巴戟天及其炮制品的成分比较研究

探究了巴戟天在炮制前后的化学成分变化。采用HPLC法考察巴戟肉盐炙前后化学成分的变化。用三种溶剂(蒸馏水、95%乙醇和氯仿)提取巴戟天及盐巴戟天样品,并比较炮制前后三种提取液成分的变化。巴戟肉经盐炙后,在三种提取液的HPLC图谱中,均出现了新的色谱峰,说明有新的成分产生;同时,盐炙品中多个色谱峰面积明显降低,说明主要成分含量发生了变化。     

白及属植物的传统护肤知识

通过对我国古代典籍及民间的白及属植物相关传统护肤知识进行全面回顾,总结了该属植物在古籍中的形态描述、经典护肤方剂、民间的传统护肤实践等,并以相关传统护肤功效为线索探讨了该属植物的主要化学成分。结果表明,该属植物的主要化学成分为白及多糖、联苄类化合物及菲类化合物,证明该属植物具有美白、祛斑、除皱的传统护肤功效,研究结果可以为进一步开发利用该属植物资源提供参考。     

胡桃属植物化学成分及药理作用的研究进展

胡桃属植物含有多种化学成分,其所含化学成分主要有黄酮类、萘醌类、二芳基庚烷类、萜类、挥发油、酚酸类等。胡桃属植物提取物及化学成分具有多种生物活性,如抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗氧化、镇痛等。胡桃属植物是我国重要的树种资源,具有较高的经济价值和药用价值。本文对胡桃属植物的化学成分及药理作用的研究进展进行综述,以期为胡桃属植物的深入研究提供参考。     

黄檀属芳香类化学成分的研究进展

黄檀属化学成分主要为黄酮类、香豆素类、醌类、三萜类、甾醇类等成分,现代药理研究表明,该属植物具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抑菌、糖尿病等多种药理活性。该文通过对国内外黄檀属植物的文献资料进行系统整理,对其芳香类化学成分进行总结,以期为黄檀属植物综合利用与新药研究开发提供参考。     

木榄属植物的化学成分研究进展

从木榄属植物海莲、尖瓣海莲、柱果木榄中分离获得的化学成分主要有二萜、三萜、酚类、含硫化合物、生物碱类化合物等。其中一些化学成分显示了抗肿瘤等药理活性。本研究就近几十年来这几种木榄属植物的化学成分研究进行综述。     

芭蕉科芭蕉属植物成分及其活性

对芭蕉科芭蕉属植物(Musa)中分离得到的化学成分和生物活性研究现状进行了综述。目前报道本属植物中主要是酚性成分,尤以phenylphenalenone类成分为主,该类成分大都具有生物活性。对该属植物化学成分研究现状进行文献调研,对合理开发和利用该属植物具有非常重要的参考价值。     

负载氧化铁树脂吸附巴戟天多糖热力学动力学参数辨识

在建立巴戟天多糖在负载氧化铁树脂上吸附数学模型的基础上,采用多参数优化的非线性拟合方法,估算巴戟天多糖在负载氧化铁树脂上吸附热力学、动力学参数,并将优化计算所得到的流出曲线与实验流出曲线进行比较。结果表明：多参数优化拟合得到的巴戟天多糖理论流出曲线与实验流出曲线比较吻合。采用该方法测定不同pH值和离子强度下巴戟天多糖的吸附热力学、动力学参数结果表明：弱碱性条件下巴戟天多糖的平衡吸附容量高于酸性环境,在pH值为8．0时达到最大;随着离子强度的增大,巴戟天多糖在负载氧化铁树脂上的吸附量略有增加。     

艾纳香属植物化学成分和生物活性的研究现状

从艾纳香属植物中分离得到的化合物超过100种,主要为黄酮类化合物、苯丙素类、萜类、噻吩类、挥发油类化合物等。艾纳香属植物主要有抑菌活性,抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗氧化的活性。本文主要介绍艾纳香属植物在化学成分和生物活性的研究现状。     

新型畅销植物药——巴戟天

据菲律宾学者的分析结果．巴戟天叶提取物中含有大量植物类固醇类物质（phyto—steroids），巴戟天提取物的抗结核菌作用机理很有可能与现有各种化学合成抗痨药完全不同。这一新发现给正在为结核杆菌的广泛耐药性而苦恼不己的各国医学界带来新的希望。     

巴戟天中原花青素的提取工艺及其稳定性

研究乙醇浓度、料液比、提取时间和提取温度对巴戟天中原花色素提取效果的影响,优选提取工艺,并考察原花青素稳定性。最佳提取工艺为45%乙醇,料液比1∶25,60℃,提取30 min,提取液的平均吸光度为0.666,RSD=2.7%,n=6,结果表明该提取工艺重复性良好。野生巴戟天和种植巴戟天中原花色素含量分别为0.192%和0.186%。巴戟天中原花青素具有较好的耐光性、耐糖性、耐盐性,在低温、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+条件下稳定,而在强酸、强碱、高温、H2O2、Na2SO3、Ba2+、Zn2+和Cu2+及Fe3+中不稳定。     

