On the use of calibration sensors in source localization using TDOA and FDOA measurements

The accuracy of a source location estimate is very sensitive to the presence of the random noise in the known sensor positions. This paper investigates the use of calibration sensors, each of which is capable of broadcasting calibration signals to other sensors as well as receiving the signals from the source and other calibration sensors, to reduce the loss in the source localization accuracy due to uncertainties in sensor positions. We begin the study with deriving the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) for source localization using time difference of arrival (TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurements when a single calibration sensor is available. The obtained CRLB result is then extended to the more general case with multiple calibration sensors. The performance improvement due to the use of calibration sensors is established analytically. We then propose a closed-form algorithm that can explore efficiently the calibration sensors to improve the source localization accuracy when the sensor positions are subject to random errors. We prove analytically that the newly developed localization method attains the CRLB accuracy under some mild approximations. Simulations verify the theoretical developments.     

Iterative constrained weighted least squares estimator for TDOA and FDOA positioning of multiple disjoint sources in the presence of sensor position and velocity uncertainties

Sensor position and velocity uncertainties are known to be able to degrade the source localization accuracy significantly. This paper focuses on the problem of locating multiple disjoint sources using time differences of arrival (TDOAs) and frequency differences of arrival (FDOAs) in the presence of sensor position and velocity errors. First, the explicit Cramér–Rao bound (CRB) expression for joint estimation of source and sensor positions and velocities is derived under the Gaussian noise assumption. Subsequently, we compare the localization accuracy when multiple-source positions and velocities are determined jointly and individually based on the obtained CRB results. The performance gain resulted from multiple-target cooperative positioning is also quantified using the orthogonal projection matrix. Next, the paper proposes a new estimator that formulates the localization problem as a quadratic programming with some indefinite quadratic equality constraints. Due to the non-convex nature of the optimization problem, an iterative constrained weighted least squares (ICWLS) method is developed based on matrix QR decomposition, which can be achieved through some simple and efficient numerical algorithms. The newly proposed iterative method uses a set of linear equality constraints instead of the quadratic constraints to produce a closed-form solution in each iteration. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the proposed method, if converges, can provide the optimal solution of the formulated non-convex minimization problem. Moreover, its estimation mean-square-error (MSE) is able to reach the corresponding CRB under moderate noise level. Simulations are included to corroborate and support the theoretical development in this paper.     

Energy-efficient cognitive access approach to convergence communications

This article studies the cognitive access in convergence communications.Convergence communications provide upper-layer applications with uniform communication service,converging different lower-layer networks into a uniform access pattern such as all-IP communications.As an import access in convergence communications,the cognitive access provides users with a flexible and dynamic access to networks.In this article,we do not only take into account the spectrum usage of convergence communication networks,but also consider theirs energy efficiency.An energy-efficient access algorithm is proposed to improve network performance and efficiency.Different from the existing cognitive access,we regard energy efficiency as the optimal objective to turn the energy-efficient cognitive access into an optimal problem.The collision avoidance and sleeping mechanisms are used to reduce energy consumption and raise network throughput.The utility function is proposed to maximize networks’energy efficiency and then achieve the energy-efficient cognitive access.Simulation results show that the proposed approach is effective and feasible,which can significantly improve networks’energy efficiency.     

时间偏移下的多源目标精确定位方法

采用到达时间( TOA)测距实现源目标定位的方法比较简单,因此在无线传感器网络定位领域得到了广泛的应用。将TOA定位模型转化为线性优化问题,提出了一种存在时间偏移下的多源目标精确定位方法。该方法将定位计算过程分成两步,包括多源目标位置初始值估计和优化计算过程。两步计算方法将定位结果用代数解表示,避免了数值计算过程中的局部最优问题。仿真分析了时间偏移量及噪声大小对定位误差的影响。结果表明即使存在较大的时间偏移量,优化计算后的定位误差也能非常接近于克拉美罗( CRLB)下界值。     

Source localization and calibration using TDOA and FDOA measurements in the presence of sensor location uncertainty

Source localization accuracy is very sensitive to sensor location error.This paper performs analysis and develops a solution for locating a moving source using time difference of arrival(TDOA)and frequency difference of arrival(FDOA)measurements with the use of a calibration emitter.Using a Gaussian random signal model,we first derive the Cram′er-Rao lower bound(CRLB)for source location estimate in this scenario.Then we analyze the differential calibration technique which is commonly used in Global Positioning System.It is indicated that the differential calibration cannot attain the CRLB accuracy in most cases.A closed-form solution is then proposed which takes a calibration emitter into account to reduce sensor location error.It is shown analytically that under some mild approximations,our approach is able to reach the CRLB accuracy.Numerical simulations are included to corroborate the theoretical developments.     

