车用氢燃料电池专用空压机

<正>车用氢燃料电池系统主要包括:电堆子系统、氢气供应子系统、空气供应子系统、热管理子系统、水管理子系统等五个子系统。空气供应子系统成本约占燃料电池系统成本的20%,能耗约占燃料电池输出功率的20%～30%。车用氢燃料电池专用空压机是燃料电池空气供应子系统的核心部件,通过对进堆空气进行增压可以提高燃料电池的功率密度和效率。车用氢燃料电池空压机     

动态工况下车用燃料电池系统热力学分析

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)是通过电化学将反应将氢气中的化学能直接转化为电能的能量转换装置,具有启动快、无污染、效率高、可靠性高等特点,正逐步应用于新能源汽车.本文提出了一种车用燃料电池动力系统热力学模型,系统主要由PEMFC电堆、空气压缩机、氢气循环泵、冷却水泵及加湿器模型组成.研究了动态工况下附属设备能耗对燃料...     

40项燃料电池国家标准发布

正迄今我国已经发布燃料电池国家标准40项,其中采用国际标准13项,我国自主制定的国家标准27项。燃料电池是一种将存在于燃料与氧化剂中的化学能直接转化为电能的发电装置,将燃料和空气分别送进燃料电池,就能产生出电能。我国已发布的国家标准大部分为燃料电池汽车。     

新型汽车代用燃料的开发和应用前景(上)

在环保节能要求的推动下，汽车代用燃料的开发已成趋势。文章综述车用甲醇燃料、车用乙醇燃料、生物柴油、二甲醚、天然气制合成柴油、燃料电池等汽车代用燃料的国内外发展应用状况，分析其经济技术优缺点等。最后展望了我国新型汽车代用燃料的发展前景。     

什么是新能源汽车？

按照发改委公告定义,新能源汽车是指采用非常规的车用燃料作为动力来源（或使用常规的车用燃料、采用新型车载动力装置）,综合车辆的动力控制和驱动方面的先进技术,形成的技术原理先进、具有新技术、新结构的汽车。新能源汽车包括五大类型混合动力电动汽车（HEV）、纯电动汽车（BEV,包括太氧能汽车）、燃料电池电动汽车（FCEV）、其他新能源（如超级电容器、     

车用质子交换膜燃料电池发动机系统控制技术现状研究

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)以其高能量密度、工作温度低、无污染排放、结构紧凑等优点被公认为发展前景最好的汽车动力源之一,对车用(PEMFC)发动机系统的氢气/空气供给系统、水/热管理系统、安全系统、压力,温湿度控制系统的技术现状进行了系统分析,对PEMFC发动机的控制理论,如模糊控制、预测控制与应用技术发展方向进行了研究。     

车用氢燃料电池技术现状及发展方向

综述燃料电池分类和质子交换膜电池的原理与结构,车用氢燃料电池关键部件材料应用与发展。分析了车用燃料电池的应用瓶颈和发展趋势。     

感应环境的汽车通风装置研究

研究了一种用于自动切换的汽车通风系统的通风装置,通过感应环境变化,自动切换车内外空气循环,实时更新车内空气,提高车内空气环境质量,有效地解决了汽车熄火后汽车暴晒在车内产生甲醛、苯等对人体有害的气体等问题,同时有效防止了因车内封闭空气无法循环而导致车内人员窒息死亡的情况.     

氨氢燃料电池研究开发现状

预计到2045年世界氢燃料汽车市场占有率将达到95%。2020年中国燃料电池车辆将达到10000辆;2030年,燃料电池车辆保有量达到200万辆。中国有望成为全球最大的燃料电池汽车市场。氢燃料电池汽车面临的最大困难是氢燃料运输/使用的安全性、基建设施的建立和完善等。选择氨作为载体,易于使用,最方便替代氢。作为氢载体的氨的利用工艺是把氨运到加氢站变换成氢,用于搭载固体高分子型燃料电池汽车(FCV)的燃料。日本由多家研究单位和企业组成氨氢站团队开发了氢供应量1m~3/h(标准)的氨分解装置、氨除去装置、氢精制装置。用这些装置组合成氨分解/高纯度氢供应系统,可制造FCV氢燃料。下一步将进入氢供应量10m~3/h(标准)的氨分解/高纯度氢供应系统验证实验。以色列开发的氨氢燃料电池项目在中国寻求合作伙伴。澳大利亚开发出一套基于金属薄膜的"氢-氨"转换新技术,解决了氢气长途运输难题。建议国家有关方面组织联合攻关,研发我国的氨氢燃料电池汽车。     