蓼属植物化学成分及药用活性研究新进展

蓼属是蓼科植物中的一个药用大属,种类繁多,具有多种药用活性,部分为我国民间广泛习用药材。蓼属植物含有黄酮、蒽醌、二苯乙烯、糖脂及萜类等多种化学成分。随着高效液相色谱等现代分离技术与活性追踪分离法的巧妙结合,使蓼属植物的研究进展迅速。本文就近5年来蓼属植物化学成分及药用活性研究的新进展进行综述。     

风吹楠属植物化学成分及活性研究进展

为了全面了解和综合利用风吹楠属植物,本文对风吹楠属植物的化学成分和药理活性研究进展进行了综述。目前风吹楠属植物研究所涉及的种类仅5种,从中共分离到40个化学成分,包括黄酮、色原酮、木脂素、生物碱、芳基酮等结构类型。活性研究表明,一些化学成分具有明显的细胞毒活性和抗疟疾活性。开展风吹楠属植物的研究,对发现新的药用活性成分及资源保护具有重要的意义。     

Phytoconstituents and Bioactivity of Plants of the Genus Spiraea L. (Rosaceae): A Review

The genus Spiraea L. belongs to the Rosaceae Juss. family and includes more than 100 species distributed in the temperate zone and subtropical zone of the Northern Hemisphere at the center of species diversity in East Asia. Representatives of the genus are known as ornamental plants with many forms and varieties, are widely used in conventional medicine, and have a high resource potential. This review provides information on the diversity of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, and lignans), terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and other classes of secondary metabolites in the species of Spiraea worldwide. The article also presents little-known and hard-to-find data published in Russian concerning Spiraea phytochemistry. The biological activities of extracts and their fractions and of individual compounds having different types of biological activity (e.g., antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal) are discussed. Data about biotechnological research on representatives of the genus Spiraea are presented too. The analysis of the literature showed that further chemical and pharmacological studies on Spiraea plants are quite promising.     

补血草属植物化学成分及生物活性的研究进展

补血草属（Limonium mill）植物为白花丹科或蓝雪科（Plumbaginaceae）多年生草本盐生植物.综述了补血草属植物的化学成分及其生物活性,为深入研究资源丰富的补血草属药用植物提供科学依据.     

Chemically Mediated Species Recognition in Closely Related Podarcis Wall Lizards

In many animals, chemical signals play an important role in species recognition and may contribute to reproductive isolation and speciation. The Iberian lizards of the genus Podarcis, with up to nine currently recognized lineages that are often sympatric, are highly chemosensory and provide an excellent model for the study of chemically mediated species recognition in closely related taxa. In this study, we tested the ability of male and female lizards of two sister species with widely overlapping distribution ranges (Podarcis bocagei and P. hispanica type 1) to discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific mates by using only substrate-borne chemical cues. We scored the number of tongue flicks directed at the paper substrate by each individual in a terrarium previously occupied by a conspecific or a heterospecific lizard of the opposite sex. Results show that males of P. bocagei and P. hispanica type 1 are capable of discriminating chemically between conspecifics and heterospecifics of the opposite sex, but females are not. These results suggest that differences in female, but not male, chemical cues may underlie species recognition and contribute to reproductive isolation in these species. The apparent inability of females to discriminate conspecific from heterospecific males, which is not because of reduced baseline exploration rates, is discussed in the context of sexual selection theory and species discrimination.     

Species-Specific Cuticular Hydrocarbon Stability within European <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrmica</Emphasis> Ants

Recognition is a fundamental process on which all subsequent behaviors are based at every organizational level, from the gene up to the super-organism. At the whole organism level, visual recognition is the best understood. However, chemical communication is far more widespread than visual communication, but despite its importance is much less understood. Ants provide an excellent model system for chemical ecology studies as it is well established that compounds known as cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are used as recognition cues in ants. Therefore, stable species-specific odors should exist, irrespective of geographic locality. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the CHC profiles of workers of twelve species of Myrmica ants from four countries across Europe, from Iberia to the Balkans and from the Mediterranean to Fennoscandia. CHCs remained qualitatively stable within each species, right down to the isomer level. Despite the morphological similarity that occurs within the genus Myrmica, their CHCs were highly diverse but remarkably species-specific and stable across wide geographical areas. This indicates a genetic mechanism under strong selection that produces these species-specific chemical profiles, despite each species encountering different environmental conditions across its range.     

