Failure analysis of RC shear walls with staggered openings under seismic loads

Reinforced concrete shear walls are used to design buildings located in seismic areas, because of their rigidity, bearing capacity and high ductility. Until now many theoretical and experimental tests on shear walls with or without openings have been made, therefore their failure modes have been analysed and are rather very well-known; the research results being confirmed by real failure modes of RC walls after earthquakes.Design codes and standards based on the knowledge of the failure modes of the reinforced concrete walls were developed in order to obtain the ductile failure mechanisms.A special case is the failure mode of the reinforced concrete shear walls with vertical staggered openings. If at coupled walls the elements must be designed so that the plastic hinges appear at the ends of the coupled beams and then in the pier, this thing is more difficult at shear walls with staggered openings.Theoretical and experimental studies on structural walls with staggered openings, lamellar walls and walls with bulbs at the end have been made recently. There have also been studied the followings: the degradation of the stiffness, the ductility function to the intensity of the seismic force, the presence of the vertical forces, the position and the size of the openings and the reinforcing ways.The article presents the results of the theoretical and experimental tests on failure modes of three types of reinforced concrete shear walls with staggered openings which are compared to those obtained from walls with vertical ordered openings as far as the seismic response is concerned.The failure modes of the structural walls under seismic stress have been identified using calculus programs and cyclic alternated experimental tests.The theoretical research on the failure modes was the basis for the elaboration of a simplified methodology for the calculus of the maximum theoretical seismic force that produces the concrete crushing in the ultimate limit stage. The results theoretically obtained with the help of the calculus programs have been confirmed experimentally. The analysis of the failure modes, obtained with the computing methodology proposed, contributed to the completion of the seismic design codes for shear walls with staggered openings.     

内爆作用下不同类型填充墙对RC框架结构的影响

为了研究内爆作用下不同类型填充墙对RC框架结构的影响,减轻RC框架结构在爆炸荷载作用下的破坏程度,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对已有的RC框架结构、碳纤维布加固砌块填充墙爆炸试验进行数值模拟。通过模拟结果和试验结果的对比分析,验证了采用的数值模拟方法及参数设置是合理和适用的。在此基础上,通过数值模拟研究2层L型RC框架结构在相同内爆条件下,分别设置普通混凝土砌块填充墙、碳纤维布加固砌块填充墙、加固泄爆组合填充墙时构件的损坏程度。研究结果表明:在相同内爆作用下,设置不同类型填充墙的RC框架结构的破坏程度和破坏形态有明显差异,填充墙体对内爆作用下RC框架结构的影响不容忽视;全面采用碳纤维布加固砌块填充墙虽可减少爆炸引起的墙体碎片飞溅,但会使内爆作用下的RC框架结构产生较为严重的破坏,顾此失彼;与其他两种填充墙相比,采用加固泄爆组合填充墙可以有效减轻内爆作用下RC框架结构的破坏程度,减少爆炸引起的墙体碎片飞溅。     

Identification of seismic failure modes of URM infilled RC frame buildings

Reinforced Concrete (RC) framed buildings with Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM) infills are the most popular structural systems for multistory buildings in many parts of the world. These buildings have shown poor performance during past earthquakes and suffered severe damage or collapse, even under moderate earthquakes. It is a general practice to ignore the infills in design, as their interaction with frame results in complex modes of failure, rendering their simulation a challenging task. Despite significant research effort dedicated to such buildings, the understanding of seismic behavior of infilled frames is still not adequate and guidelines for their modeling and analysis are lacking in the design codes. This paper takes a stock of available earthquake damage survey reports, experimental studies, analytical models and design codes to identify various failure modes of such buildings. The paper also presents a review of available models for estimating the strength of infills and frame members in various failure modes. Based on the review, an analytical study has been carried out to identify the governing failure modes of infills and frame members with an objective to develop guidelines for simulation of seismic behavior of infilled frames.     

Lateral stiffness and vibration characteristics of composite plated RC shear walls with variable fibres spacing

In this paper, a finite element model for static and free vibration analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls structures strengthened with thin composite plates having variable fibres spacing is presented. An efficient analysis method that can be used regardless to the sizes and location of the bonded plates is proposed in this study. In the numerical formulation, the adherents and the adhesives are all modelled as shear wall elements, using the mixed finite element method. Several test problems are examined to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method. Numerical results are obtained for six nonuniform distributions of E-glass, graphite and boron fibres in epoxy matrices. The fibre redistributions of the bonded plates are seen to increase the frequencies modes and reduce substantially the lateral displacements.     

