山东省谷物中杂色曲霉素的污染及菌种产毒能力的调查

山东省谷物中杂色曲霉素的污染及菌种产毒能力的调查颜燕张玉琴李瑞英山东省食品卫生监督检验所（２５００１４）杂色曲霉素（Ｓｔｅｒｉｇｍａｔｏｃｙｓｔｉｎ简称ＳＴ）是由杂色曲霉、构巢曲霉等产生的有毒代谢产物，主要污染小麦、玉米、大米等谷物。文献报导，ＳＴ能...     

曲霉属真菌毒素的毒性研究进展

曲霉属真菌产生的真菌毒素是最早被发现并被重视的一类真菌毒素,多污染食品、饲料和中药,其种类繁多,且对人体的危害性巨大。近年来,国内外对此类真菌毒素的毒性研究愈加关注,本综述总结了曲霉菌属真菌产生的_13种主要真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素B_1、黄曲霉毒素B_2、黄曲霉毒素G_1、黄曲霉毒素G_2、黄曲霉毒素M_1、黄曲霉毒素M_2、黄曲霉毒素P_1、赭曲霉毒素A、赭曲霉毒素B、赭曲霉毒素C、赭曲霉毒素α、杂色曲霉素和O-甲基-杂色曲霉素)近40年来体内、体外毒性研究资料,对其各项毒性进行归纳,主要涵盖急性毒性、慢性毒性的致癌性、生长生殖毒性、致突变和基因毒性、免疫毒性、神经毒性、细胞毒性及血液毒性。同时对黄曲霉毒素B_1、赭曲霉毒素A及其他常见毒素间的协同毒性也进行了概述。由于各国对食品药品的安全性要求越来越高,对真菌毒素毒性的总结,可进一步加深对毒素的认识,并为食品、饲料及中药安全性方面相关的法律法规制订提供重要依据。     

粮食中杂色曲霉毒素污染和检测技术研究进展

1954年杂色曲霉毒素首次从杂色曲霉培养物中分离出,是一种微黄色针状晶体有毒化合物,由二呋喃环和氧杂蒽酮组成的基本结构与黄曲霉毒素十分相似,其产生的毒性仅次于黄曲霉毒素,被国际癌症研究机构归类为致癌物2B级,对动物和人类健康存在极大的危害,受到了国内外研究人员的关注。本文从杂色曲霉毒素的主要毒害作用和国内外研究人员对粮食中杂色曲霉毒素污染情况研究等方面进行系统综述,并详细介绍了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法、高效液相色谱法、薄层色谱法、酶联免疫法和生物传感器测定法等粮食中杂色曲霉毒素主要分析检测技术的研究进展,为粮食杂色曲霉毒素限量标准制定、安全风险评估和新型检测方法研发提供了理论依据。     

葡萄酒中赭曲霉素A的研究进展

赭曲霉素A（OTA）是一种真菌毒素,常见于谷物、谷物产品、水果、咖啡、葡萄干、葡萄酒和啤酒中。由于OTA在食物中稳定且不易分解,对人体构成了一种潜在的危害,国际癌症研究机构（IARC）已将其定义为group2B类致癌物。欧洲各国已经对赭曲霉素A进行限量,也制定了相应的官方检测方法。对葡萄酒中赭曲霉素A的性质、毒性、污染现状、产生菌、影响因素和测定方法进行了综述。     

天津主要市售谷物的真菌污染状况调查

对天津市售大米、小米、黄米、黑米、江米、西米、泰国香米、大薏仁米、大麦仁、红豆、绿豆、大豆和玉米渣等13种市售谷物进行真菌污染调查。调查表明,市售谷物中真菌平均侵染率37.0%,其中泰国香米、小米、江米、黑米和黄豆等污染较轻,其侵染率明显低于大米、大薏仁米和红豆。米类谷物中的主要污染真菌为青霉、曲霉和交链孢霉,大豆中的优势菌为曲霉,其他豆类的优势污染菌为交链孢菌,玉米渣中主要为酵母菌和曲霉。     

我国谷物中赭曲霉毒素A污染情况的调查

赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A;缩写OA)是由曲霉属和青霉属的几个种产生的有毒代谢产物。主要污染小麦、玉米等谷物和大豆。OA为肾脏毒并有致畸作用。因此必须了解我国谷物中OA的污染情况进而制定卫生标准,本文对谷物中OA的污染情况进行了调查。     

