌的污染来源及关键环节。方法选择河南省某大型肉鸡屠宰加工企业作为监测点,在肉鸡屠宰前、褪毛后、过预冷池后、被分割后和包装入库等环节及预冷池水、分割刀具案板和工人手等处分别采集样本,共计1756份,进行沙门氏菌检测及其血清型鉴定。结果于1756份样本中检出沙门氏菌阳性样本700份,检出率为39.9%。其中,褪毛后整禽的沙门氏菌检出率最高,达63.9%;其次为过预冷池后的整禽胴体,检出率为57.3%。屠宰加工环节中检出的沙门氏菌中肠炎沙门氏菌最多,占71.7%,其次为印第安纳沙门氏菌,占20.8%。结论肉鸡在养殖期间存在沙门氏菌污染,且在屠宰加工环节存在交叉污染,应针对相关环节进行重点控制和工艺改进。     

肉鸡饲养加工过程中沙门菌污染环节的探讨与分析

目的 探讨开封市肉鸡从孵化、养殖,到屠宰、加工、运输和销售各环节样品沙门菌污染状况.方法 采集2012年4个季度开封地区种鸡养殖场、肉鸡孵化场、养殖场、屠宰场和大型超市中土壤、饲料、鸡粪、鸡肉、屠宰工具、工人手等18个环节共802份样品.按照GB 4789.4-2010进行沙门菌鉴定和血清学分型,用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计分析.结果 脱毛池水中沙门菌检出率最高为75％,其次成鸡粪便、鸡肉、刀具案板、肛拭子中沙门菌检出率分别为58.3％、49.4％、33.3％、5.6％,鸡胚和运输车辆中未检出沙门菌.本研究共检出6个血清型,以肠炎沙门菌和印第安纳沙门菌检出率最高;第二季度沙门菌菌型数最多.结论 鸡肉屠宰加工过程使沙门菌污染扩大,脱毛机及脱毛池水是沙门菌交叉污染的关键点,不同季节的检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).     

陕西省某活鸡屠宰场肉鸡相关样品中沙门菌定量检测及污染分析

目的了解肉鸡屠宰加工中不同时间和环节沙门菌的污染情况,分析污染关键点。方法 2016年11月至2017年11月从陕西省某活鸡屠宰场不同环节定期采集活鸡肛拭子标本、整鸡胴体和鸡肉样品,使用最大可能数(MPN)法对沙门菌进行定量检测,同时分离菌株;采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对沙门菌进行鉴定,同时结合血清凝集技术对沙门菌鉴定结果进行确认。结果采集的284份样品中有67份检出沙门菌,检出率为23. 6%,平均MPN值为0. 051 6 MPN/g。2017年7月采集的样品沙门菌污染最为严重,检出率为37. 8%(14/37),平均MPN值为0. 064 7 MPN/g; 2016年11月检出率最低,为13. 9%(5/36),平均MPN值为0. 043 6 MPN/g。不同屠宰环节中,浸烫褪毛后整鸡胴体样品中沙门菌检出率最高(43. 3%,26/60),平均MPN值为0. 060 5 MPN/g;分割后冷冻前鸡胸脯肉样品中沙门菌检出率最低(18. 3%,11/60),平均MPN值为0. 036 8 MPN/g,略高于储存配送过程整鸡胴体/鸡胸脯肉样品中沙门菌的污染水平(0. 035 8 MPN/g)。结论活鸡屠宰过程沙门菌的检出率与MPN值具有较强的季节性,在不同屠宰加工环节存在纵向和交叉污染,应对活鸡屠宰加工过程沙门菌污染严重的环节进行重点控制。     

