滚装船和滑动载荷组成的浮基系统的非线性横摇

波浪和内部重载荷滑动共同作用,使滚装船的横摇加剧.这是许多滚装船发生倾覆的重要原因之一.对由滚装船和滑动重载荷组成的浮基系统,取滚装船的横摇角和重载荷在甲板上的横向位移为此系统的两个自由度.考虑非线性恢复力矩和非线性阻尼力矩的影响,运用多体系统动力学方法,建立了浮基系统的动力学方程.以某型海峡滚装渡轮为例,对在若干重载荷同步滑动和波浪共同作用下的滚装船非线性横摇响应和重载荷位移响应进行了数值计算,并与线性响应进行了比较,从而得出了考虑非线性时横摇角显著偏大的结论.     

Analysis of fracture and cracks of oldham’s couplings used in anchor hoisting. Case study

The usual failure of an anchor hoisting assembly was investigated. The anchor ensures stability in cases of ship mooring in a harbor, anchorage or bay and provides adequate safety combined with convenient and easy handling. For the anchor hoisting a hydraulic motor is used consisting of a main two-speed crankshaft, the oldham’s coupling and a valve spool. The oldham’s coupling of a specific oil-tanker frequently fails during the anchor descent and blocks the whole hoisting system. Three pieces used to the same anchor were examined. Two of them exhibited total fracture while the third one had been plastically deformed. The study involved chemical analysis, hardness measurements and in-depth examination of microstructures and fracture morphologies of specimens derived from the failed parts. The paper presents conclusions related to the fracture mechanism and the type of fractures respectively. It was found that poor design and wrong material selection were the main causes of failure.     

深水锚泊线串联浮筒系统的动力特性分析

在时域范围内建立深水锚泊线串联浮筒系统的动力分析模型,考虑锚泊线和海床之间的接触作用,基于Morison公式计算锚泊线的惯性力和拖曳力荷载,并利用单根锚泊线由于上部浮体运动而吸收的能量来计算锚泊阻尼。分析串联浮筒系统对锚泊线张力和阻尼的影响特征,进而对串联浮筒的大小和所处位置进行参数敏感性分析。该结果对深水浮式平台锚泊系统设计中如何有效地减小锚泊张力具有实际意义。     

单锚腿系泊系统参数化设计的研究

对单锚腿系泊系统的构成进行了分析,根据系统中零部件的结构尺寸作了约束的定义,并据此对系统中零部件作了约束分析,简化了系统参数化设计的复杂性,使得系统结构的约束分析条理清晰;在约束的定义和分析后,对系统的各零部件进行了关联分析,确定了建模顺序,在SolidWorks平台上开发出单锚腿系泊的参数化设计系统.     

Fracture mechanics in fatigue calculations as the assistance in structural design. Case study

A case study originated from a request to perform fatigue calculations on a partial penetration weld in a steel casting on a new heavy lift ship. The ship has a special lifting system for lifting and transporting topsides of offshore oil/gas platforms. There are many sizes of offshore platforms so the lift system is designed to move along the vessel on rails, which are part of the main deck of the ship hull. The loads passing into the rails during lift operations are large, and massive steel castings of complex shapes are used to distribute these loads into the hull. The castings are very thick so it is difficult to achieve full penetration welds, and therefore the initial design proposed partial penetration welds. In order to decide if the partial penetration welds were adequate, a fatigue assessment was carried out using a fracture mechanics approach based on BS7910. Different possibilities of the bevelling of castings edges in preparation for welding were considered in the stress analysis and in the crack growth estimations. In the areas of the ship hull which experienced high dynamic stress ranges none of the different possibilities showed acceptable fatigue life, and would demand re-design. The stress intensity factors obtained through the extensive finite element analysis were compared with the analytical solutions available in literature. Both results showed good correspondence.     

防风单点系泊系统试验研究

通过对特定船舶的系泊物理模型试验,研究了浮筒式防风单点系泊系统在风、浪、流单独作用和组合作用下的运动规律和动力响应,并进一步研究了环境因素(强风、浪、流)大小、系泊线长度和刚度等因素对系统运动和动力的影响.研究发现了风、浪、流联合作用存在明显的耦合效应,并探讨了减小防风系泊力的措施,为防风单点系泊系统的研究和应用提供了...     

