Koyna混凝土重力坝的塑性地震损伤响应分析

考虑了混凝土拉压异性损伤变量，根据相关流动法则推导了混凝土的损伤本构方程。通过有限元方法模拟坝体在地震激励下的非线性损伤演化过程，数值计算过程中考虑了库坝动力耦合及混凝土后继屈服的强化效应，采用四参数Ottosen屈服准则及相应的损伤型本构，算例验证了Koyna混凝土重力坝在竖向和横向实测地震激励下的非线性损伤响应特性。     

A mesh-free approach for fracture modelling of gravity dams under earthquake

Fracture is a major cause of failure for concrete gravity dams. This can result in the large-scale loss of human lives and enormous economic consequences. Numerical modelling can play a crucial role in understanding and predicting complex fracture processes, providing useful input to fracture-resistant designs. In this paper, the use of a mesh-free particle method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) for modelling of gravity dam failure subject to fluctuating dynamic earthquake loads is explored. The structural response of the Koyna dam is analysed with the base of the dam being subjected to high-intensity periodic ground excitations. The SPH prediction of the crack initiation location and propagation pattern is found to be consistent with existing FEM predictions and experimental results from physical models. The transient stress field and the resulting damage evolution in the dam structure were monitored. The amplitude and frequency of the ground excitation is shown to have considerable influence on the fracture pattern and the associated energy dissipation. The fluctuations in the kinetic energy of the dam wall and its fragments are found to vary with different frequencies and amplitudes as the structure undergoes progressive fracture. The dynamic responses and the fracture patterns predicted establish the strong potential of SPH for fracture modelling of dams and similar large structures.     

基于能量耗散碾压混凝土重力坝地震损伤分析

摘　要：采用塑性损伤力学对混凝土重力坝进行非线性动力分析,通过研究塑性损伤本构中滞回曲线的特点以及地震中重力坝裂缝发展特征和结构能量耗散机理,建立了包含能量特性的大坝整体损伤评价指标。通过分析发现强震作用下坝体上部的损伤是结构的主要损伤,地震中的能量以结构阻尼耗散能量为主,混凝土损伤和塑性耗散的能量所占比例不大,但与裂缝的发展有直接关系。提出的大坝整体损伤指标可以综合的反应结构的整体损伤程度,以此对结构进行抗震设计,可以提高结构的抗震性能。     

Non‐linear seismic behaviour of concrete gravity dams using coupled finite element–boundary element technique

In this paper, the seismic response of concrete gravity dams is presented using the concept of Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) and adopting the hybrid Finite Element–Boundary Element technique (FE–BE). The finite element method is used for discretization of the near field and the boundary element method is employed to model the semi‐infinite far field. Because of the non‐linear nature of the discretizied equations of motion modified Newton–Raphson approach has been used at each time step to linearize them. Damage evolution based on tensile principal strain using mesh‐dependent hardening modulus technique is adopted to ensure the mesh objectivity and to calculate the accumulated damage. The methodology employed is shown to be computationally efficient and consistent in its treatment of both damage growth and damage propagation in gravity dams. Other important features considered in the analysis are: (1) realistic damage modelling for concrete that allows isotropic as well as anisotropic damage state and exhibits stiffness recovery upon load reversals. (2) softening initiation and strain softening criteria for concrete, and (3) proper modelling of semi‐infinite foundation using FE–BE method that allows to consider dam–foundation interaction analysis. As an application of the proposed formulation a gravity dam has been analysed and the results are compared with different foundation stiffnesses. The results of the analysis indicate the importance of including rock foundation in the seismic analysis of dams. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

混凝土坝地震动力损伤分析

基于塑性损伤本构理论,将损伤变量作为内变量,在Drucker-Prager本构模型中引入损伤变量,考虑材料损伤引起的材料劲度的退化,基于非关联流动法则计算材料的塑性应变,根据材料的有效塑性应变计算损伤量,考虑到张开裂缝闭合时材料弹性劲度的恢复,推导了考虑塑性损伤的混凝土动态本构关系,并给出了内变量的计算步骤和动力方程的迭代格式。最后利用建立的动态本构模型对Koyna重力坝进行了非线性地震响应时程分析,并给出了关键时刻坝体最大受拉损伤分布,结果表明在坝颈和坝基处出现了较大的损伤,坝颈处的损伤最终形成由下游向上游的开裂破坏,这与该坝的实际震害较为一致。     