2011—2012年山东淄博市肉鸡屠宰场沙门菌污染情况分析

目的 调查肉鸡屠宰场加工环节中沙门菌的污染状况。方法 采集肉鸡屠宰场的入厂活鸡肛拭子样本,宰杀褪毛后整禽样本、预冷后整禽样本、预冷池水、分割刀具和案板、冷冻鸡肉样本以及工人手涂抹样本,按《食源性致病菌监测工作手册》方法检测沙门菌。结果 2011—2012年共检测样品896份,检出沙门菌293株,检出率为32.7%;鸡胴体的检出率高于鸡活体。2011年沙门菌优势血清型为印第安纳沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌,2012年优势血清型为印第安纳沙门菌、肠炎沙门菌。宰杀后样品中印第安纳沙门菌的构成比有所下降,而鼠伤寒、肠炎等其他优势血清型的构成比相对增加。结论 沙门菌广泛存在于屠宰场各环节样品中,宰杀环节易导致沙门菌的交叉污染。     

2015~2017 年烟台市某肉制品生产企业的生产 加工环节致病菌检测及分布特征分析

目的 了解2015~2017 年烟台市熟肉制品各生产环节致病菌污染状况及病原分布特征。方法 监测项目为菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、李斯特菌属、沙门氏菌, 检测方法依据《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验》各项标准进行, 空气参照GB/T 16294-2010《医药工业洁净室沉降菌的测试方法》。结果 427份样品中, 检出致病菌75 株, 致病菌总体污染率为17.56%。单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌35 株, 其中25 株来源于环境样品, 占总检出率的71.42%; 金黄色葡萄球菌26 株, 16 株来源于原辅料, 占总检出率为23.19%; 沙门 菌19 株, 全部来源于原辅料。结论 金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌的主要检出来源于原辅料样品,单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌主要检出来源于环境样品,因此提高原辅料采购管理要求,并加强原辅料质量管理,同时加强对生产环境消毒力度。     

2010年江苏省肉鸡沙门菌污染专项监测分析

目的了解肉鸡养殖和屠宰过程中沙门菌的污染状况,为确定从生产到销售各环节沙门菌分布和疾病可能传染源、制定公共卫生措施并评价其有效性提供科学依据。方法按照《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》中专项监测的采样和实验室检测要求,2010年共采集活体肉鸡肛拭样本210份,胴体样本204份,监测沙门菌污染情况。结果肛拭样本检出沙门菌23份,检出率10.95%;胴体样本检出沙门菌71份,检出率34.80%。两类样本的血清学分型构成比不同(χ2=15.7,P<0.001),肛拭样本检出的23株沙门菌中有22株印第安纳沙门菌,胴体样本中检出的71株沙门菌中有35株为印第安纳沙门菌,22株为奥尔巴尼沙门菌。结论肉鸡活体肛拭和胴体样本沙门菌检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=33.5,P<0.001),胴体高于活体检出率,活体和胴体的沙门菌来源不同,胴体可能存在交叉污染。     

2015—2021年湖州市食品中沙门菌污染与分子分型研究

目的 了解湖州市市售食品中沙门菌的污染状况,为预防与控制食源性疾病的发生提供依据。方法 采集2015—2021年5类1 463份样品按照GB 4789.4—2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对沙门菌进行检验,对分离到的沙门菌进行血清分型、抗生素敏感试验和脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型（PFGE）检测,结果用Excel、SPSS 19.0进行统计分析。结果 2015—2021年共检测5类1 463份食品样品,检出沙门菌菌株47株,总检出率为3.21%(47/1 463)。不同食品类别中生畜肉检出率最高,为6.61%(23/348)。共检出19种血清型的沙门菌,其中优势血清型为鼠伤寒沙门菌。不同食品中检出的沙门菌血清型有差别。对2019—2021年分离到的20株沙门菌进行药敏试验和PFGE检测,结果显示分离株对氨苄西林和四环素耐药性较强,耐药率分别为70%(14/20)和60%(12/20)。分子分型显示,经Xba I酶切后,19株沙门菌产生11个PFGE带型,多态性较高。结论 2015—2021年湖州市市售5类食品中均有检出沙门菌,其中两类为即食食品（中式凉拌菜和散装熟肉制...     