Retrofit of RC hollow piers with CFRP sheets

Hollow bridge piers, particularly those built before the seventies, often have insufficient shear capacity due to inadequate transverse reinforcement details. Therefore, special attention must be given to this very important aspect when reinforced concrete (RC) piers with hollow sections are analysed and retrofitted. This paper covers the experimental analysis of retrofit solutions using CFRP sheets along the piers’ entire height to prevent shear failure. Experimental cyclic tests were carried out to evaluate the shear retrofit strategy efficiency on a set of RC piers with square hollow sections. This work also covers the study of design procedures for CFRP shear retrofitting and the evaluation of the associated ductility capacity improvement. The various transverse reinforcement detailing scenarios were assessed to determine their shear-failure prevention efficiency. The corresponding cyclic response behavior was also evaluated. The most relevant experimental information is presented in the paper, such as the evolution of the outer damage pattern. Finally, shear retrofit solutions, with a 40% increase over the maximum flexural force, show that this strategy is adequate to allow satisfactory ductility behavior.     

Seismic evaluation of FRP strengthened RC buildings subjected to near-fault ground motions having fling step

Recordings from recent earthquakes have provided evidence that ground motions in the near field of a rupturing fault differ from ordinary ground motions, as they can contain a large energy, or “directivity” pulse. This pulse can cause considerable damage during an earthquake, especially to structures with natural periods close to those of the pulse. Failures of modern engineered structures observed within the near-fault region in recent earthquakes have revealed the vulnerability of existing RC buildings against pulse-type ground motions. This may be due to the fact that these modern structures had been designed primarily using the design spectra of available standards, which have been developed using stochastic processes with relatively long duration that characterizes more distant ground motions. Many recently designed and constructed buildings may therefore require strengthening in order to perform well when subjected to near-fault ground motions. Fiber Reinforced Polymers are considered to be a viable alternative, due to their relatively easy and quick installation, low life cycle costs and zero maintenance requirements. This paper presents the results of a study of the response of typical existing RC buildings to near-fault ground motions and the potential improvements achievable after FRP retrofitting of the buildings. Results demonstrate the successful implementation of FRP with an improvement in stiffness, strength and lateral displacement capacity of the rehabilitated structure. It is demonstrated that strengthening with FRP is very effective in reducing drift demands for structures for a wide range of natural periods.     

Inverse reliability-based design of shear buildings supported by springs with stochastic stiffnesses

A straightforward and efficient stiffness design method is developed for a shear building supported by a pair of swaying and rocking springs with stiffnesses given as statistically independent normal variates. The story stiffnesses are determined with the use of the closed form stiffness solution for specified fundamental frequency and translational eigenmode so that the probability of the seismic mean maximum interstory drifts not exceeding prescribed values would coincide with the specified value. The proposed method consists of two steps: (1) find the stiffnesses of swaying and rocking springs that can achieve the constrained nonexceedance probability by derived approximate formulas; (2) determine the story stiffnesses of the shear building so that the mean maximum interstory drifts would coincide with the prescribed values. The validity and good accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated by use of Monte Carlo simulation.     

方钢管混凝土框架-薄钢板剪力墙边框柱刚度研究

为研究大跨高比的对角槽钢加劲钢板墙结构,该文对3个1/3缩尺的钢板剪力墙试件进行了拟静力试验研究,包括一个拼接式钢板剪力墙和2个拼接式-对角槽钢加劲钢板剪力墙。试验结果表明钢板剪力墙有良好的耗能能力,对角加劲钢板墙滞回曲线饱满呈梭形。槽钢的两个翼缘与钢板连接,形成具有更大抗扭刚度闭口截面,在加载过程中避免了加劲肋的扭转而导致加劲效果降低。对角布置的槽钢加劲肋具有较大的抗弯刚度,在弹性阶段提高钢板的弹性屈曲荷载,限制钢板平面外变形;在弹塑性阶段能起到增大拉力带的作用,提高结构承载力。推导了框架柱的剪力、轴力和弯矩计算公式,结果表明对角槽钢加劲形式对边缘构件的附加轴力和剪力作用较大,因此在设计时应考虑加劲肋的支撑作用。     

水平拼缝部位增强叠合板式剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

近年来,装配式剪力墙在实际工程中得以广泛应用。在其施工过程中,水平向相邻的两块预制墙板通常通过预留的后浇带装配在一起。该方法仍然需要大量的现场浇筑作业。因此,干式连接成为了进一步提高装配式结构施工效率和抗震性能的优化方案之一。该文针对一种新型装配式干式连接剪力墙的数值模拟及其设计方法开展了研究。建立了单层装配式干式连接剪力墙的有限元模型,并对其模拟了与前序拟静力试验相同的加载方案。模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,从而验证了模型的有效性。基于以上建模方法,建立了2个具有不同参数的10层干式连接剪力墙的有限元模型,开展了Pushover分析,优化了干式连接件在高层结构中的设计。根据数值分析结果,提出了装配式干式连接剪力墙在高层建筑结构中基于振型的设计公式。     