氢能汽车

正氢能汽车,是以氢作为能源的汽车,将氢反应所产生的化学能转换为机械能推动车辆。氢能汽车分为两种,一种氢内燃机汽车(HICEV)是以内燃机燃烧氢气(通常透过分解甲烷或电解水取得)产生动力推动汽车。另一种氢燃料电池车(FCEV)是使氢或含氢物质与空气中的氧在燃料电池中反应产生电力推动电动机,由电动机推动车辆。使用氢为能源的最大好处     

Structure simulation design of a cathode air filter for SO2 contamination on a 7 kW fuel cell sightseeing vehicle

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stacks can be severely poisoned by a trace amount of SO₂ in the atmosphere, making it necessary to install an air filter to remove harmful contaminants from the cathode air. This study utilizes Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate the influence of the diverse filter structure design containing combinations of inlet diversion tube length and outlet deflector shape on the hydrodynamics and adsorption performance of a cathode air filter by Fluent. Simulation results show that the air filter performance is enhanced with decreases in diversion tube length. Compared with the horizontal porous plate, the conical one increases the pressure drop and the SO₂ adsorption dead zone area. Besides, an air filter prototype made based on the simulation results was applied to a 7 kW fuel cell sightseeing vehicle for the field test. The maximum voltage value of the stack is 73.1 V, the minimum is 67.6 V, and the maximum difference is 5.5 V when the fuel cell sightseeing vehicle runs at a constant speed of 20 km/h 77% of the voltage value is stable between 69 and 71 V, which proves the stable operation of the stack.     

Fuel cell cathode air filters: Methodologies for design and optimization

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells experience performance degradation, such as reduction in efficiency and life, as a result of poisoning of platinum catalysts by airborne contaminants. Research on these contaminant effects suggests that the best possible solution to allowing fuel cells to operate in contaminated environments is by filtration of the harmful contaminants from the cathode air. A cathode air filter design methodology was created that connects properties of cathode air stream, filter design options, and filter footprint, to a set of adsorptive filter parameters that must be optimized to efficiently operate the fuel cell. Filter optimization requires a study of the trade off between two causal factors of power loss: first, a reduction in power production due to poisoning of the platinum catalyst by chemical contaminants and second, an increase in power requirements to operate the air compressor with a larger pressure drop from additional contaminant filtration. The design methodology was successfully applied to a 1.2 kW fuel cell using a programmable algorithm and predictions were made about the relationships between inlet concentration, breakthrough time, filter design, pressure drop, and compressor power requirements.     

能源技术在微型无人机的应用

动力装置是微型飞行器发展的关键技术之一。目前比较成熟的微型飞行器的能源技术主要有锂电池、微型内燃机和微型燃料电池，已有部分定型产品出现在微型无人机样机中。而新型能源技术，主要包括往复式仿生化学肌肉和波束推进等，正处于实验研制阶段。本文重点综述了上述几种微型无人机能源技术在国内外的研究现状，比较各自的优缺点，并提出了未来微型飞行器能源技术研究发展的趋势。     

Air mass flow and pressure optimisation of a PEM fuel cell range extender system

In order to eliminate the local CO₂ emissions from vehicles and to combat the associated climate change, the classic internal combustion engine can be replaced by an electric motor. The two most advantageous variants for the necessary electrical energy storage in the vehicle are currently the purely electrochemical storage in batteries and the chemical storage in hydrogen with subsequent conversion into electrical energy by means of a fuel cell stack. The two variants can also be combined in a battery electric vehicle with a fuel cell range extender, so that the vehicle can be refuelled either purely electrically or using hydrogen. The air compressor, a key component of a PEM fuel cell system, can be operated at different air excess and pressure ratios, which influence the stack as well as the system efficiency. To asses the steady state behaviour of a PEM fuel cell range extender system, a system test bench utilising a commercially available 30 kW stack (96 cells, 409 cm² cell area) was developed. The influences of the operating parameters (air excess ratio 1.3 to 1.7, stack temperature 20 °C–60 °C, air compressor pressure ratio up to 1.67, load point 122 mA/cm² to 978 mA/cm²) on the fuel cell stack voltage level (constant ambient relative humidity of 45%) and the corresponding system efficiency were measured by utilising current, voltage, mass flow, temperature and pressure sensors. A fuel cell stack model was presented, which correlates closely with the experimental data (0.861% relative error). The air supply components were modelled utilising a surface fit. Subsequently, the system efficiency of the validated model was optimised by varying the air mass flow and air pressure. It is shown that higher air pressures and lower air excess ratios increase the system efficiency at high loads. The maximum achieved system efficiency is 55.21% at the lowest continuous load point and 43.74% at the highest continuous load point. Future work can utilise the test bench or the validated model for component design studies to further improve the system efficiency.     

