试论八项质量管理原则

产品质量是社会关注的焦点，是一个组织在激烈的市场竞争中寻求发展的关键，而组织采用科学的方法对产品的实现过程进行管理是确保为顾客提供满意产品的前提。八项质量管理原则是世界上一批最具权威的质量管理专家对质量管理经验的高度概括和总结，是质量管理最基本、最实用的一般性规律。 2000版 ISO9000标准已将八项质量管理原则作为了主要内容。任何一个组织在建立质量管理体系时，必须深刻理解并贯彻执行八项质量管理原则。     

试论八项质量管理原则

产品质量是社会关注的焦点，是一个组织在激烈的市场中寻求发展的关键，而组织采用科学的方法对产品的实现过程进行管理是确保为顾客提供满意产品的前提，八项质量管理原则是世界上一批最具权威的质量管理专家对质量管理经验的高度概括和总结，是质量管理最基本，最实用的一般性规律，2000版ISO9000标准已将八项质量管理原作作为主要内容，任何一个组织在建立质量管理体系时，必须深刻理解并贯彻执行八项质量管理原则。     

从GB/TI9001:1994向GB/TI9001:2000转换的两点思考

GB/T19001:2000标准是在1994版的基础上,系统总结几年来运行的经验修订而成,无论从内容到形式,都发生了较大变化,更加体现了通用、简练、协调的原则,下面就我们对新版标准学习和思考谈几点体会:1 质量管理八项原则 八项质量管理原则是GB/T19001:2000标准的精髓,现就八项原则中的几项内容说明与GB/T19001:2000标准内容的关系。1 以顾客为关注焦点 组织依存于顾客,顾客关系     

以顾客为关注焦点，提高企业在市场上的竞争力

ISO9001标准2000版质量管理体系的指导思想——八项质量管理原则，是在总结94版标准和各国质量管理实践经验的基础上，用高度概括的语言表述了最基本、最通用的一般规律。它能够指导一个组织在长时期内，通过关注顾客及其他相关方的需求和期望，达到改进其总体业绩的目的，并且成为组织策划发展战略方向及文化的一个重要组成部分。文章对八项基本原则之一，“以顾客为关注焦点”，在质量管理体系中的应用做一探讨，意在为组织贯彻实施标准提供一些思路。     

质量体系持续改进，企业永恒的目标

ISO9000标准2000版新持续改进作为八项质量管理基本原则，并提出持续改进是认证企业的一个永恒目标。对认证后的企业提出了更高和更新的要求。文章就认证后的企业，如何按2000版要求，持续改进企业质量管理体系的方法，手段，简述了个人观点和工作经验，供认证后的企业在质量体系运行管理工作中参考和借鉴。     

ISO质量管理体系在监理中的运行

山东省科源工程建设监理中心于2002年3月通过了ISO9001:2000标准的认证,经过ISO质量管理体系在监理中心一段时间的运行,收到很大的成效。 1 ISO的含义及实施ISO9001:2000标准的意义 1.1 ISO9000族标准的含义 ISO是国际标准化组织的英文缩写,ISO9000族标准是国际标准化组织在1994年提出的概念,是指“由ISO/TC 176(国际标准化组织质量管理和质量保证技术委员会)制定的所有国际标准”。     

执行2000版ISO9000族标准探讨

一、 2000版ISO9000族标准简介 2000版ISO9000族标准是ISO/TC176(国际标准化组织质量管理和质量保证技术委员会)为使1987版ISO9000族标准更加协调、适用和完善,对原标准在总体结构和技术内容上作的全新修改。其目的是:“要让全世界都接受和使用ISO9000族标准;提     

ISO/IEC17025与ISO9000族标准的区别和联系

基于对ISO／IEC17025和ISO9000族标准的认识及实践中遇到的问题，从适用的对象、采标机构、标准内容、标准的形成史几个方面分析了它们之间的区别，同时从术语通用、体系的基本要求两个角度阐述了两者之间的联系，指出ISO／IEC17025标准中贯彻了ISO9000族标准的8项质量管理原则。     

倾尽全力 打破惯势 执行ISO9001标准

IS09000标准是世界上第一套关于管理方面的标准,它是基于“顾客期望产品能有稳定的质量保证”这种需要而产生并逐步发展起来的。2000版IS09000族标准是ISO/TC176/SC2 ISO质量管理和质量保证技术委员会质量体系分委员会于2000年12月发布,我国于2001年6月1日开始实施,等同采用ISO9001:2000标准。     

土石方填筑工程施工质量控制要点分析

土石方工程施工质量控制主要是对建筑材料和压实质量进行控制。另外,现场质量控制试验及严格贯彻ISO:9061-2000全面质量管理标准也是必不可少的保证条件。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。