基于变形离散元法的重力坝地震开裂分析

考虑脆性材料Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型复合断裂情况,基于渐进破坏理论建立了混凝土损伤破坏模型,提出一种损伤开裂模型与变形离散单元法耦合的分析方法。模拟了Koyna坝在强烈地震作用下的渐进破坏过程,通过与室内模型试验及其他方法所得结果的对比,验证了该方法的可靠性和正确性。研究表明：坝体初始裂缝是由地震拉应力集中所致,坝体开裂后,裂缝周围应力重新分布,但缝端仍存在拉应力集中现象,导致裂缝不断扩张;裂缝发展可分4个阶段;裂缝贯通后,坝头与底部剧烈错动,坝体动能减小,摩擦功急剧增加。     

基于动态黏结滑移性能的钢筋混凝土分离式模型研究

基于钢筋混凝土黏结滑移机理,搭建能够描述循环荷载作用下钢筋混凝土之间黏结性能变化过程的动态黏结-滑移本构关系,并结合单弹簧联结单元法建立钢筋混凝土分离式模型.模型避免了人为选择法向刚度困难的问题,并通过局部坐标系求解钢筋单元解决工程配筋布置问题,保证了复杂受力条件下的计算精度与计算效率.结合混凝土损伤模型进行经典算例分...     

基于XFEM的强震区砼重力坝开裂与配筋抗震措施研究

已有震害表明,混凝土坝遭遇强烈地震将不可避免地产生开裂。扩展有限元法（XFEM）通过在相关节点的影响域上富集非连续位移模式,使得对非连续位移场的表征独立于单元边界,可以有效描述混凝土中的裂纹扩展。基于扩展有限元模型,采用合理的地震波动模型对国内某混凝土重力坝强震下的动力破坏过程进行了分析;针对大坝破坏情况,应用嵌入式滑移模型模拟了混凝土重力坝配筋前后的地震响应和破坏状况,据此评价局部配筋的抗震效果。研究表明,局部配置抗震钢筋虽无法防止裂缝的发生,但可有效限制坝体裂缝的开裂扩展范围及深度,减少裂缝的开度,有效改善坝体的抗震性能。     

循环荷载作用下的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型及数值实现

该文建立了一种描述混凝土在循环荷载作用下复杂力学行为的弹塑性损伤模型。该模型借助四参数等效应变将复杂的多轴问题转换至单轴等效应变空间中求解,考虑了混凝土卸载过程中的刚度退化现象及不可逆变形。同时针对等效应变的非负特性,提出了拉压转换处理方法,从而在求解损伤变量时无需区分拉损伤和压损伤。该文提出的弹塑性损伤模型数学形式简洁,且实现过程不依赖于四参数模型,实现方法普遍适用于各类混凝土等效应变模型,通过模拟单轴循环荷载试验和Koyna大坝动态损伤过程,验证了该文模型的正确性与可靠性。     

Damage prediction of concrete gravity dams subjected to underwater explosion shock loading

The damage prediction of concrete gravity dams under blast loads has gained importance in recent years due to the great number of accidental events and terrorist bombing attacks that affected engineering safety. It has long been known that an underwater explosion can cause significantly more damage to the targets in water than the same amount of explosive in air. While the physical processes during an underwater explosion and the subsequent response of structures are extremely complex, which involve lots of complex issues such as the explosion, shock wave propagation, shock wave-structure interaction and structural response. Hence a sophisticated numerical model for the loading and material responses would be required to enable more realistic reproduction of the underlying physical processes. In this paper, a fully coupled numerical approach with combined Lagrangian and Eulerian methods, incorporating the explosion processes, is performed. The RHT (Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma) model including the strain rate effect is employed to model the concrete material behavior subjected to blast loading. Detailed numerical simulation and analysis of a typical concrete gravity dam subjected to underwater explosion are presented in this study. In terms of different TNT charge weights, the structural response and damage characteristics of the dam at different standoff distances are investigated. Based on the numerical results, critical curves related to different damage levels are derived.     