三种曲霉菌之间的产毒干扰

田间和贮存条件下玉米样品受真菌和真菌毒素污染的区域性调查表明,在某些样品上同时发现了黄曲霉、棕曲霉和杂色曲霉三种毒菌,但是仅能检测出一种毒素。在实验条件下对这种现象进行研究,在液体察氏培养基和玉米上,将黄曲霉、棕曲霉和杂色曲霉单独培养,或者任两种或三种菌混合培养。结果是黄曲霉与棕色曲霉混合生长或黄曲霉与杂色曲霉混合生长时,仅产生黄曲霉毒素     

嗜酸乳杆菌对杂色曲霉素吸附作用的研究

嗜酸乳杆菌是肠道内的一种益生菌,也是奶制品中含有的重要的活性微生物。本文探讨了嗜酸乳杆菌及其菌体总蛋白对杂色曲霉素的去除能力,实验结果显示:嗜酸乳杆菌菌体总蛋白对杂色曲霉素的相对吸附率达75.8%,而面包酵母菌体总蛋白为48.9%、小牛血清白蛋白只有32.5%, 嗜酸乳杆菌菌体总蛋白的吸附作用呈一定的量效关系;胰蛋白酶或胃蛋白酶消化使嗜酸乳杆菌菌体总蛋白对杂色曲霉素的相对吸附率由52.2%下降至34.3%和36.1%,但吸附作用没有消失;菌体总蛋白与杂色曲霉素混合温育1、2、3、4、5h检测,结果嗜酸乳杆菌菌体总蛋白在整个实验的时段中的相对吸附率在57.2%～75.7%的较高水平内波动,而面包酵母菌体总蛋白由开始的70.6%相对吸附率在实验5h结束时的19.8%,另外的BSA的吸附率一直维持在14.6%～34.3%之间;酸和热处理菌体使嗜酸乳杆菌对ST的相对吸附率由60.5%分别增加至71.2%和69.5%。本研究的结果为杂色曲霉素的去毒以及食品加工提供了有用的参考数据。     

UPLC-MS/MS同时测定特殊医学用途配方食品中8种真菌毒素

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(U P L C-MS/MS)同时检测特殊医学用途配方食品中黄曲霉毒素、杂色曲霉素和赭曲霉毒素等8种真菌毒素的方法.样品用乙腈-水(80:20,体积比)溶液提取,经Captiva EMR-Lipid萃取管净化,采用Poroshell 120SB-C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7...     

杂色曲霉毒素研究进展

本文对近年来有关杂色曲霉素的产生、危害、理化特性，体内代谢、毒性、致癌性及检测方法的研究进展进行了综述。杂色曲霉素素（Ｓｔｅｒｉｇｍａｔｏｃｙｓｔｉｎ，ＳＴ）是日本学者初田勇－（１９５４）从杂色曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｕｓｖｅｒ－ｓｉｃｏｌｏｒ）菌丝体中首先分离并命名的，当时未引起人们的重视［１］。１９６０年英国爆发“火鸡Ｘ病”，证明是黄霉毒素（Ａｆｌａｔｏｘｉｎ，ＡＦＴ）中毒并有致癌作用，从此才对结构与其酷似的ＳＴ引起注意。经过３０多年的努力，有关ＳＴ的产毒菌种、理化特性、体内代谢、毒性、致癌性及检测等研究均取得较大进展     

Sampling of cereals and cereal-based foods for the determination of ochratoxin A: an overview

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is known to be heterogeneously distributed both intrinsically (from one individual food item to the next) as well as distributionally (throughout a sample of individual food items) in cereals and cereal-based foods. Therefore, proper sampling and sample comminution are special challenges, but are prerequisites for obtaining sound analytical data. This paper outlines the issue of the sampling process for cereals and cereal-based foods, starting with the planning phase, followed by the sampling step itself and the formation of analytical samples. The sampling of whole grain and retail-level cereal-based foods will be discussed. Furthermore, possibilities to reduce sampling variance are presented.     

Study on ochratoxin A in cereal-derived products from Spain

A study on ochratoxin A (OTA) in cereal-derived products was carried out. Cereal-based baby foods, breakfast cereals and beers were analyzed for mycotoxin OTA using an in-house developed high-performance liquid-chromatographic method.OTA was detected in 19 of the 21 samples of breakfast cereals (limit of detection 0.066 μg/kg), in 14 of the 20 samples of cereal-based baby foods (limit of detection 0.035 μg/kg) and in 24 of the 31 samples of beer (limit of detection 0.012 μg/l). The mean concentrations of OTA found were the following: 0.265 μg/kg in breakfast cereals, 0.187 μg/kg in cereal-based baby food and 0.044 μg/l in beer. The influence of different factors, such as the fibre content in breakfast cereals, type of cereals used in cereal-based baby food and alcohol content in beer, on the OTA levels was studied.     