外粘AFRP布加固RC梁耐冲击性能试验研究

设计了8根钢筋混凝土试验梁,其中2根未加固,6根在梁体受拉面采用不同类型的AFRP布进行外粘加固。然后采用重锤冲击加载试验,重点研究每种试验梁在不同冲击高度下的耐冲击性能。试验结果表明,经过外粘AFRP布加固后,混凝土梁体的挠度变形及塑性变形得到有效抑制,同时这种加固措施还可以延缓梁体裂纹开裂,减轻重锤冲击加载对梁体造成的冲击损伤。另外,AFRP布类型、冲击高度在一定程度上决定着梁体的损伤形态。由此表明,外粘AFRP布加固法能有效提高混凝土梁的耐冲击性,且AFRP布类型与梁体的耐冲击性能直接相关。     

高延性混凝土加固高轴压比剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

为提高高轴压比下(低矮)剪力墙的抗震性能,提出采用高延性混凝土(HDC)面层对其加固。设计了3片剪跨比为1.1的混凝土剪力墙,其中1片为对比试件,其余2片分别采用HDC面层和钢筋网HDC面层进行加固。通过拟静力试验,研究剪力墙试件的破坏形态、变形能力、耗能能力及刚度退化特性。试验结果表明:采用HDC面层加固的剪力墙试件,加固层裂而不坏,与内部墙体协同工作性能良好,可对内部混凝土形成一定的约束作用,改善了剪力墙的脆性剪切破坏特征;HDC面层能有效提高剪力墙的受剪承载力、变形能力和耗能能力;在HDC面层中配置钢筋网片使加固面层斜裂缝开展延缓,可充分发挥HDC良好的拉伸性能和耐损伤性能,使加固试件在破坏阶段的刚度退化缓慢。基于软化桁架模型,考虑HDC加固层贡献,提出了加固试件的受剪承载力公式。     

Behavior and performance of RC T-section deep beams externally strengthened in shear with CFRP sheets

A series of experimental tests were carried out to investigate the behavior and performance of reinforced concrete (RC) T-section deep beams strengthened in shear with CFRP sheets. Key variables evaluated in this study were strengthening length, fiber direction combination of CFRP sheets, and an anchorage using U-wrapped CFRP sheets. A total of 14 RC T-section deep beams were designed to be deficient in shear with a shear span-to-effective depth ratio (a/d) of 1.22. Crack patterns and behavior of the tested deep beams were observed during four-point loading tests. Except the CS-FL-HP specimen, almost all strengthened deep beams showed a shear–compression failure due to partial delamination of the CFRP sheets. From the load–displacement (p–u) curves, the effects of key variables on the shear performance of the strengthened deep beams were addressed. It was concluded from the test results that the key variables of strengthening length, fiber direction combination, and anchorage have significant influence on the shear performance of strengthened deep beams. In addition, a series of comparative studies between the present experimental data and theoretical results in accordance with the commonly applied design codes were made to evaluate the shear strength of a control beam and deep beams strengthened with CFRP sheets.     

Artificial intelligence techniques for prediction of the capacity of RC beams strengthened in shear with external FRP reinforcement

The prediction of the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams retrofitted in shear by means of externally bonded FRP is very complex as demonstrate the studies carried out up to date. As alternative to the conventional methods two approaches based on artificial intelligence are proposed for the first time. Firstly, the use of neural networks as a means of predicting shear capacity without the need of using complex models and, secondly, the use of genetic algorithms as a means of determining suitably how the shear mechanism works. Predictions obtained with both approaches are compared to experimental values.     

Shear behavior of reinforced concrete basement walls with consecutive convexo-concave-shaped bars as shear reinforcement

ABSTRACT

This study examined the significance and shortcomings of the consecutive convexo-concave shaped shear reinforcement (CCSR) developed as an alternative for transverse crossties in basement walls. Three wall specimens prepared under a full scale were tested under constant axial load and out-of-plane lateral load. In the tests, the CCSR was classified into two types including S-type for the S-curve bending and B-type for approximately 90° bending. To investigate the shear transfer capacity of the CCSR, a mechanism model was driven on the basis of the upper-bound theorem of concrete plasticity. Test results revealed that the CCSR is more favorable to restrict the opening of the inclined cracks and enhancing the shear capacity of the basement wall when compared with the conventional crossties. Wall S (with S-type of CCSR) and Wall B (with B-type of CCSR) possessed 1.21 times and 1.12 times higher shear capacity, respectively, than wall C (with the conventional crossties). The wall S exhibited least rapid descending branch after the peak load, maintaining 80% of the peak load until the wall drift ratio reached 5.4%. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-14 equations extremely underestimate the shear capacity of the basement wall, whereas the predictions obtained from the proposed mechanical model are in better agreement with the test results.     

