氢—空气燃料电池

氢作为能量的载体可替代传统的化石燃料。氢直接燃烧,可发电、冶金、供热,可开动汽车、火车、轮船、飞机,可发射运载火箭。几乎一切需用燃料的地方都可以使用氢。氢能量大,清洁,燃烧时对大气基本无污染。随着社会的现代化和对环境保护的要求,氢的用途将会日益扩大。氢除了直接作燃料用外,还可间接作“燃料”用。把氢导入一种类似于电解水的装置,与进入装置的空气中的氧发生氧化还原反应,这时便产生电力,同时生成水。这种连续消耗氢和空气中的氧、并不断输出电力和水的装置称之为氢——空气(氧)燃料电池。氢——空气燃料电池可大可小,小到可为手电或     

车用汽油机废气涡轮增压存在障碍及对策

本文简要介绍了汽油机废气涡轮增压的，重点分析了汽油机废气涡轮增压存在的障碍，即汽油机增压易发生爆燃、汽油机增压热负荷大、汽油机与增压器匹配困难等及解决障碍的措施。     

车用废气涡轮增压柴油机使用问题的探讨

就车用废气涡轮增压柴油机出现的瞬态响应特性变差、适应性系数降低、热负荷增加等问题进行了分析讨论,从结构和使用两方面提出了改进的措施     

用V—MPC增压系统改善车用柴油机低速性能的研究

为改善车用涡增压柴油机低速性能，而又不损失高速性能，提出了Ｖ－ＭＰＣ增压系统，并对其进行了理论分析和实验研究。在某涡轮增压柴油机上试验结果表明，采用Ｖ－ＭＰＣ增压系统可改善低速性能。     

零碳燃料对大型发动机涡轮增压系统的影响

燃料的点火及燃烧特性对零碳燃料发动机的燃烧概念及参数变化产生较大的影响,重点分析氨和氢的加入所带来的发动机过量空气系数、燃烧参数等的变化对涡轮增压器匹配的影响。研究表明：氨燃料需要较大的涡轮面积,而氢燃料则需要较高压比的压气机以及非常小的涡轮,这对现有增压器匹配零碳燃料提出了挑战。     

SUV车用"电喷"发动机废气涡轮增压技术初探

简要概述车用发动机废气涡轮增压技术的发展现状,针对近年来兴起的SUV(Sport Utility Vehicle)车,分析其采用废气涡轮增压的必要性和可行性,并对增压方案进行初步探讨。     

“绿色天使”系列氢燃料电池自行车

氢燃料电池汽车已经成为新能源汽车的发展方向,正在获得越来越多人的认可。但是氢燃料电池的用途远不止于此,一种颇具未来概念的氢燃料电池自行车在上海研制成功。     

增压柴油机实现废气再循环（EGR）系统的模拟计算研究

研究了涡轮增压柴油机使用废气再循环（EGR）面临如何在高负荷时以较低的成本和副作用获得降低NOx排放所要求的再循环废气量,提出了利用进排气压力波动实现涡轮增压柴油机废气再循环的单向阀、旋转阀和EGR短管3种EGR系统。模拟计算结构表明,采用上述3种EGR系统在高负荷甚至全负荷时,都可获得较大的EGR量。     

废气涡轮增压与发动机匹配的理论计算研究

根据废气涡轮增压的工作原理、结构特性,对增压器和发动机的空气流量和其他方面的匹配进行了计算和理论分析,提出了发动机选配增压器的基本过程和注意事项,以及重新为指定发动机设计增压器的基本步骤。     

车载燃料电池诊断装置的研究

介绍了一种特殊的车载燃料电池诊断装置,该装置包括控制单元、燃料气体供给单元、电力调整单元、冷却单元和电力消耗单元.该装置可以精确地再现车辆行驶期间燃料电池堆的异常情况,便于在修理车间对其进行彻查,及时发现并排除故障.当燃料电池的冷却系统或燃料气体供给系统受到损坏时,利用该诊断装置的冷却单元和燃料气体供给单元也可以对燃料电池堆进行准确的诊断.     