强桁材结构在面内冲压载荷作用下的损伤变形机理研究

在遭遇碰撞搁浅事故时,船体强桁材结构常常会受到面内载荷的作用发生损伤变形。该文以强桁材结构为研究对象,通过开展准静态冲压试验及相应的数值仿真,分析强桁材结构在面内冲压载荷作用下的变形机理,并基于试验与仿真所观察到的结构变形新特点,提出强桁材面内受压时的变形模式。以此为基础,运用塑性力学理论,推导出结构变形能、瞬时结构变形抗力及平均结构变形抗力的解析计算公式,并将计算结果与试验结果进行比较验证。研究得到的结构面内受压变形能和抗力解析计算公式,可以快速评估事故载荷下结构的响应情况,对船体耐撞结构设计及抗撞性能评估具有一定的指导意义。     

船舶结构极限强度分析的理想结构单元法

基于理想结构单元法的基本思想,用加筋板单元模拟拉伸/压缩载荷作用下船体的屈曲/塑性破坏行为,并将其应用于船舶结构极限强度的计算,建立了一种面向船舶结构设计的新的极限强度计算方法,为船舶结构设计载荷的确定和安全性评估提供了一种快速可靠的方法。     

深水悬链锚泊线阻尼计算

深水悬链锚泊线的阻尼主要包括流体动力阻尼、内阻尼和海床摩擦阻尼。除内阻尼由材料特性决定以外,流体动力阻尼和海床摩擦阻尼受上部浮体运动的影响比较显著。利用单根锚泊线由于上部浮体运动而吸收的能量来计算锚泊阻尼。锚泊线和海床之间的接触作用基于刚性海床假定,利用Morrison公式计算锚泊线的惯性力和拖曳力荷载。用有限元方法进行非线性时域动力分析,计算在不同流速分布条件下,上部浮体分别发生慢漂运动和波频运动时的锚泊线动力响应,比较不同工况下锚泊线的最大张力和流体动力阻尼。考虑锚泊线与海床之间的接触摩擦,比较不同摩擦系数时锚泊线的最大张力,并对摩擦阻尼进行计算。     

考虑系缆拉伸-弯曲-扭转变形的浮式风力机动力响应研究

考虑系泊系统拉伸-弯曲-扭转变形产生的非线性系泊力,研究海上浮式风力机系统的动力响应。考虑系缆非线性几何变形,建立系泊系统拉伸-弯曲-扭转变形的动力学分析模型。建模过程中,采用了四元数方法进行局部坐标系与全局坐标系之间的旋转,避免了旋转过程中奇点的产生。综合考虑系缆非线性系泊力、水动力、空气动力及风力机结构系统,建立了系统动力学分析模型,开发了考虑系泊系统非线性系泊力的系统动力响应计算程序。针对OC3 Hywind Spar型5 MW浮式风力机,分析额定作业海况与极限海况下风力机系统的动力响应,并将结果与系泊系统采用准静态悬链线方法的模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明,考虑拉伸-弯曲-扭转变形效应后,系泊缆张力的波频响应被放大,同时还出现了多个高频峰值,将对系泊缆的疲劳寿命计算产生影响。     

Fatigue of asphaltic dike revetments under wave loading: validation and improved modelling

In the Netherlands, 600 km of the sea dikes are protected by an asphaltic revetment that has to resist considerable wave loads with a significant wave height of up to 4.5 m. The subsoil is normally sandy, and the asphalt layer acts as a protection against erosion. The asphalt layer can fail as a result of fatigue due to repeated loading under storm conditions. In case of very high wave loads, the asphalt can fail after a few large waves. Ageing of the asphalt has a large effect on the resistance against fatigue. Therefore, periodic monitoring is prescribed by law. This monitoring consists of: falling weight deflection measurements, lab testing, radar measurements, visual inspection and calculations with the software program ‘Wave impact’ (‘Golfklap’) in order to determine the strength under storm conditions. The subsoil bearing capacity determines how the asphaltic revetment deforms under wave loading. It is still unsure how the soil will behave and failure mechanisms may occur that are different from fatigue due to elastic bending, the latter being part of the current approach. A first step to validation consisted of finite element modelling that was compared with experiments on medium scale (scale 1:4). In these experiments, the wave attack was simulated by a mechanical system that was placed on a 5 cm thick asphalt plate on a sand layer. The deflection of the asphalt was measured. Crack development was detected by means of strain gauges. It was found that – as a first approximation and excluding extreme wave loads – the fatigue behaviour of aged asphalt on a typical sandy base under wave attack can be described with a combination of a relatively simple elastic–plastic response to wave loads and a special fatigue line that takes into account the flexural strength of the aged asphalt.     