Chemical Analysis of Squirt-gun Defense in Bursera and Counterdefense by Chrysomelid Beetles

The genus Bursera produces resin stored in canals in the leaf. When leaves are damaged, some, but not all, species release abundant resin. Species of Blepharida are specialized herbivores of Bursera, and they exhibit variation in their counterdefensive behavior. Species feeding on resin-releasing plants cut the leaf veins before feeding, which often makes them more prone to predation. They also adorn their backs with their feces and may regurgitate and release an anal secretion when attacked or disturbed by predators. Species that feed on Bursera species that release no fluids do not sever the leaf veins prior to feeding, and they do not carry their feces on their backs. Instead, they face their predators, raise their heads in a "boxing-like" display, and rapidly swing their abdomens from side to side. We performed a comparative chemical analysis of the compounds found in Bursera schlechtendalii, a species that releases abundant resins, and B. biflora, a species that does not. We also analyzed the frass, enteric discharges, and larvae of the two species of Blepharida that feed on each of these plants. The compounds found in the body, feces, and discharges of the Blepharida species that adorns itself with feces match the chemical mixture of its host plant, suggesting that this beetle species can compensate its higher risk of predation by using the compounds present in the plant for defense. The chemical mixture of B. biflora is more complex and does not match the compounds found in the body or frass of its beetle herbivore, suggesting that the defensive strategy of this insect is behavioral and does not rely on its host's constituents.     

Trade-Off Between Chemical and Biotic Antiherbivore Defense in the South East Asian Plant Genus Macaranga

The plant genus Macaranga is known for its manifold mutualistic associations with ants. The plants provide food for the ants and in turn get protection from herbivores. Depending on the strength of the plant–ant interaction, the plant's investment in ants and the biotic defense derived from them is more or less effective. We conducted a comparative study on tannin content in 12 Macaranga species that were selected based on their associations with ants (three nonmyrmecophytes and nine myrmecophytes, three of which start their ontogeny as nonmyrmecophytes). Different developmental stages were investigated in three Macaranga species. Extracts of every individual plant analyzed for tannins were also tested for their effects on larval growth employing larvae of the common cutworm (Spodoptera littoralis). The studied Macaranga species differed significantly in their tannin contents as well as in the effects of their leaf extracts on the growth of S. littoralis larvae. A correlation analysis shows a connection between tannin contents and larval growth. High tannin contents and, thus more effective chemical defense, were observed in nonmyrmecophytic Macaranga species associated only facultatively with ants as compared to obligate myrmecophytes. Our study supports the hypothesis of a trade-off between chemical and biotic defense in the genus Macaranga.     

Cuticular hydrocarbons of dampwood termites,Zootermopsis: Intra- and intercolony variation and potential as taxonomic characters

Colonies ofZootermopsis were collected from the central Sierra Nevada and the Monterey Penninsula in California, and from southern Arizona. Cuticular hydrocarbons were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for each caste of all colonies. Four consistent and distinct cuticular hydrocarbon patterns, or chemical phenotypes, were identified. Unique and abundant monomethyl- and dimethylalkanes, and ann-alkene provided easy separation of the various phenotypes. Significant differences in the proportions of the various components were found among castes within a colony and colonies within phenotypes from California. Differences in the hydrocarbon proportions for castes were not consistent between colonies. The current taxonomy of the genusZootermopsis recognizes three species. Our identification of four consistent, unique cuticular hydrocarbon phenotypes from the three described species should alert systematists and others to a major concern. If there are truly only three extant species, then the hypothesis that cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in this genus are species specific is not acceptable. Conversely, if cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are truly species specific, then there is at least one new, undescribed species ofZootermopsis.Isoptera: Termopsidae.     

Volatiles Emitted by Calling Males of Burying Beetles and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ptomascopus morio</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorinae) Are Biogenetically Related

In burying beetles, Nicrophorus spp. (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorinae) mate finding is mediated by male produced volatile compounds. To date, pheromone components of only two species have been identified. In an attempt to better understand the evolution of male pheromone signaling in burying beetles, we investigated the male released volatiles of ten Nicrophorus species and one closely related nicrophorine species, Ptomascopus mori. Volatiles emitted by calling males were collected in the laboratory by means of solid phase micro extraction and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Identified volatiles included short chain esters of 4-methylcarboxylic acids, terpenoids, and some other aliphatic compounds. The long-range volatile signals of the burying beetle species included in this study are blends of two to seven components. We found that methyl or ethyl esters of 4-methylheptanoic acid and 4-methyloctanoic acid are produced by eight of the ten investigated Nicrophorus species. These esters may play a key role in chemical communication. Their widespread occurrence suggests that these compounds did not evolve recently, but appeared relatively early in the phylogeny of the genus. Although Ptomascopus is considered the sister genus of Nicrophorus, P. morio males do not produce any of the Nicrophorus compounds, but release 3-methylalkan-2-ones, which are absent in Nicrophorus. A better understanding of the evolution of burying beetle pheromones, however, will only be possible once more species have been studied.