Pressure analysis on two-step high pressure reducing system for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle

Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) can achieve zero exhaust emission and zero pollution. In order to make FCEV reach a farther travel distance, greater demands are put on its pressure reducing system. In this paper, a two-step high pressure reducing system for FCEV is proposed. The system is made up of two parts, a new high multi-stage pressure reducing valve (HMSPRV) and a multi-stage muffler. As a new system, its feasibility has to be verified. Since the valve opening condition has a great effect on hydrogen flow, pressure reduction and energy consumption, different valve opening conditions are taken as the research point. The flow field analysis of the new HMSPRV is conducted on three aspects: pressure field, velocity field and energy consumption. It can be found that both the pressure reducing and velocity increasing gradients mainly reflect at those throttling components for all valve openings. For energy consumption, in the comprehensive study of flow vortexes and turbulent dissipation rate, it can be found that the larger of the valve opening, the larger of energy consumption. Then, a thermo-fluid-solid coupling analysis is conducted on the new HMSPRV, and it is concluded that the new system meets strength requirement. Furthermore, as the second step of the high pressure reducing system, the flow and pressure fields of multi-stage muffler are investigated. The five-stage muffler is exactly designed to complete the whole pressure reducing process. This study can provide technological support for achieving pressure regulation in the hydrogen transport system of FCEV when facing complex conditions, and it can also benefit the further research work on energy saving and multi-stage flow of pressure reducing devices.     

A 50 w methanol-air fuel cell with hydrophobic air electrodes

A methanol-air fuel cell battery for light tractionary purposes has been built. The cell stack features platinum on carbon methanol electrodes, hydrophobic air electrodes and a new stack building technique based on metal O-rings.     

The study on the power management system in a fuel cell hybrid vehicle

This paper presents a model of a hybrid electric vehicle, based on a primary proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and an auxiliary Li-ion battery, and its dynamics and overall performance. The power voltage from the fuel cell is regulated by a DC/DC converter before integrating with the Li-ion battery, which provides energy to the drive motor. The driving force for propelling the wheels comes from a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM); where the power passes through the transmission, shaft, and the differential.     

Optimization of fuel cell system operating conditions for fuel cell vehicles

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology for use in fuel cell vehicles and other applications has been intensively developed in recent decades. Besides the fuel cell stack, air and fuel control and thermal and water management are major challenges in the development of the fuel cell for vehicle applications. The air supply system can have a major impact on overall system efficiency. In this paper a fuel cell system model for optimizing system operating conditions was developed which includes the transient dynamics of the air system with varying back pressure. Compared to the conventional fixed back pressure operation, the optimal operation discussed in this paper can achieve higher system efficiency over the full load range. Finally, the model is applied as part of a dynamic forward-looking vehicle model of a load-following direct hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to explore the energy economy optimization potential of fuel cell vehicles.     

Influence of pressure losses on compressor performance in a pressurized fuel cell air supply system for airplane applications

Low ambient pressures at elevated flight altitudes lead to power losses in fuel cell powered aircrafts. As countermeasure ambient air can be pressurized with a suitable fuel cell air supply system. In this study the influence of low ambient pressures and pressure losses within the system on the performance of two turbo compressors and the resulting stack power are examined theoretically and the findings validated experimentally. Results show that decreasing ambient pressures and pressure losses in front and after the compressor reduce the maximum pressure from 2.4 to 1.6 bar(a) in the examined system. Air compression may require a significant share of the fuel cell stack power and the maximum system power is reduced from 54 to 41 kW. For air pressures higher than 1.8 bar(a) the fuel cell stack power gain due to pressurization is found to be cancelled out by the increasing power required for air compression.     

The computer-aided analysis for the driving stability of a plug-in fuel cell vehicle using a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

In order to analyze the driving stability of a plug-in fuel cell vehicle (PFCV), a computer-aided simulator for PFCVs has been developed. PFCVs have been introduced around the world to achieve early commercialization of an eco-friendly and highly efficient fuel cell vehicle. The plug-in option, which allows the battery to be recharged from the electricity grid, enables a reduction in size of the fuel cell system (FCS) and an improvement of its durability. As such, the existing limitations of the fuel cell - such as its high cost, poor durability, and the insufficient hydrogen infrastructure – can be overcome. During the design phase of PFCV development, simulation-based driving stability test is necessary to determine the sizes of the electric engine of the FCS and the battery. The developed simulator is very useful for analyzing the driving stability of the PFCV with respect to the capacities of the FCS and battery. The simulation results are in fact very close to those obtained from a real system, since the estimation accuracy of PFCV component models used in this simulator, such as the fuel cell stack, battery, electric vehicle, and the other balance of plants (BOPs), are verified by the experiments, and the simulator uses the newly-proposed power distribution control logic and the pre-confirmed real driving schedule. Using these results, we can study which one will be the best in terms of driving stability.     

