Efficient source enumeration for accurate direction-of-arrival estimation in threshold region

Estimation of the number of signals impinging on an array of sensors, also known as source enumeration, is usually required prior to direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. In challenging scenarios such as the presence of closely-spaced sources and/or high level of noise, using the true source number for nonlinear parameter estimation leads to the threshold effect which is characterized by an abnormally large mean square error (MSE). In cases that sources have distinct powers and/or are closely spaced, the error distribution among parameter estimates of different sources is unbalanced. In other words, some estimates have small errors while others may be quite inaccurate with large errors. In practice, we will be only interested in the former and have no concern on the latter. To formulate this idea, the concept of effective source number (ESN) is proposed in the context of joint source enumeration and DOA estimation. The ESN refers to the actual number of sources that are visible at a given noise level by a parameter estimator. Given the numbers of sensors and snapshots, number of sources, source parameters and noise level, a Monte Carlo method is designed to determine the ESN, which is the maximum number of available accurate estimates. The ESN has a theoretical value in that it is useful for judging what makes a good source enumerator in the threshold region and can be employed as a performance benchmark of various source enumerators. Since the number of sources is often unknown, its estimate by a source enumerator is used for DOA estimation. In an effort to automatically remove inaccurate estimates while keeping as many accurate estimates as possible, we define the matched source number (MSN) as the one which in conjunction with a parameter estimator results in the smallest MSE of the parameter estimates. We also heuristically devise a detection scheme that attains the MSN for ESPRIT based on the combination of state-of-the-art source enumerators.     

基于单快拍信号到达角估计算法的室内入侵检测

针对基于信道状态信息(CSI)的入侵检测方法易受环境布局及噪声干扰的影响从而导致检测率下降的问题,提出一种基于单快拍信号到达角(DOA)估计算法的室内入侵检测方法.首先,结合无线信号空间选择性衰落的特点对天线阵列接收到的CSI数据进行数学分解,并将未知的DOA估计问题转化为一个过完备表示的问题.然后,利用l1范数对稀疏...     

Spatial smoothing based methods for direction-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals in nonuniform noise

Spatial smoothing techniques have been widely used to estimate the directions-of-arrival (DOAs) of coherent signals. However, in general these techniques are derived under the condition of uniform white noise and, therefore, their performance may be significantly deteriorated when nonuniform noise occurs. This motivates us to develop new methods for DOA estimation of coherent signals in nonuniform noise in this paper. In our methods, the noise covariance matrix is first directly or iteratively calculated from the array covariance matrix. Then, the noise component in the array covariance matrix is eliminated to achieve a noise-free array covariance matrix. By mitigating the effect of noise nonuniformity, conventional spatial smoothing techniques developed for uniform white noise can thus be employed to reconstruct a full-rank signal covariance matrix, which enables us to apply the subspace-based DOA estimation methods effectively. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

Covariance sparsity-aware DOA estimation for nonuniform noise

This paper reformulates the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for unknown nonuniform noise by exploiting a sparse representation of the array covariance vectors. In the proposed covariance sparsity-aware DOA estimator, the unknown noise variances can be eliminated by a linear transformation, and DOA estimation is reduced to a sparse reconstruction problem with nonnegativity constraint. The proposed method not only obtains an extended-aperture array with increased degrees of freedom which enables us to handle more sources than sensors, but also provides superiority in performance and robustness against nonuniform noise. Numerical examples under different conditions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

A modular neural network for direction-of-arrival estimation of two sources

This work addresses the problem of estimating the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of two sources using an array of sensors. This problem is mostly useful in radar applications, where we have few targets at each range bin. Super-resolution algorithms, such as maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and multiple signal classification (MUSIC), have been applied to this problem, but the former involves high computation efforts, while the later has poor estimation performance for coherent sources. In this work, we propose a DOA estimation network, named RBF-AML, which combines the approximated ML (AML) estimator and a radial basis function (RBF) neural network (NN). In the proposed RBF-AML network, the entire two dimensional DOA space is divided into multiple sectors covered by RBF experts. The AML function is then used as a mediator among the experts and selects the most suitable one as the final output of the system. The performance of the RBF-AML network for a two coherent sources case in a Y shape array configuration is evaluated. We show that the performance of the RBF-AML network is similar to the performance of the classical AML DOA estimation for various signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), phase of the correlation coefficient and signal-to-interference ratios (SIRs). Furthermore, the RBF-AML network requires fewer computational efforts than the classical AML DOA estimation and therefore is an attractive choice for real-time applications.     

