制革废水处理技术探讨

根据我国实际情况,总结了一套适合我国国情的制革工业废水的处理方法。对当前制革废水中最大的铬鞣废液,毁毛液、综合废液的处理方法进行了论述,利用目前最常用和实用的物化、生化处理技术,使制革废液得到有效处理,使排放废水达到国家规定标准。最突出的一点是生产过程中尽可能减少或消除污染,达到清洁生产的目的。     

浅析制革工业废水处理的技术现状

制革工业废水水量大,有机物、硫化物及铬化物含量高,污染危害性大,必须加以有效的、充分的治理。文章介绍了制革废水目前常用的一些处理工艺,包括对含铬废水和含硫废水的单项处理技术,以及传统活性污泥法、SBR法、氧化沟法、生物接触氧化法等综合处理技术。通过比较,氧化沟和SBR法在去除效率、运行稳定性和工程投资等方面均具有明显的优势,是适合我国制革废水的处理工艺。     

制革废水处理技术的对比与分析

就目前制革废水存在的问题,论述了制革废水的特点、发展与现状、危害以及处理难点,主要介绍了国内制革废水的处理工艺-传统活性污泥法、制革废水的全物化处理、氧化沟、SBR工艺和生物接触氧化法等,以及国外制革废水处理工艺-高效厌氧生物处理技术、膜分离技术和高级氧化技术。同时,对上述几种处理工艺的优缺点进行了比较分析,并对制革废水处理技术做了展望。     

国内外皮革化工材料的发展动向和发展我省皮化材料的浅见

<正>一、前言 皮革化工材料是原皮加工成革过程中不可缺少的材料,是制革工业发展的重要因素。正如轻工部制革专家所说:制革要发展,皮化要先行。这是十分中肯的。 我国猪革产量居世界首位。早在建国初期,猪皮制革便定为我国制革工业的发展方向。现在猪革产量已占全国皮革产量的80％以上;而我省所占比重高达90％。 我省是全国猪皮制革的四大基地之一,制革工业又是我省轻工业的四大支柱之一。因而,制革工业的发展对“振兴湖南经济”具有重     

制革废水的资源化处理技术

概述了我国制革工业废水现状,对制革废水资源化处理技术进行综述。认为将资源化处理技术与生产工艺紧密结合是解决制革废水污染的最佳途径。     

制革废水处理新技术

制革工业是许多发展中国家经济的主要支柱,但由于其排放的废水造成严重的环境污染,制革工业正面临着来自公众和政府的严峻挑战,为了环境的安全,对制革废水进行充分的处理势在必行。由于目前常规的处理方法并不能有效处理制革废水,详细介绍了近年来处理制革废水的新技术,其中包括新材料和新型微生物的应用,以及新型联合工艺。最后对制革废水处理工艺的发展趋势进行了展望。     

一个皮革生产工作者的希望

<正> 皮革生产与皮革化工的关系是很密切的。制革工业,祗是在了解了制革生产过程中的化学反应以及有了制革专用化工材料后,才能由原始的作坊式生产发展为目前的工业化生产。我们殷切希望皮化工业能提供更多更有效的材料,以促进制革工业迅速的发展。     

制革企业污染防治措施现状与发展方向

制革属重污染行业,在原皮生产加工过程中会产生大量的废水、固废和废气等污染物。制革废水是制革企业污染防治的重点,我国早在2006年已提出污水分流分治处理的要求,但推行效果并不理想。该文在对现阶段我国主要制革废水治理措施进行分析的基础上,分析制革企业采取废水污染防治措施有效性和存在的不足,对如何真正实现污水分流分治和生产全过程污染控制提出建议,探讨制革企业污染防治措施发展方向。     

含铬制革废弃物处理的研究现状和研究思路

含铬制革废弃物经过适当处理可以回收其中的能量、重金属铬和胶原蛋白,但目前不合理的处置造成了环境污染及资源浪费。本文简述了含铬制革废弃物的来源和处置现状,综合国内外最新的含铬制革废弃物处理的文献,系统总结了含铬制革废弃物处理方式的相关研究,将处置方式分为直接处理和间接处理两大类分别进行阐述,详细介绍了吸附剂、热解、焚烧这3种直接处理方式及氧化法、酸水解法、碱水解法、酶水解法这4种间接处理方式,分析了每种处置方式的原理、存在的优缺点和应用前景,简述了各种处置方式的主要作用以及优缺点对比。最后提出了含铬制革废弃物处置的研究思路,特别是开展含铬制革废弃物热解和焚烧过程中燃烧和污染物排放机理研究。     