反映阻尼影响的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型

通过引入有效阻尼应力和阻尼应力,提出了一种基于损伤的阻尼模型,并与混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型相结合,建议了一类可以直接在材料层次考虑阻尼耗能影响的弹塑性损伤本构模型。当材料处于线弹性阶段,该阻尼模型退化为经典的Rayleigh刚度比例阻尼;同时,还可以描述材料非线性阶段损伤演化引起的耗能能力降低、裂缝闭合后耗能能力(部分)恢复等典型的非线性结构阻尼行为。利用建议的本构模型,通过HHT-α方法可以将结构的动力非线性分析转化为常规的无阻尼结构动力学问题来处理,十分方便有限元方法实现。对Koyna大坝的地震动时程分析结果表明了建议模型及其数值算法的有效性,可以应用于混凝土结构的非线性动力反应分析。     

用基于流形元的子域奇异边界元法模拟重力坝的地震破坏

本文提出了用流形无法和子域奇异边界元法相结合模拟结构地震响应及地震破坏的方法。流形元法的独特的网格及接触的处理方式,使该方法不仅可以象有限元法那样精确地分析结构的变形和应力,还可以象DDA、DEM等不连续分析方法那样模拟不连续面的接触和块体的运动。本文将Newmark法引入流形无法,使得该方法可以直接用来分析动力学问题。与作者提出的子域奇异边界元法相结合,可以模拟裂缝沿任意方向扩展及结构的地震破坏问题。对Koyna重力坝进行了地震破坏模拟分析,很好地再现了该坝的破坏过程,模拟破坏形式及裂缝出现的位置与实际调查结果、实验结果及其他学者用模糊裂缝模型得到的破坏结果吻合良好。     

混凝土疲劳损伤强度可靠度置信限分析

以三参数Weibull概型为基础,结合大量C15混凝土试件的试验和某混凝土重力坝的原型观测反演结果,建立了描述高应力水平区域的混凝土在较低损伤量下低周疲劳强度的置信限分析模型,得到了具有给定置信度的疲劳强度、疲劳寿命和疲劳损伤三者间的关系曲线,NSP---g和DSP---g曲线。利用本文方法可方便地在给定置信限内计算混凝土在给定应力水平条件下的疲劳寿命、损伤量和剩余强度, 对混凝土做考虑损伤的可靠度设计,以及对已建结构进行可靠度评价。     

基于损伤理论的钢筋混凝土拱结构破坏过程的数值模拟

从一服役28年的旧拱桥上拆下来两个钢筋混凝土拱肋,对其进行了静载破坏试验。将第一作者提出的弹性损伤理论与有限元法相结合,针对钢筋混凝土结构的破坏问题,建立了相应的损伤力学有限元数值计算方法,编制了相应的计算机程序。对钢筋混凝土拱肋的破坏过程进行了数值模拟计算。拱的破坏模式、位移与应变的理论计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。得出了混凝土材料损伤特性参数的数值,揭示了混凝土材料破坏过程中一些复杂的力学行为。在较大的荷载水平下,钢筋混凝土结构呈明显的非线性特征。研究表明,本文损伤模型可以较好地描述混凝土材料的损伤与破坏行为。     

基于主余震序列的高拱坝极限抗震能力损失研究EI北大核心CSCD

目前,高拱坝的抗震安全性分析中仅考虑单独主震的作用,而忽略地震中可能伴随发生的多次余震,对高拱坝在主余震序列作用下的动力响应规律尚缺乏充分认识。以大岗山拱坝为例,建立了综合考虑坝体损伤非线性、横缝开合以及半无限地基辐射阻尼效应的拱坝-库水-地基有限元分析模型,并基于耐震时程法(ETA)构建主震-ETA余震序列进行高拱坝非线性动力分析。研究结果表明:ETA的计算结果与增量动力分析法(IDA)具有可比性;高拱坝的极限抗震能力在主震受损情况下将发生损失,且随主震强度增大而损失增加。最后,基于主震-ETA余震序列计算结果给出了大岗山拱坝的极限抗震能力损失曲线。     

基于损伤的混凝土大坝可靠度分析

研究了基于损伤概念的混凝土结构可靠度分析方法.通过引入损伤边界面的概念,导出了包含损伤变量的四参数Hsieh-Ting-Chen边界面模型.在此基础上,构造了大体积混凝土结构对应于初始损伤边界面的极限状态方程.通过响应面法和有限元分析的结合,对功能函数进行了拟合,建立了可以用于复杂结构可靠度分析的有效模式.用该模式对一座混凝土重力坝进行了实例分析,得到了较为满意的结果.     