An IDFT approach for coprime array direction-of-arrival estimation

In massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, efficiently estimating both the direction-of-arrival (DOA) and the source power with an increased number of degrees-of-freedoms (DOFs) is important but challenging. Aiming at this, we introduce the framework of coprime array signal processing into massive MIMO system and propose an efficient inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT)-based DOA estimation algorithm in this paper. By implementing IDFT on the second-order virtual array signals characterized by the equivalent spatial frequency, it is proved that the resulting spatial response enables to effectively estimate both DOA and source power with an increased number of DOFs. Meanwhile, the window method and the zero-padding technique are sequentially considered to alleviate the spectral leakage phenomenon and improve the DOA estimation accuracy. Compared with the existing coprime array DOA estimation algorithms, the implementation of IDFT indicates a remarkably reduced computational complexity as well as the hardware overhead. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

A variational Bayesian strategy for solving the DOA estimation problem in sparse array

This paper reformulates the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for sparse array from a variational Bayesian perspective. In this context, we propose a hierarchical prior for the signal coefficients that amounts marginally to a sparsity-inducing penalty in maximum a posterior (MAP) estimation. Further, the specific hierarchy gives rise to a variational inference technique which operates in latent variable space iteratively. Our hierarchical formulation of the prior allow users to model the sparsity of the unknown signal with a high degree, and the corresponding Bayesian algorithm leads to sparse estimators reflecting posterior information beyond the mode. We provide experimental results with synthetic signals and compare with state-of-the-art DOA estimation algorithm, in order to demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach.     

A sparse direction-of-arrival estimation algorithm for MIMO radar in the presence of gain-phase errors

In this paper, the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for monostatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with gain-phase errors is addressed, by using a sparse DOA estimation algorithm with fourth-order cumulants (FOC) based error matrix estimation. Useful cumulants are designed and extracted to estimate the gain and the phase errors in the transmit array and the receive array, thus a reliable error matrix is obtained. Then the proposed algorithm reduces the gain-phase error matrix to a low dimensional one. Finally, with the updated gain-phase error matrix, the FOC-based reweighted sparse representation framework is introduced to achieve accurate DOA estimation. Thanks to the fourth-order cumulants based gain-phase error matrix estimation, and the reweighted sparse representation framework, the proposed algorithm performs well for both white and colored Gaussian noises, and provides higher angular resolution and better angle estimation performance than reduced-dimension MUSIC (RD-MUSIC), adaptive sparse representation (adaptive-SR) and ESPRIT-based algorithms. Simulation results verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.     

An iterative approach for sparse direction-of-arrival estimation in co-prime arrays with off-grid targets

This paper addresses the problem of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation by exploiting the sparsity enforced recovery technique for co-prime arrays, which can increase the degrees of freedom. To apply the sparsity based technique, the discretization of the potential DOA range is required and every target must fall on the predefined grid. Off-grid target can highly deteriorate the recovery performance. To the end, this paper takes the off-grid DOAs into account and reformulates the sparse recovery problem with unknown grid offset vector. By introducing a convex function majorizing the given objective function, an iterative approach is developed to gradually amend the offset vector to achieve final DOA estimation. Numerical simulations are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of detection ability, resolution ability and root mean squared estimation error, as compared to the other state-of-the-art methods.     

基于协方差矩阵降维稀疏表示的二维波达方向估计

针对稀疏重构下二维波达方向（2D-DOA）估计存在计算量大的问题,提出一种基于协方差矩阵降维稀疏表示的二维波达方向估计方法。首先引入空间角构造流形矢量矩阵冗余字典,将方位角和俯仰角组合从二维空间映射到一维空间,降低了字典的长度和求解复杂度,并且能自动实现俯仰角和方位角配对;其次改进了样本协方差矩阵的稀疏表示模型,对该模型进行了降维处理;然后由协方差矩阵稀疏重构的残差约束特性得到约束残差项置信区间,避免采用正则化方法导致参数选取困难;最后通过凸优化包实现了二维波达方向的估计。仿真实验表明,待选取的协方差矩阵列数达到某个阈值（在只有两个入射信号情况下该值为3）时,可准确实现入射信号角的估计;当信噪比（SNR）较小（<5dB）时,该方法估计精度优于基于空间角的特征矢量算法;低快拍数（<100）下该方法估计精度略低于特征矢量法,但小间隔角度下估计精度与后者相当。     

基于子空间跟踪的ESPRIT空间谱估计算法

在实际中接收天线与辐射源之间通常存在相对运动,此时传统的高分辨算法性能将严重下降,针对上述问题提出一种自适应信号波达方向即DOA估计算法。新算法以快速稳定的信号子空间跟踪算法为基础,结合ESPRIT算法实现DOA估计,不需要特征值分解,计算复杂度小。仿真实验显示新算法比基于幂迭代的动目标DOA估计算法具有更好的估计性能。     

Real-valued DOA estimation for a mixture of uncorrelated and coherent sources via unitary transformation

This paper presents a novel real-valued DOA estimation method to handle the scenarios where both the uncorrelated and coherent sources coexist. More specifically, an augmented matrix is constructed and then transformed into a real-valued version for the DOA estimation of uncorrelated sources by utilizing the unitary transformation, which allows an extension of the effective array aperture. Afterwards, an oblique projection operator is employed so that the contributions of the uncorrelated sources are removed. Finally, a real-valued coherent augmented matrix is constructed to estimate the remaining coherent sources. In addition, the fading coefficients are estimated by adding penalties to a constraint quadratic minimization problem, which guarantees the stability of the solution. Compared with the existing partial real-valued and complex-valued DOA estimation methods for a mixture of uncorrelated and coherent sources, the proposed method offers favorable performance in terms of both estimation accuracy and computational efficiency. Furthermore, our method makes it possible to resolve more sources than the number of sensors. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and notable performance of the proposed method.     