Designing polymer matrix composite panels for structural integrity in fire

This paper discusses the compressive load bearing capability of polymer matrix composite panels in fire, a combined thermal and mechanical loading condition. An example of such combined loading condition is that of panels in ship structures under transverse thermal gradients caused by fire. Investigation is focused on failure modes under transverse thermal gradients and compressive mechanical loads, i.e. buckling, deflection induced by the shift of the neutral axis, thermal distortion without mechanical loads. Thermal field and mechanical fields for these failure modes are presented and discussed in details for the purposes of design considerations. Design diagrams are constructed to design mechanical loads for given fire protection time, and on the opposite, to design fire protection time for given mechanical loads. Unlike panels made by the conventional ship building material steel, the design diagrams for the temperature dependent materials with transverse thermal gradients consist of multiple failure mechanisms.     

Failure assessment of a leaf spring eye design under various load cases

This paper analyzes the capability of various leaf spring eye designs to prevent failure under braking, cornering, and pothole striking loading conditions. A leaf spring is a vital suspension component of heavy trucks, such that the failure of leaf spring eyes could cause fatal accidents. However, the current design of leaf spring support eyes is solely estimated based on the maximum vertical loads exerted on the leaf spring. The actual torsion or shear loads exerted by the ground to the leaf spring eye extremely high, but the experimental proving ground methods are too expensive to perform load analysis. In this analysis, the forces exerted on the spring eye are simulated under extreme load cases, such as braking, cornering, and pothole striking. The magnitudes of the different loadings were extracted from a multibody dynamics model and were used as the load inputs to the finite element explicit simulation. The principal surface stresses of four different spring eye designs were obtained and compared to the material yield and the ultimate tensile strengths to evaluate the sustainability of the spring eye during extreme load cases. Results show that a minimum thickness of 17 mm is sufficient for the leaf spring eye design to prevent failure under extreme torsional loadings. This research provides insightful analysis of leaf springs to prevent the occurrence of failure during engineering design.     

失效测点影响下极地船舶结构冰载荷的有效识别方法

冰载荷是极地船舶在冰区航行时受到的一种极端环境载荷,而对船体结构的现场监测是研究冰载荷的重要途径。一般通过在船体结构上安装应变传感器直接测量冰载荷引起的应变响应;采用影响系数矩阵法根据应变响应反演识别冰载荷。然而当应变传感器无法正常工作时,识别结果的准确性将难以得到保障。通过对典型极地船舶舷侧板架结构的有限元分析,研究了测点失效对识别结果的影响。基于对“天恩号”多用途冰级船实测应变数据以及典型极地船舶舷侧板架结构有限元应变数据的深入分析,确定了测点应变的空间分布规律,并进一步提出了失效测点影响下基于最小二乘拟合的冰载荷识别方法。在此基础上,较为准确地识别出7种典型工况下的冰载荷,大幅降低了识别误差,最终验证了该方法的有效性。     

灾害荷载下结构体系失效模式的相关性及可靠度计算

本文通过引入荷载粗糙度指标,根据有关统计参数讨论了灾害荷载的特性,研究了灾害荷载下结构体系失效模式的相关性及可靠度的近似计算方法,得到了以下结论：灾害荷载下结构体系的失效模式近似完全相关,结构体系可靠度由结构的最弱失效模式决定。     

Effect of a large asymmetrical wheel burden on flexural response and failure of railway concrete sleepers in track systems