制导炸弹水平侵彻爆炸作用下混凝土重力坝毁伤效应数值仿真

在综合考虑射弹的冲击侵彻作用、破碎弹壳爆炸能损耗、侵彻孔洞对爆轰产物的影响等因素的基础上,通过对制导炸弹GBU-28水平侵彻混凝土重力坝爆炸全过程的三维数值仿真,研究了混凝土重力坝在射弹侵彻爆炸下的动态响应及破坏效应.计算结果表明:侵彻爆炸的毁伤效应主要表现为坝体的局部破坏效应,而且呈现以爆炸作用为主侵彻作用为辅的破坏特征.细长弹药的侵彻爆炸破坏范围的增长主要体现在垂直弹轴方向.     

Shape optimal design of materially nonlinear arch dams including dam-water-foundation rock interaction using an improved PSO algorithm

An efficient optimization procedure is proposed to find the optimal shape of arch dams including dam-water-foundation rock interaction subject to earthquake. The arch dam is treated as a three-dimensional structure involving the material nonlinearity effects. For this purpose, the nonlinear behavior of the dam concrete is idealized as an elasto-plastic material using the Drucker-Prager model. In order to reduce the computational cost of optimization process, a wavelet back propagation (WBP) neural network is designed to approximate the dam response instead of directly evaluating it by a time-consuming finite element analysis (FEA). An improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) is also presented. In test example, the computational merits of the proposed methodology for optimizing an existing arch dam are demonstrated.     

Estimation of permanent displacements of the Tehri dam in the Himalayas due to future strong earthquakes

The objective of this paper is to estimate permanent displacements of Tehri dam due to an earthquake of magnitude M _w = 8·5, the occurrence of which has a high probability in the region, and for an earthquake of magnitude M _w = 7·0, for which the dam has been currently designed. A two-dimensional finite element analysis and five different semi-empirical and empirical methods, like, Seed and Makdisi’s method, Newmark’s double integration method, Jansen’s method, Swaisgood’s method and Bureau’s method have been utilized to study the probable dynamic behaviour of the dam and their results are compared to get a range of values within which, the permanent displacement of the dam, is estimated to lie. The present study shows that the predicted displacements due to an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 7·0 are significant but not enough to compromise the safety of the dam. However, the displacements predicted for an earthquake of magnitude Mw = 8·5 are quite high and might cause rupture of filter zones. The maximum deformations (755 cm for Mw = 8·5 and 43 cm for Mw = 7·0) are predicted by Seed and Makdisi’s method while the minimum deformations (14 cm forMw = 8·5 and 2·5 cm for Mw = 7·0) are computed by Jansen’s method.     

Heterogeneous and anisotropic long-term concrete damage of the dez arch dam using thermal inverse analysis

In this paper, an assumption used in the recent work of the author and his contributors considers the long-term concrete damage of the Dez arch dam as a homogeneous and isotropic process, was investigated in more detail and was adjusted. To this end, the vertical dam sections were divided into nine and six subsections along the thickness and height directions of the dam, respectively. In each subsection, a transversely isotropic damaged elastic constitutive law was considered for diagnostic analyses. Following the previous authors’ mentioned work, an optimization procedure (minimization of a certain error function) accompanied with an inverse thermal analysis was carried out. That analysis was performed within the framework of finite element (FE) method. Mentioned error function was defined as the sum of the squared residuals. Residuals were set as difference between nodal recorded displacements with inverse pendulums of the dam and the corresponding computed ones with the proposed model. Parameters considered as unknowns in the present inverse analysis, which have contributions in that above-mentioned error function, were the five independent elastic moduli presented in the formulation of the earlier mentioned transversely isotropic damaged elastic constitutive law: two Young’s moduli: one in the planes parallel to the up and down stream surfaces of the dam, called in-plane and the other in the perpendicular planes to those planes, named out-of-plane Young’s modulus; two Poisson’s ratios (in-plane and out-of-plane); and one shear modulus (out-of-plane). These parameters were identified performing numerous thermal inverse analyses. Obtained results revealed that the long-term damage of concrete of the Dez dam is a heterogeneous and anisotropic phenomenon because that the magnitude of the mentioned error function was obtained smaller than the corresponding value in the previous study which had been performed before based on the homogeneous and isotropic damage evolution assumption.