Noise variance estimation based on dual-channel phase difference for speech enhancement

In this paper, we propose a method for estimating a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in order to improve the performance of a dual-microphone speech enhancement algorithm. The proposed method is able to reliably estimate both a priori and a posteriori SNRs by exploring a direction-of-arrival (DOA)-based local SNR that is defined by using spatial cues obtained from dual-microphone signals. The estimated a priori and a posteriori SNRs are then incorporated into a Wiener filter. Consequently, it is shown from an objective perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) comparison and a subjective listening test that a speech enhancement algorithm employing the proposed SNR estimate outperforms those using conventional single- or dual-microphone speech enhancement algorithms such as the Wiener filter, beamformer, or phase error-based filter under different noise conditions ranging from 0 to 20 dB.     

基于对称谱的宽带相干信号快速DOA估计

针对聚焦类宽带信号方位估计算法运算量较大的问题,提出了一种快速算法。首先利用矩阵的Toeplitz化重构,不用对阵列进行子阵分割,就可实现宽带信号的解相干;然后根据接收数据协方差矩阵的厄尔米特特性,利用酉变换将复数矩阵映射为实数矩阵,通过在实数域特征分解,降低了特征分解的计算复杂度;最后通过投影子空间正交技术,利用噪声子空间和共轭噪声子空间重新构造空间谱,根据谱对称性,在半谱内搜索即可得到信号的角度,同时使谱峰搜索的运算量降低了一半。理论分析及仿真结果表明,新算法无需聚焦运算,精度较高,运算量小,对宽带相干信号有效。     

基于完美抽样的阵列单通道DOA估计方法

提出了一种新的基于接收通道轮流采样的阵列单通道波达方向估计算法.该算法通过射频开关控制接收通道轮流对各阵元进行采样建立新的阵列单通道窄带信号频域空间谱估计模型,基于该模型推导了来波方向的后验概率密度函数,结合马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法(MCMC),提出一种新的完美抽样策略,实现了波达方向(DOA)的估计.仿真实验结果表明,该方法参数估计性能好,分辨率高,不但保持了原贝叶斯最大后验概率估计方法的优越性能,而且收敛速度更快.     

基于稀疏表示和约束优化的波达方向估计方法

对于噪声环境中信号源的波达方向(DOA)估计,传统的多信号分类(MUSIC)算法只对不相干信号有效,且所需较多样本。针对此问题,将进行DOA估计的搜索范围看作冗余字典,从而待估计的DOA成为该冗余字典中的某些元素,可以由冗余字典对其进行稀疏表示;其次,利用单次快拍数据,应用二阶锥(SOC)约束优化的方法对该稀疏表示问题进行描述,并进而转化为标准的二阶锥形式,采用有效的优化工具SeDuMi来实现DOA的估计。仿真结果表明,与现有的子空间方法相比,该方法只需单拍数据即可得到较好的估计结果,且无需对信源个数有先验知识,同时适用于相干和非相干信号。     

一种基于FastICA的波达方向估计新方法

独立分量分析是一种新颖的盲源分离技术，该方法作为目前信号处理领域的一项新技术，具有非常重要的理论意义和实用价值，已广泛应用于通讯、雷达信号处理、生物医学图像处理、模式识别等众多领域。简要介绍了独立分量分析的基本原理和算法，并提出将快速独立分量分析（FastICA）方法应用于波达方向估计（DOA），通过仿真实验和分析，可以得到DOA的一种简单估计，实验结果亦表明该算法在波达方向估计应用中的可行性和有效性。     

基于稀疏表示的OFDM信号的DOA估计

针对正交频分复用（OFDM）, 宽带信号波达方向(DOA)估计问题, 提出一种基于宽带信号协方差矩阵稀疏表示的DOA估计方法。该方法是在协方差矩阵主对角线下对左下角三角形元素按各条对角线取平均值后形成一个新的向量, 然后将该向量写成冗余字典形式。在冗余字典下对信号进行稀疏性约束形成二阶锥约束优化问题, 再用工具箱SeDuMi来实现DOA估计。理论分析和仿真结果表明, 该方法在低信噪比和少快拍数下分辨率很高, 是一种有效的宽带信号DOA估计算法, 此方法优于基于高阶累积量算法和宽带聚焦算法的DOA估计方法。     

基于离散多项式变换的宽带线性调频信号波达方向估计

为了解决宽带信号处理的问题,研究了一种宽带线性调频(LFM)信号的波达方向(DOA)估计方法。该方法采用离散多项式变换(DPT)将宽带的LFM信号变换成窄带的,经过变换后,即变换为单个正弦信号和新的噪声。这样可将时变的方向向量转化为时不变的方向向量,再采用常规的窄带信号处理方法--多信号分类(MUSIC)算法,对信号的波达方向进行估计。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法能够精确地估计信号的波达方向;不仅计算量小,易于实现,而且估计性能好。