一种投资少,见效快的制革污水治理方法

制革工业用水量大,废水耗氧量高、杂质多、色深、味臭,是较难处理的废水之一.目前,国内外治理制革污水一般采取分隔治理和综合治理两种方法.分隔治理即对制革不同工序的污水采取不同的单项治理方法,如对脱脂污水采取化学絮凝法、分离法、浮选法和酸提取法来提取油脂;对脱毛废水中的硫化物的治理则通常采取沉淀法、酸回收法、氧化法;对废铬液的治理目前常采用直接循环使用、碱沉淀后回收再用;综合治理是指制革不同工序的     

皮革染色性能提升的方法与技术研究进展

皮革及其制品的色彩反映了人的审美诉求，往往是人们选择皮鞋、皮衣、箱包等皮革制品的首要评价特征。因此，皮革染色是制革过程中最重要的工序之一。针对传统染色方法所暴露出的染色不均匀、耐摩擦色牢度及耐水洗色牢度差等问题，该文主要介绍了提高皮革染色性能的方法与清洁的皮革染色技术。首先简要概述了皮革染色原理，然后阐述了染色前处理、添加染色助剂和改性染料3种提高皮革染色性能的方法，同时介绍了超声波技术、微波技术、超临界CO₂技术、电化学技术、等离子体技术在皮革染色中的应用，最后对皮革染色的发展趋势进行了展望。     

制革工业关键清洁技术的研究进展

应用制革清洁技术能够从制革生产的源头削减/消除污染。COD_Cr、氨氮和总铬是制革工业的典型污染物,研发和推广应用其源头减排技术对制革工业实现清洁生产具有重要意义。本文较系统地综述了保毛脱毛技术、鞣前过程废液循环利用技术、无氨脱灰技术、无氨软化技术、高吸收铬鞣技术、铬鞣废液循环利用技术、逆转铬鞣技术和无铬鞣制技术等清洁技术的研究进展及实际应用情况。介绍了这些技术的应用方法和重要控制参数,以及这些技术对源头减少典型污染物的作用。同时,对已有清洁技术的优点和尚存在的问题进行了分析。指出进一步提高单元清洁技术的成熟度和经济实用性,加强单元清洁技术之间的工艺平衡研究,重视单元清洁技术的集成链接,是制革工业清洁技术的未来发展方向。     

国内外皮革助剂的现状及应用开发方向

主要阐述了国内外制革过程中所用的表面活性剂、光亮剂、手感剂等皮革助剂的发展情况。     

Recent Research Progress on Leather Fatliquoring Agents

In this paper, the types of the fatliquoring agents, the fatliquoring mechanism and the properties of fatliquored leather were introduced. Also, the recent research progress on leather fatliquoring agents were reviewed, and the prospects of leather fatliquoring agents were discussed.     

Synthesis and application of methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate copolymer nanoemulsions as efficient retanning and lubricating agents for chrome‐tanned leather

Two different nano‐emulsions based on methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate copolymers have been synthesized to be used as retanning and lubricating agents for chrome‐tanned leather. The main difference and characteristics of the two prepared copolymers were studied. The nano particle size of the two copolymers was confirmed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The influence of the prepared copolymers on chrome‐tanned leather as retanning agents was investigated. The properties of the retanned leather, namely, physicomechanical properties as tensile strength, elongation at break and water absorption, were measured. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) technique was used to examine the thermal stability of the retanned leather. Also, the texture of the grain surface and fibers were inspected using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The retanned leather showed an improvement in its physicomechanical properties, as well as enhancement of its thermal stability as compared with the chrome‐tanned leather. Furthermore, the retanned leather has uniform dyestuff, softness, and firmness of grain. All these promising results provide evidence to the applicability of the prepared copolymer emulsions as efficient retanning and lubricating agents for chrome‐tanned leather. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