In many railway networks, the dynamic loads on the track can be detected and they are highly diverse. In most cases, the dynamic wheel load could be treated as a quasi-static load whereas it is later employed in flexural response and failure analysis of railway structures, according to the current design standard: AS1085. This paper presents the effect of a large asymmetrical wheel load on the flexural response and failure criteria of the concrete sleepers in railway track systems. The finite element model updating of the concrete sleeper was earlier established and verified against experimental dynamic characteristics by the authors. Using a finite element package STRAND7, the nonlinear finite element model is capable of simulating the tensionless ballast support whereas the supporting boundary condition provides resistance to only compression. The numerical investigations are carried out to provide guiding criteria to railway track engineers for crack and failure analysis of the railway concrete sleeper subjected to a large quasi-static asymmetrical wheel burden. The normalized quasi-static responses are demonstrated in order to illustrate the critical effect of the large wheel unbalance on the flexural responses of the concrete sleeper in railway track system.     

Parametric study to identify the cause of high torsional vibration of the propulsion shaft in the ship

Since torsional vibration can lead to fatigue failure of the propulsion shaft in a ship, it should be restricted from the first step of the design through calculation and verified at the sea trial test step through measurement. Considering that the torsional vibration of the shaft is a system characteristic, it is strongly related to the vibration modes at the natural frequencies of the shaft. Therefore, the actual torsional vibration problem can occur due to the variation of parameters such as those of the vibration system, including mass of inertia, damping, and stiffness, which differ from the design.In this research, the root cause analysis of the high torsional vibration which occurred in the actual ship is described through a parametric study performed using numerical analysis. Parameters that can increase the torsional vibration of the propulsion shaft are selected, including coupling stiffness, shaft stiffness, coupling damping, and shaft damping. Through the torsional vibration calculations with variations of these parameters, the extent of the effect of these parameters on the torsional vibration of the propulsion shaft is investigated and the cause of the increased torsional vibration is identified.     

Global design and analysis of deep sea FRP composite risers under combined environmental loads

The use of composite materials in offshore engineering for deep sea oil production riser systems has drawn considerable interest due to the potential weight savings and improvement in durability that can be achieved. The design of composite risers consists of two stages: (1) local design based on critical local load cases (LCs) to obtain the geometric configuration of the riser which will be analysed in the global design stage, and (2) global analysis of the full length composite riser under global loads including top tension force, platform motion, hydrostatic pressure, gravity, buoyancy, wave and current loads to determine and assess critical locations. This study describes the methodology, LCs, analysis procedure and results of the global design of the composite riser based on the geometries of the tubular optimised in the local design stage. The results show that a careful local design of the tubular using inclined reinforcements in addition to axial and hoop reinforcements can offer substantial weight savings and at the same time ensure that the structure is capable of withstanding the global loads applied on it.     

Reliability evaluation of the power supply of an electrical power net for safety-relevant applications

In this paper, we introduce a methodology for the dependability analysis of new automotive safety-relevant systems. With the introduction of safety-relevant electronic systems in cars, it is necessary to carry out a thorough dependability analysis of those systems to fully understand and quantify the failure mechanisms in order to improve the design. Several system level FMEAs are used to identify the different failure modes of the system and, a Markov model is constructed to quantify their probability of occurrence. A new power net architecture with application to new safety-relevant automotive systems, such as Steer-by-Wire or Brake-by-Wire, is used as a case study. For these safety-relevant loads, loss of electric power supply means loss of control of the vehicle. It is, therefore, necessary and critical to develop a highly dependable power net to ensure power to these loads under all circumstances.     

船体结构极限海况下逐次崩溃行为研究

研究船体结构在极限海况下所遭受的载荷以及相应的结构逐次崩溃行为对于确保在航船舶的安全或是设计出合理安全可靠的船舶结构,具有重要的意义。在该文的研究中,首先用基于势流理论的三维奇点分布法进行作用于船体的载荷和船体运动的计算;将得到的随时间变化的载荷施加到整船结构模型上;然后运用MSC.Marc软件,考虑几何非线性和材料非线性,进行结构逐次崩溃分析,可得到结构的极限承载能力。在明确作用于船体的外力和结构的耐力以后,即可进行船体结构安全性评估;可通过加大崩溃区域的板厚或加强筋尺寸的方式来提高结构的承载能力,增加船体结构的安全度。