2012—2017年广西壮族自治区市售食品中沙门菌监测数据分析

目的 了解广西市售食品中沙门菌污染状况和特征,为减少污染和防控食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法 2012—2017年从广西14个市采集14类市售食品共60 174份,其中生鲜类食品5 712份,即食食品54 462份,按照GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 沙门氏菌检验》方法进行沙门菌检验。结果 生鲜类食品中生肉及生肉制品、生水产品及其制品、速冻米面制品、鲜蛋类沙门菌检出率分别为10.3%(399/3 883)、6.2%(50/806)、0.5%(2/440)、0.0%(0/583),即食食品中熟肉制品、餐饮食品、生食蔬菜及其制品沙门菌检出率分别为0.6%(58/10 175)、0.3%(39/14 721)、1.0%(5/489),焙烤及油炸类食品、饮料、水果及其制品均为0.1%,熟蛋制品、豆制品、冷冻饮品、调味品均未检出。生肉及生肉制品共检出51种血清型,德尔卑沙门菌为优势血清型(16.2%,70/432),主要在生猪肉中检出。即食食品共检出32种血清型,德尔卑沙门菌为优势血清型(14.5%,11/76),主要在熟肉制品中检出。结论 生鲜类受沙门菌污染最严重的食品是生畜肉和生禽肉,即食食品受沙门菌污染较严重食品是凉拌类食品。应加强从农场到餐桌的食品安全防控,减少食源性疾病的发生。     

肉鸡屠宰加工生产链中沙门氏菌的污染调查及ERIC-PCR溯源

目的：了解肉鸡屠宰加工过程中沙门氏菌的污染状况及其溯源性追踪,分析沙门氏菌污染的关键环节,以降低食源性沙门氏菌感染的风险。方法：分别采集两家肉鸡屠宰加工厂(FX、GZ)生产链中的肉鸡胴体表面、肉鸡泄殖腔、嗉囊内容物、环境、设备及器具表面样品,应用常规法及PCR进行沙门氏菌分离鉴定,通过基因间重复序列为引物的聚合酶链式反应(ERIC-PCR)分型技术对沙门氏菌分离株进行基因分型,利用NTSYS-pc 2.10软件进行聚类分析。结果：两家加工厂的沙门氏菌总检出率为1.37%(16/1171),FX的检出率较低(0.18%),与GZ(2.39%)间差异极显著(P＜0.01);FX仅于净膛后肉鸡胴体体表检出Ⅳ型沙门氏菌;GZ屠宰、煺毛及净膛后的肉鸡胴体体表、肉鸡泄殖腔、嗉囊内容物、脱毛指及净膛工人手套表面均检出Ⅰ型沙门氏菌,煺毛、冷却后肉鸡胴体及净膛工人手套表面均检出Ⅲ型沙门氏菌,运输车表面检出Ⅴ型沙门氏菌,另有脱毛指表面检出Ⅱ型沙门氏菌。结论：肉鸡的宰前及煺毛、净膛过程为引发生产链沙门氏菌污染的重要环节,加强肉鸡的进厂检疫及设备与器具的日常卫生管理有利于降低沙门氏菌的污染。     

肉鸡屠宰加工过程中沙门氏菌的污染情况及其耐药性分析

目的：了解四川某肉鸡屠宰加工过程不同环节沙门氏菌的污染情况、耐药性和耐药谱,为食品安全和临床用药提供理论依据。方法：根据GB 4789.4-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 沙门氏菌检验》、沙门氏菌科玛嘉显色培养基筛选疑似沙门氏菌,并针对沙门氏菌invA和hut基因的二重PCR方法对疑似沙门氏菌鉴定,再用纸片扩散法对其分离株进行10 种抗菌药物（组合）的药敏实验,参考临床和实验室标准化研究所（Clinical andLaboratory Standards Institute,CLSI）标准（2010）判定药敏结果。结果：从1 350 份样品中,分离鉴定出156 株沙门氏菌;肉鸡屠宰前沙门氏菌的污染率为13.53%;烫毛脱毛、开肛、净膛、冲淋4 个环节鸡胴体和分割鸡肉、冷冻鸡肉沙门氏菌的污染率分别为0、7.23%、9.80%、11.54%、14.50%、9.33%。沙门氏菌分离株对萘啶酸（100.00%）和氨苄西林（85.90%）的耐药率最高,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑（44.23%）、庆大霉素（39.10%）、四环素（35.26%）的耐药率较高,对头孢曲松敏感,多重耐药率为53.85%,共有39 种耐药谱,从肉鸡屠宰前到分割鸡肉沙门氏菌分离株的耐药谱型先下降再上升。结论：四川某肉鸡屠宰生产链中沙门氏菌的污染率及其耐药情况比较严重,且可能存在从上游向下游生产链传播的情况,需要加强卫生和抗菌药物使用监督。     