加权最小二乘联合遗传算法的无源定位

针对复杂环境下运动通信辐射源的无源定位,闭式解方法对于时频差模型中的测量噪声敏感且存在定位均方根误差较大问题.为了改善大观测误差下的定位性能,本文提出一种加权最小二乘联合遗传算法的递推式混合TDOA/FDOA定位方法.该方法首先利用已知站点观测大量时频差数据并建立误差模型,基于模型对定位过程中的多组时频差序列进行数据处理;其次通过加权最小二乘求解目标位置的初始值;然后采用改进的遗传算法在初始值的基础上通过多组时频差序列不断迭代、递推求解,修正位置坐标;最后利用位置估计和频差模型完成对目标速度估计.仿真结果表明,本文定位算法相比于经典两步加权最小二乘法具有更低的均方根误差,在大观测误差下能保持较高精度.同时相比于其他混合定位算法收敛速度快,可以有效减少计算量.     

基于AOA的无线传感器网络节点定位算法

在无线传感器网络节点SDP定位算法基础上,提出了一种改进的基于信号到达角(AOA)信息的无线传感器网络节点自身定位算法。本算法在所有节点的坐标轴方向都是未知的假定下,将AOA测量值用于计算信号到达差分角信息,将所有节点之间的角度关系表述为凸规划约束条件,从而将定位问题转化为一个凸集优化问题。在理想情况下,将定位问题转化为一个线性规划问题。实际情况中,考虑到测量误差,通过引入辅助变量,将定位问题转化为一个二次规划问题。仿真结果表明:改进算法与原算法相比,对AOA测量误差在10°以下时,定位精度提高约为5%~20%。     

基于非同步采集方式小型声源定位系统设计

利用非同步采集设备,通过广义互相关(GCC)时延估计算法,估算出通道间的相对时延;对非同步采集方式产生的时延误差进行软件补偿;利用基于到达时间差(TDOA)声源定位算法的双步定位特性,估算出声源的位置.分别设计了四元均匀线阵系统和四元平面十字阵列系统对以上方法进行验证,系统能够较准确地实现对声源方位的估计.     

无线传感器网络中基于TDOA/FDOA的增强半正定松弛定位算法研究

本文在无线传感器网络定位问题中,考虑了基于到达时间差（Time-Difference-of-Arrival,TDOA）和到达频率差（Frequency-Difference-of-Arrival,FDOA）的移动未知目标定位问题,TDOA/FDOA联合定位可以有效利用传感器的位置和速度信息,提高了定位精度。本文在现有的半正定松弛（Semidefinite Relaxation, SDR）方法的基础上,提出了一种增强半正定松弛方法。通过挖掘现有半正定规划问题中优化变量之间的内在联系并将这些联系转化为凸约束,有效提高了现有半正定松弛方法的紧度,从而使估计的未知目标的位置和速度精度达到了克拉美-罗下界 (Cramer Rao lower bound,CRLB)。仿真结果表明,该方法的性能在大噪声时优于现有方法。     

基于麦克风阵列的声源定位研究

以基于声达时间差(TDOA)的定位技术为基础,在噪声和混响同时存在的环境下,对基于麦克风阵列的声源定位方法进行了系统研究。在传统LMS自适应算法的基础上,提出了一种基于语音激励信息的LMS自适应时延估计新方法,再结合平面四元几何法定位。经过模拟房间环境的实验验证,该方法抗噪声、抗混响能力强,是一种定位精度高,运算量小的声源定位方法,可用于实时定位。     

TDOA-DR组合车辆导航定位系统研究

针对自主导航小车在区域行驶中的定位问题,研究了TDOA-DR组合导航定位算法。通过对基于到达时间差(TDOA)的双曲线导航原理的分析,采用了基于超声波传感器的多基站双曲线定位系统。并在此基础上,对TDOA-DR组合导航系统的结构和算法进行研究和仿真分析。仿真结果表明:TDOA-DR组合导航系统能够在区域内提供厘米级精度的连续车辆位置信息,满足区域高精度定位的需求。     

基于AUPF的TDOA几何定位跟踪算法研究

使用无源时差（TDOA）定位技术确定无人机等小型辐射源目标的位置是当前研究的热点,针对时差定位算法较为复杂的实际情况,推导了时差双曲线的几何解,并提出了一种基于自适应无迹粒子滤波（AUPF）技术的移动目标定位跟踪方法。通过仿真对该方法在不同场景的应用效果进行了验证,进一步比较分析了算法的定位精度。结果表明,基于自适应无迹粒子滤波的时差几何定位跟踪算法可以在多种情况下较好地拟合出目标真实运动轨迹,实现对运动目标的定位跟踪,同时拥有更低的定位误差和更高的轨迹包容度,使用该方法可以显著提高对非合作移动辐射源目标的位置估计性能。     

Efficient semidefinite solutions for TDOA-based source localization under unknown PS

Two efficient solutions via Semi-Definite Programming (SDP) are proposed for source localization problems using time difference of arrival (TDOA)-based ranging measurements when the propagation speed (PS) is unavailable and considered as a variable. For this problem, we propose a relaxed SDP (RSDP) solution, the performance of which is suboptimal. Accordingly, we propose a two-stage SDP method to improve the performance by applying the rank-reduction method. Besides, we also propose a penalty function-based SDP (PF-SDP) by introducing the penalty term. By doing so, the cost function becomes tighter so that the solution performs better. The simulated results show that the performance of two-stage SDP is sufficiently close to the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) accuracy at high noise levels. The PF-SDP outperforms the two-stage SDP in the presence of low noise levels.     