PEM fuel cell performance with solar air preheating

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) have proven to be a promising energy conversion technology in various power applications and since it was developed, it has been a potential alternative over fossil fuel-based engines and power plants, all of which produce harmful by-products. The inlet air coolant and reactants have an important effect on the performance degradation of the PEMFC and certain power outputs. In this work, a theoretical model of a PEM fuel cell with solar air heating system for the preheating hydrogen of PEM fuel cell to mitigate the performance degradation when the fuel cell operates in cold environment, is proposed and evaluated by using energy analysis. Considering these heating and energy losses of heat generation by hydrogen fuel cells, the idea of using transpired solar collectors (TSC) for air preheating to increase the inlet air temperature of the low-temperature fuel cell could be a potential development. The aim of the current article is applying solar air preheating for the hydrogen fuel cells system by applying TSC and analyzing system performance. Results aim to attention fellow scholars as well as industrial engineers in the deployment of solar air heating together with hydrogen fuel cell systems that could be useful for coping with fossil fuel-based power supply systems.     

进气处理装置对发动机性能影响的试验研究

一种装在发动机进气滤清器内的装置，对进气进行过滤处理。发动机采用处理后的进气，其综合性能可以得到显著改善。对一台具有16气门的四缸汽油机上应用结果表明，装了该装置后，发动机外特性上的燃油比油耗最多可以降低9％，同时其废气排放品质也有一定程度改善。对一台轿车进行的实车道路试验也表明具有同样的效果。加装该装置的前后对比，在同样的行驶距离、道路工况前提下，燃油消耗量减少2．94％。显示出该装置对减少燃油消耗以及降低汽车有害尾气排放具有良好的应用前景。     

Optimization of fuel cell system operating conditions for fuel cell vehicles

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology for use in fuel cell vehicles and other applications has been intensively developed in recent decades. Besides the fuel cell stack, air and fuel control and thermal and water management are major challenges in the development of the fuel cell for vehicle applications. The air supply system can have a major impact on overall system efficiency. In this paper a fuel cell system model for optimizing system operating conditions was developed which includes the transient dynamics of the air system with varying back pressure. Compared to the conventional fixed back pressure operation, the optimal operation discussed in this paper can achieve higher system efficiency over the full load range. Finally, the model is applied as part of a dynamic forward-looking vehicle model of a load-following direct hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to explore the energy economy optimization potential of fuel cell vehicles.     

A review of PEM hydrogen fuel cell contamination: Impacts,mechanisms, and mitigation

This paper reviewed over 150 articles on the subject of the effect of contamination on PEM fuel cell. The contaminants included were fuel impurities (CO, CO₂, H₂S, and NH₃); air pollutants (NO_x, SO_x, CO, and CO₂); and cationic ions Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ resulting from the corrosion of fuel cell stack system components. It was found that even trace amounts of impurities present in either fuel or air streams or fuel cell system components could severely poison the anode, membrane, and cathode, particularly at low-temperature operation, which resulted in dramatic performance drop. Significant progress has been made in identifying fuel cell contamination sources and understanding the effect of contaminants on performance through experimental, theoretical/modeling, and methodological approaches. Contamination affects three major elements of fuel cell performance: electrode kinetics, conductivity, and mass transfer.     

Environmental sensor system for expanded capability of PEM fuel cell use in high air contaminant conditions

A novel device called the Environmental Sensor System has been designed and demonstrated to provide real time environmental air contaminant analysis and monitoring to allow fuel cell control systems to protect the integrity of the fuel cell from environmental contaminants. This is accomplished through continuous sampling of the ambient air used to provide oxygen to the fuel cell. Electrochemical sensors are used in this prototype device to monitor hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds. The air is monitored before and after the air filter to allow for preventative maintenance and emergency protection. The integration of this ancillary device will allow fuel cell systems to safely and reliably operate in high air contaminant conditions which previously would have resulted in stack poisoning from air contaminants. Preliminary demonstration of this technology to protect the stack on a fuel cell electric bus is reported.     

The impact of air contaminants on PEMFC performance and durability

The impact of air contaminants such as sulfur compounds (SO₂, H₂S) and nitrogen compounds (NO_x and NH₃) was investigated using subscale fuel cells. The severity of the effect of these impurities varies depending on the contaminants. Among air contaminants, sulfur compounds cause the most severe performance loss due to decrease of available Pt sites for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We found that sulfur compounds adsorbed on Pt surface tend to be oxidized to sulfate at 0.9 V and higher potentials. The cell performance can be recovered partially by excursions to high potentials due to increase of available Pt sites. Furthermore, flushing the cathode with high humidity gases results in almost complete recovery of the cell performance. We conclude that these recovery effects are due to oxidation/removal of the contaminants from the Pt surface.