Contamination of carcasses with Salmonella during poultry slaughter

Successively slaughtered poultry flocks were sampled for Salmonella to study the relationship between gastrointestinal colonization of the birds and contamination of the carcasses after slaughter. Samples from 56 broiler flocks and 16 spent layer and breeder flocks were collected in six slaughterhouses. Salmonella isolates were serotyped and further characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Although only 7 (13%) broiler flocks were colonized with Salmonella at slaughter, carcasses of 31 (55%) broiler flocks were contaminated after slaughter. Concerning the layer and breeder flocks, 11 (69%) flocks were colonized in the gastrointestinal tract, but after slaughter, carcasses of all flocks were contaminated. The Salmonella status determined at the farm did not always correlate to the status at slaughter. On the other hand, the slaughter of Salmonella-colonized flocks did not always result in the contamination of the carcasses with the same PFGE types isolated from the gastrointestinal tract. When only uncolonized flocks were slaughtered, the carcasses of flocks were on some occasions still contaminated with Salmonella. This indicates possible cross-contamination from the slaughter equipment or transport crates. These observations show that it is difficult to reach the benefits of logistic slaughter in commercial poultry slaughterhouses.     

Incidence of Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Listeria monocytogenes in poultry carcasses and different types of poultry products for sale on the Belgian retail market.

From January 1997 to May 1998, 772 samples of poultry carcasses and poultry products for sale on the retail market in Belgium were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes per 100 cm2 or 25 g. Poultry samples were contaminated with Salmonella (36.5%), C. jejuni and C. coli (28.5%), and L. monocytogenes (38.2%). In about 12.3% of the poultry samples, the L. monocytogenes contamination level exceeded 1 CFU per g or cm2. Significant differences in pathogen contamination rates of poultry products were noticed between the poultry products originating from Belgian, French, and U.K. abattoirs. Poultry products derived from broiler chickens running free in pine woods until slaughtering age (12 to 13 weeks) had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower contamination rate of Salmonella than poultry products from enclosed broilers slaughtered at the age of 6 to 8 weeks. A significantly (P < 0.05) lower pathogen contamination rate was noted for Salmonella, C. jejuni, and C. coli for poultry cuts without skin compared to poultry cuts with skin on. An increase in pathogen contamination rate was noticed during cutting and further processing. To diminish C. jejuni, C. coli, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes contamination rates, hygienic rules of slaughter and meat processing must be rigorously observed. At the moment, zero tolerance for these pathogens is not feasible, and there is a need to establish criteria allowing these pathogens to be present at reasonable levels in the examined poultry samples.     

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella infantis isolates originating from different points of the broiler chicken-human food chain in Hungary