抗菌型纳米材料在制革加工过程中的应用进展

皮革作为一种天然材料,在贮存过程中容易滋生菌落或发霉,对人体健康造成了一定的影响。近年来,抗菌型纳米材料由于具有耐热性好、稳定性高、比表面积大和反应活性高等特性在制革加工领域被广泛应用。基于此,本文首先归纳了抗菌型纳米材料的类型、特点和制备方法,随后,阐述了抗菌型纳米材料的抗菌机理,并对其作为加脂剂、鞣剂和涂饰材料等皮革化学品在制革工业中的应用进行了详细探讨;最后,就现阶段抗菌型纳米材料在制革加工过程中应用存在的问题及今后的研究方向进行了分析和展望,为推进皮革行业的新材料推广及应用提供理论及实践指导。     

聚氯乙烯人造革用抗菌防霉剂研究进展

综述了国内外聚氯乙烯(PVC)人造革用抗菌防霉剂的种类、特点及应用研究现状,同时对抗菌防霉剂及PVC人造革制品的抗菌防霉效果评价标准进行了简单介绍,并指出了PVC人造革用抗菌防霉剂的发展前景、发展趋势及发展方向。     

磷酸化技术及其在皮革加脂剂中的应用

综述了在制备磷酸酯皮革加脂剂中使用的磷酸化试剂如三氯氧磷、三氯化磷、磷酸、多聚磷酸及五氧化二磷各自的优缺点，指出P2O5是皮革工业中应用最广泛、最重要的磷酸化试剂；简述了磷酸酯的组成分析方法及其注意的问题；介绍了合成磷酸酯在皮革加脂中的研究进展，并强调为了更好地提高磷酸酯加脂剂的加脂性能，要从皮革工业对于加脂剂的多功能和绿色化的要求来对磷酸酯的分子进行设计。     

Effects of alpha‐tocopherol addition to polymeric coatings on the UV and heat resistance of a fibrous collagen material—chrome‐free leather

The US is the world's 3rd largest hide producing country and currently produces approximately 35 million cattle hides annually. The majority of hides are tanned into leather, which is composed of collagen fibers interwoven into fibrous networks. Most leather products are constantly exposed to outdoor environments, therefore UV and heat resistance are very important qualities, particularly for nonchrome‐tanned (chrome‐free) leather. In recent years, we have focused on using environmentally friendly antioxidants that will improve the UV and heat resistance of chrome‐free leather. Tocopherols are well‐known antioxidants commonly used in the cosmetic and food industries. They are known as potent free radical scavengers and highly protective agents for collagen fibers against UV damage. We have investigated their potential to improve the UV and heat resistance of chrome‐free leather. Experiments were conducted by adding 5–12% α‐tocopherol to the polymeric topcoat on the grain of chrome‐free leather. The treated samples were tested in a weatherometer, where they were exposed to artificial sunlight. Colorfastness and mechanical property tests showed that α‐tocopherol significantly improved UV and heat resistance of leather. Dynamic mechanical tests showed that α‐tocopherol reduced the hardening effects on leather caused by UV irradiation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Hide tanning with modified natural tannins

Tannin from “Acacia Mearnsii” usually called Mimosa, is largely employed in vegetal tanning of hide even if the quality of the leather is poorer than that obtained using chromium as tanning agents. However, taking into account the natural resources of this product and its reduced environmental impact, mimosa tannin has been modified to obtain leather having improved properties. Tannin was modified using formaldehyde, urea, a sulfonic acid and a sulfiting agent: The new products show a higher molecular weight than mimosa tannin but maintain a good solubility in water. Modified tannins were characterized through physicochemical and technological tests and evaluated as tanning agents. The properties of tanned leathers obtained using the new tannin products and mimosa were compared. Some of the polymers containing phenolsulfonic acid are good tannin agents, especially those with a suitable molecular weight. The technological and sensorial properties of the leather obtained using modified tannins (distension and strength of grain, tensile strength, elongation, and tear load) are better than those obtained using mimosa when an appropriate ratio of the reagents were employed. At the same time the feeling of the tanned leather was improved and the final products show fullness, elasticity, fluency, reactivity, and a thin and fine grain. Some of the tannins modified with naphtalensulfonic acid show poor tanning properties but good penetration in the leather suggesting their use as auxiliary sintans in the pretanning process. A simple procedure to prepare these modified tanning agents in the course of the tannin extraction is suggested. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008