Mapping global fuel cell vehicle industry chain and assessing potential supply risks

Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have the potential to contribute significantly to improving air quality and addressing climate concerns in the future. However, due to the highly dynamic technology and manufacturing developments, there is a lack of understanding of the state-of-the-art global FCV industry chain and associated supply risks. This study fills such a research gap by mapping global FCV industry chain during the period 2017–2019, and assessing the supply risks of relevant key commodities. The results show that significant supply risks existed in global FCV industry chain, especially in upstream commodities like platinum and gas diffusion layer (GDL). The combined indicator of Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and Worldwide Governance-Indicator (HHI-WGI) is used to quantify the supply risks, showing that HHI-WGI of platinum is on the highest level. On the national level, supply risks are identified primarily in platinum for Japan, in vehicles for the United States, and along the entire industry chain for China. Network analysis is conducted to visualize and analyze how countries, companies and commodities are connected, showing that the highest supply risks were identified in GDLs. It is recommended that country-specific measures should be taken to mitigate supply risks, including building up national stocks of critical materials, investing overseas, enhancing the guidance over industry policies, and stepping up infrastructure construction.     

A hybrid aluminum/hydrogen/air cell system

A hybrid aluminum/hydrogen/air cell system is developed to solve the parasitic hydrogen-generating problem in an alkaline aluminum/air battery. A H₂/air fuel cell is integrated into an Al/air battery so that the hydrogen generated by the parasitic reaction is utilized rather than wasted. A systematic study is conducted to investigate how the parasitic reaction and the added H₂/air cell affect the performance of the aluminum/air battery. The aluminum/air sub-cell has an open circuit voltage of 1.45 V and the hydrogen/air sub-cell of 1.05 V. The maximum power density of the entire hybrid system increases significantly by ∼20% after incorporating a H₂/air sub-cell. The system maximum power density ranges from 23 to 45 mW cm⁻² in 1–5 M NaOH electrolyte. The hybrid system is adaptable in concentrated alkaline electrolyte with significantly improved power output at no sacrifice of its overall efficiency.     

Super high-speed electric motor with amorphous magnetic circuit for the hydrogen fuel cell air supply system

Hydrogen fuel cells are one of the important directions of development of the global energy. Hydrogen fuel cells are being actively implemented in the aviation systems, for example in Airbus A320. Boeing and Airbus announced creation of an auxiliary power unit fuel cell with capacity up to 200 kW in 2017–2018. In the automotive industry hydrogen fuel cells are also widely used. But the efficient use of hydrogen fuel cells is not possible without establishment of effective systems related to their operation.Therefore, our article proposes a new topology of high-speed motor for compressor of the hydrogen fuel cell. An original solution to raise the energy efficiency of high-speed motor presented in our article, the novelty of which is the use of amorphous alloys. Research of the new design methods of computer modeling in Ansys Maxwell was conducted; optimal geometric dimensions of the high-speed motor with two-pole and four-pole magnetic system were obtained in this article. In the modeling losses on eddy currents in permanent magnets and iron of the rotor for two-pole and four-pole magnetic systems were taken into account. All the theoretical results have been experimentally verified. For this purpose the layout of the high-speed motor with the perforated winding was created. Design of the experimental model is also described in this article. The high-speed motor testing and analysis of test data take a special place in this article. In the experimental tests was found that the efficiency of our topology is 92.8% and the power density of our high-speed motor is 0.21 kg/kW with air cooling. These experimental tests prove the effectiveness of our topology compared to the known world analogues. Also in the article was proven that the use of our topology allows minimizing the mass of a hydrogen fuel cell with improved energy efficiency. This is especially important for the aerospace applications and automotive industry.