During the 10-month study period Salmonella contamination of broiler houses and the flocks reared in three farms (A, B and C), the slaughter houses where the flocks were slaughtered, as well as the carcass and retail raw meat products originating from them was investigated. In the broiler farm A five consecutive flocks, in the B and C farms one flock was sampled. Environmental samples were taken prior to the introductions. Environmental, drinking water, feed and faecal samples were collected regularly using standard methods. Before and during processing of the flocks, environmental and carcass samples were taken at the abattoirs. Salmonella contamination of the carcass, retail meat, as well as stool samples of farm and abattoir workers and from human illnesses registered in the same period and region were also examined. Isolation, sero-, phage- and antibiotic resistance typing, class 1 integron and plasmid profiling of the strains were performed; their genetic relationship was assessed by PFGE. Although the broiler house and the faecal samples of the 5 flocks of the farm A were negative for Salmonella, S. infantis was isolated from 20-100% of the abattoir carcass samples. The retail raw meat samples were 0-100% S. infantis positive. The environmental samples of farm B were Salmonella negative, but the examined flock was contaminated: S. infantis was identified from 43% of the faecal samples. This serotype was identified in 100% of the carcass and retail raw meat samples. From environmental samples taken before the arrival of the 1-day-old chicks in the broiler house C, S. infantis was cultured. S. infantis prevalence in the faecal samples was 35% and all the carcass and retail raw meat samples were S. infantis contaminated. Altogether 164 S. infantis strains were isolated out of which 145 were further characterized. The vast majority (142/145) of the strains belonged to phage types 217 and 213. All but one were characterized by the nalidixic acid-streptomycin-sulphonamide-tetracycline resistances, had an 885 bp class 1 integron and a large plasmid of >168 kb in size. The strains showed >/=88.7% genetic similarity. The results obtained shows that the same multi-drug resistant S. infantis clone was spread from the examined broiler farms contaminating the slaughter and the retail meat and appeared in the human illnesses of the examined region that was earlier detected as the dominant clone characteristic of the broiler and human population of the whole country.     

肉鸡屠宰过程中沙门氏菌的监控方法及其应用实验

通过肉鸡屠宰加工过程中沙门氏菌抽样方法、样品处理、检测方法的建立和使用,确立一套可行的沙门氏菌监控模型,为评价肉鸡屠宰加工过程的卫生状态提供科学手段,以改进卫生管理水平。采用该模型对3家肉鸡加工企业的屠宰过程进行了沙门氏菌监控,共计检测样品4 987个,检出阳性样品314个,阳性率为6.36%,监控数据表明工厂的卫生状态处于较高水平。     

山东地区生猪和家禽屠宰环节沙门菌血清型分布

目的了解山东地区生猪和家禽屠宰环节沙门菌血清型分布,为进一步开展动物源性产品风险评估提供数据。方法 2014年9~12月从山东省部分屠宰场采集分离的335株沙门菌,应用液态悬浮芯片技术对沙门菌菌体(O)抗原、鞭毛(H)抗原和附加靶蛋白(AT)的基因进行检测,然后运用Salmonella serotyping assay软件分析鉴定血清型。结果 335株沙门菌中299株共分为29个血清型,另有36株未分型,优势血清型主要为德尔卑沙门菌(S.Derby,24.8%,83/335、)和肠炎沙门菌(S.enteritidis,15.2%,51/335)。德尔卑沙门菌、汤卜逊沙门菌(S.Thompson)和阿贡纳沙门菌(S.Agona)在生猪和家禽屠宰场中都有分布;生猪屠宰场以德尔卑沙门菌(39.8%,64/161)为主,其次为鼠伤寒沙门菌(S.typhimurium,19.3%,31/161)和汤卜逊沙门菌(13.7%,22/161);家禽屠宰场中以肠炎沙门菌(28.7%,50/174)、印第安纳沙门菌(S.Indiana,12.1%,21/174)和德尔卑沙门菌(10.9%,19/174)为主。另外,不同地区屠宰场的沙门菌血清型呈差异分布,生猪屠宰场中除鲁中部外,其他地区主要血清型为德尔卑沙门菌;家禽屠宰场中,鲁东和鲁西地区主要是肠炎沙门菌,鲁东北地区以德尔卑沙门菌为主;鲁中部地区分离株以汤卜逊沙门菌为主。结论山东省屠宰场中的沙门菌污染比较严重,且有多种血清型,需加强屠宰环节的致病菌监控,降低动物产品在屠宰环节受沙门菌污染的风险。