水平接缝连接方式对双面叠合剪力墙抗震性能影响的试验研究

通过对4片采用不同水平接缝连接方式的双面叠合剪力墙和1片全现浇剪力墙试件进行拟静力抗震试验,对比研究了墙体的破坏形态、滞回性能、承载力、位移延性、耗能能力和刚度退化特征。试验结果表明:各双面叠合剪力墙试件的极限破坏形态与现浇剪力墙试件基本相同;部分叠合剪力墙试件的抗震指标与现浇剪力墙对比试件相近,具有较好的抗震性能;水平接缝采用竖向连接钢筋搭接连接与采用竖向连接钢筋约束搭接连接方式的双面叠合剪力墙试件的承载能力更接近于现浇剪力墙试件;采用相同竖向钢筋连接方式的双面叠合剪力墙试件,钢筋搭接区带约束螺旋筋的试件比不带螺旋筋试件的极限变形能力强,但承载力相差不大;采用竖向连接钢筋连接方式且钢筋搭接长度大于等于1.2laE的双面叠合剪力墙试件的抗震性能满足现行相关规范的要求。     

A study on comparative analysis of SUVs before and after correction with use of recovery coefficient (RC) in partial volume effect (PVE)

This study calculated the recovery coefficient (RC) to correct for the partial volume effect (PVE) of a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanner by conducting a phantom experiment and analysing the standardised uptake value (SUVs) before and after the correction by applying the calculated RC to the data of a real PET/CT scan. An American College of Radiology (ACR) phantom was used to dilute 20·72 MBq (0·56 mCi) fluorine-18 fluoro-deoxy-glucgose (¹⁸F-FDG) uniformly in 1000 ml distilled water, which was injected into a hot cylinder (2·5, 1·6, 1·2 and 0·8 cm in diameter). In addition, ¹⁸F-FDG in 33·30 MBq (0·90 mCi), 22·20 MBq (0·60 mCi) and 16·65 MBq (0·45 mCi) was diluted uniformly in 6440 ml distilled water, which was filled with background radioactivity. Subsequently, the experiment was conducted three times under a hot cylinder to background radioactivity ratio (H/B ratio) of 4∶1, 6∶1 and 8∶1. The equipment of Biograph Truepoint 40 was used to conduct a phantom experiment and scan patients based on the whole body protocol. This research purposed 30 patients who visited this hospital to undergo a PET/CT scan from July to August 2011 and were diagnosed with lung cancer. The RC calculated based on the study results was used to compare and analyse the SUVs before and after the PVE correction. When the H/B ratio was 4∶1, the RC was 0·75, 0·72, 0·40 and 0·27 at a hot cylinder diameter of 2·5, 1·6, 1·2 and 0·8 cm, respectively. When the H/B ratio was 6∶1, the respective RC was 0·74, 0·59, 0·55 and 0·43. The respective RC at an H/B ratio of 8∶1 was 0·77, 0·76, 0·58 and 0·42. Overall, the RC decreased with decreasing size of the hot spot region. Among the patients diagnosed with lung cancer, 30 patients were selected randomly for sampling to compare and analyse the maximum SUVs before and after the correction. The average SUVs before and after the correction were 7·83 and 10·31.     

Lessons learned from the testing of RC frames with masonry infills and proposals for new solutions / Untersuchungen an mit Mauerwerk ausgefachten Stahlbetonrahmen und neue Lösungsvorschläge

Past experience has shown that inadequate design of unreinforced masonry walls (URM) or inadequate selection of materials can lead to significant economic losses and fatalities in the case of a strong earthquake. In this context, this paper presents the experimental research that has been carried out with the aim of gaining a better insight into the traditional masonry infill walls commonly built in Portugal. The experimental research includes: (1) shaking table tests on reduced‐scale reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with masonry infills with distinct typologies, from traditional solutions to those with enhanced properties and solutions to improve the seismic behaviour; (2) in‐plane static cyclic tests on a representative one‐storey, one‐bay RC frame with masonry infills with distinct typologies but similar to the ones tested in the RC building models. It was concluded that the typology of masonry walls influences the global behaviour of RC buildings, particularly when there is no connection between masonry infill and RC frame. An appropriate design is necessary to prevent an unforeseen failure mechanism due to shear stresses in the RC columns induced by the infill. The in‐plane cyclic tests showed that render plays a central role in the lateral strength and stiffness. Additionally, it was observed that bed joint reinforcement and reinforced render are important measures for controlling damage but do not significantly influence the in‐plane lateral strength and stiffness.