基于飞行理论萤火虫算法的TDOA与GROA定位机制

节点定位是无线传感器网络中最为关键的一项技术。针对无源定位的问题,提出一种到达时间差(TDOA)和到达信号增益比(GROA)联合定位算法,并且采用飞行机制的萤火虫算法(GSO)来求得最终结果。结合TDOA和GROA定位模型,引入辅助变量将方程伪线性化,然后采用修正两步加权最小二乘算法(TSWLS)来进行求解。并且在不影响收敛速度和精度的前提下,采用带有飞行机制的GSO算法来寻求目标定位的最优解,克服粒子群算法易陷入局部最优的缺点。仿真结果表明,该算法相比较TDOA算法而言,定位精度提高了23 dB,并且具有相对较高和较稳定的定位精度。     

基于移动锚节点的无线传感器网络三边质心定位

探讨了无线传感器网络(WSN)定位技术的意义,研究基于移动锚节点的测距定位技术;设计了移动锚节点运动轨迹,在利用无线电与超声波到达时间差(TDOA)测得锚节点到待定位节点距离的情况下,给出了一种新的定位算法——三边质心定位算法,该算法通过求解待定位节点的定位近点所构成几何图形的质心来完成定位;仿真结果表明,该定位技术能够明显减小定位误差与锚节点数量。     

基于短基线传感器网络的远场声源TDoA定位组合算法

针对远场声源定位问题,提出到达时间差(TDoA)定位的短基线传感器网络方案.通常有一类定位算法无需估计初始点,而另一类算法则依赖初始估计值,提出将这2类方法相结合,设计出几种组合定位算法.主要思想是扬长避短,由第1类定位算法实现粗定位和输出初始估计位置,将其作为初始点输入给定位精度高和依赖初始值的第2类算法.提出利用蒙特卡洛法和简化的几何配置案例,计算定位算法的概率误差圆,论证了这种性能评估准则的可行性.通过对组合算法的概率误差圆进行数值分析,得出球形插值法与最小二乘方程差法的有机组合具有最优性能的结论,并分析了这种组合算法的盒图特性.根据不同的距离和声程差标准偏差进行模拟,以及采用野外真实场景下获得的声源数据进行试验,验证了结论.     

基于TDOA的超声波室内定位系统的设计与实现

设计并实现了一种基于射频与超声波信号到达时间差的高精度室内定位系统,用于无线传感器网络中节点的定位和跟踪。系统中位置固定的信标节点周期性同步发射射频信号与超声波脉冲,待定位的移动节点测量接收到的射频和超声波信号的到达时间差,并将此数据采用分时的方式发送至中心控制主机。中心控制主机应用实验中得出的时间补偿参数,计算移动节点与信标节点之间的距离,最后采用极大似然估计算法实现目标的定位。实验结果表明,该系统的平均定位误差在10 cm以内,具有较高的定位精度。     

一种基于RSSI技术的大楼定位系统的实现

在无线传感器网络中,位置信息对于无线网络的监测至关重要,该文提供了一种可实现的大楼人员定位系统方案。采用基于RSSI技术,定位精度在3m左右,具备可扩展性的特点和信息采集能力。     

TOA source localization and DOA estimation algorithms using prior distribution for calibrated source

This paper presents an a priori probability density function (pdf)-based time-of-arrival (TOA) source localization algorithms. Range measurements are used to estimate the location parameter for TOA source localization. Previous information on the position of the calibrated source is employed to improve the existing likelihood-based localization method. The cost function where the prior distribution was combined with the likelihood function is minimized by the adaptive expectation maximization (EM) and space-alternating generalized expectation–maximization (SAGE) algorithms. The variance of the prior distribution does not need to be known a priori because it can be estimated using Bayes inference in the proposed adaptive EM algorithm. Note that the variance of the prior distribution should be known in the existing three-step WLS method [1]. The resulting positioning accuracy of the proposed methods was much better than the existing algorithms in regimes of large noise variances. Furthermore, the proposed algorithms can also effectively perform the localization in line-of-sight (LOS)/non-line-of-sight (NLOS) mixture situations.