Mycotoxins in infant cereal foods from the Canadian retail market

Three hundred and sixty-three samples of cereal-based infant foods were collected from the Canadian retail marketplace over 3 years. The samples included oat-, barley-, soy-, and rice-based infant cereals, mixed-grain infant cereals, teething biscuits, creamed corn, and soy-based formulas. Samples were analysed for targeted mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, fumonisins B₁ and B₂, and five ergot alkaloids). Soy-based cereals (which usually contain corn) exhibited the highest incidences of deoxynivalenol (100%), zearalenone (46%) and fumonisins (75%). Overall, deoxynivalenol was the most frequently detected mycotoxin -- it was detected in 63% of samples analysed. Survey results demonstrated the regular occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in cereal-based infant foods.     

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品加工工艺对其脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及衍生物影响

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物过程中产生的一种有毒次级代谢产物,主要污染小麦、大麦、燕麦、黑麦和玉米等谷物。DON在植物和微生物作用下会转化形成各种衍生物,且这些衍生物可与DON原型同时存在,增加了谷物及其相关制品的安全风险。谷类辅食是婴幼儿膳食中的重要组成部分,且婴幼儿对毒素的敏感性更强,应严格限制DON及其衍生物在谷类辅食中被检出。已有研究表明谷物类食品的制作加工方式会对DON及其衍生物的含量水平产生影响,但专门针对婴幼儿消费人群的谷类辅助食品的加工过程如何影响DON及其衍生物水平还鲜有报道。目前婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中DON及其衍生物含量存在超标问题,严重影响婴幼儿这类特殊人群的生长发育和健康。本文从婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON及其衍生物的污染状况及其在加工过程中的含量变化等方面进行较为详细的阐述,以期为婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。     

Gluten contamination of cereal foods in Canada

Persons suffering from celiac disease (CD) must avoid foods containing gluten or those contaminated with wheat, barley, or rye. This study was designed to estimate gluten contamination of cereal-based foods available in Canada, whether labelled gluten-free or not. About half of the 148 foods sampled were labelled as gluten-free. According to R5-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), twenty-three cereal-based foods (or 15%) contained more than 20 mg of gluten per kg, including sixteen regular and seven gluten-free foods, the latter being the least contaminated. When used in combination with R5-ELISA, AOAC-ELISA (not detecting barley) was a simple and efficient tool to roughly estimate the nature of the gluten contamination, which was later confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for barley, and wheat/barley/rice. Rice-, corn- or quinoa-based foods were the safest for celiac patients. In addition to misleading food labelling for both gluten-rich and gluten-free foods, critical issues for persons with CD included foods made with oats or buckwheat (contaminated with wheat and barley gluten) in addition to those, such as breakfast cereals, specifically enriched with barley malt ingredients.     

谷物中DON、ZEA毒素的净化、检测、 毒性与生物脱毒技术的研究

禾谷镰刀菌在侵染谷物过程中所产生的次生代谢产物——单端孢霉烯族毒素[脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol, NIV)]以及玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEA)是世界上粮食安全的一个重大问题。毒素经固液萃取技术提取后, 需要通过净化处理才能进行检测与分析。目前有多种净化技术用于毒素的净化, 如免疫亲和柱、多功能净化柱等固相萃取柱等, 以及广泛使用且简便经济的QuEChERS前处理技术。本文还介绍了禾谷镰刀菌毒素中DON、ZEA的检测方法、产毒条件、毒性以及生物脱毒技术等方面的研究进展, 旨在开发与应用更安全、高效、经济的生物脱毒技术进行毒素的防御与去除, 以提供安全、优质的粮食与食品。     

Survey of breakfast and infant cereals for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2.

Three hundred and forty-nine breakfast and infant cereal samples were collected at retail level across Canada from 2002 to 2005. They included rice-, soy-, barley-based and mixed-grain infant cereals, corn-, wheat-, rice-based and mixed-grain breakfast cereals, and were analysed for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 using a modified AOAC International official method. An immunoaffinity column was used for the cleanup and purification of extracts. Determination of aflatoxins was by LC using post-column derivatization with pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide and fluorescence detection. Results indicated that 50% of both breakfast and infant cereals had detectable levels (limit of detection = 0.002 ng g-1) of aflatoxin B1, which is the most toxic of the four toxins. The levels found varied from 0.002 to 1.00 ng g-1 for aflatoxin B1, from 0.002 to 0.14 ng g-1 for aflatoxin B2, from 0.008 to 0.27 ng g-1 for aflatoxin G1, and from 0.008 to 0.048 ng g-1 for aflatoxin G2. Only 4% of the breakfast cereals and 1% of the infant cereals had aflatoxin B1 levels exceeding 0.1 ng g-1, which is the European Union maximum limit for aflatoxin B1 in baby foods and processed cereal-based foods for infants and young children.     

Cereal-based fermented foods and beverages

Cereal grains constitute a major source of dietary nutrients all over the world. Although cereals are deficient in some basic components (e.g. essential aminoacids), fermentation may be the most simple and economical way of improving their nutritional value, sensory properties, and functional qualities. This review focuses first on some of the indigenous fermented foods and beverages produced world-wide that have not received the scientific attention they deserve in the last decades. Products produced from different cereal substrates (sometimes mixed with other pulses) fermented by lactic acid bacteria, yeast and/or fungi are included. Finally, newly developed cereal-based foods with enhanced health properties will also be reviewed.     

我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品营养成分含量水平研究

了解我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品营养成分含量水平,为GB 10769-2010《食品安全国家标准 婴幼儿谷类辅助食品》标准修订提供参考。收集我国市售婴幼儿谷物辅助食品、婴幼儿高蛋白谷物辅助食品、婴幼儿生制类谷物辅助食品和婴幼儿饼干类辅助食品,对GB 10769-2010中规定的基本营养成分和可选择营养成分含量进行检测,对检测结果进行统计分析。共收集婴幼儿谷类2004份,其中婴幼儿谷物辅助食品1850份,婴幼儿高蛋白辅助食品50份,婴幼儿生制类食品51份,婴幼儿饼干53份。婴幼儿高蛋白谷物辅助食品蛋白质平均含量高于其他3类谷物辅助食品蛋白质含量,为0.88 g/100 kJ,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。婴幼儿饼干类辅助食品能量和脂肪平均含量高于其他3类谷物辅助食品能量和脂肪含量,分别为1777 kJ/100 g和0.55 g/100 kJ,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GB 10769-2010有下限值和上限值范围值的营养素,维生素A、维生素D、钙、铁、锌、维生素E、磷、碘、钾等含量平均值分别接近各自理论平均值。GB 10769-2010无上限值范围值的营养素,市售产品其含量范围的最大值是国标下限值的2.83~67.04,其含量范围的95百分位数是国标下限值的2.05~16.35。GB 10769-2010中未制定上限值的营养成分出现离群值。建议综合考虑我国市售婴幼儿谷类辅助食品营养素含量分布情况,对无上限值的营养素进行修订。     

Iron-Fortified Infant Cereals

Infants are particularly susceptible to iron deficiency and related anemia due to their high growth rates and the low iron content of breast milk and most unfortified weaning foods. Cows' milk also is poor in iron, and certain forms of cows' milk cause blood and thus iron loss from the gastrointestinal tract. Iron-fortified cereal-based complementary foods – infant cereals – are recommended to supply the iron needs of older infants. Fortified infant cereals contain much more iron than other fortified cereal products – up to ten or fifteen times as much. Highly or slightly soluble iron salts have excellent bioavailability, but affect color and reduce chemical stability, so these iron salts are not commonly used to fortify infant cereals. Insoluble sources of iron, such as the iron phosphates, were used historically to fortify infant cereals, but these sources have very poor bioavailability. Infants depending on these cereals for iron suffered from high rates of iron deficiency and anemia.

Elemental iron of small particle size, particularly electrolytic iron, currently is the generally accepted vehicle for infant cereal fortification. Iron-fortified cereal made with electrolytic iron reduces iron deficiency and related anemia in several settings but unfortunately is not fully protective in all. Ascorbic acid is a known enhancer of iron bioavailability but ascorbic acid is heat-labile and ascorbic activity declines rapidly during storage. Nonetheless, adding ascorbic acid during processing appears to improve the availability of electrolytic iron and thus the reliability of iron-fortified infant cereal as a means of preventing iron deficiency in older infants.