燃料电池用质子交换膜的研究进展

介绍了三类质子交换膜,包括全氟磺酸膜、磺化聚芳烃系列膜和复合型质子交换膜,主要分析了每种膜的优缺点以及在质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)中的应用前景.     

质子交换膜燃料电池研究进展

由于质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）具有能量转化效率高、寿命长、比功率和比能量高、以及对环境友好等优点,近年来得到迅速发展.笔者综述了PEMFC的特点,分析了PEMFC在国内外的最新研究进展,介绍了PEMFC的应用前景,并指出了PEMFC研究当前需要解决的技术问题及其发展趋势.     

燃料电池用非氟复合质子交换膜的研究进展

介绍了几种非氟复合质子交换膜,包括有机-无机杂化材料质子交换膜(ORMOER)和基于聚苯并咪唑(PBI)、磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)的复合质子交换膜,主要从制备方法出发分析了每种复合膜的优缺点以及在燃料电池(PEMFC)中的应用前景。     

一种新型的燃料电池用质子交换膜--磺化聚酰亚胺膜

综述了磺化聚酰亚胺作为质子交换膜燃料电池中膜材料的研究概况。介绍了其制备方法,总结了磺化聚酰亚胺结构对膜性能的影响。重点讨论了提高磺化聚酰亚胺质子交换膜电导率的途径和影响水解稳定性的因素,结果表明：纳米孔和相分离结构有助于提高质子电导率;磺化聚酰亚胺的水解稳定性不仅与吸水率有关,还与分子链的柔性和二胺单体的碱性有关。     

燃料电池用质子交换膜

介绍了燃料电池用含氟质子交换膜的研究历程、应用、结构与性能的关系及当前针对性的改进,归纳了磺化碳氢聚合物、有机无机复合物、离子交联聚合物和无机固体酸等非氟质子交换膜的代表性研究,指出了各利非氟质子交换膜的优点和不足,对质子交换膜的发展做了相应的展望。     

直接甲醇燃料电池用质子交换膜的研究进展

综述了质子交换膜在直接甲醇燃料电池中的作用和要求,目前质子交换膜的研究进展,重点介绍了适用于直接甲醇燃料电池用质子交换膜的各种材料的改性方法。按照物理和化学两种方法对几类质子交换膜材料进行改性。同时对比了改性前和改性后各种聚合物膜的物性特点。     

磺化芳香聚合物复合质子交换膜

磺化芳香聚合物与其他聚合物共混制备复合膜是改善磺化芳香聚合物质子交换膜性能的一种有效方法。就最近几年来碱性聚合物及其他聚合物与磺化芳香聚合物复合的研究现状进行了分析，对其中存在的问题进行了阐述。     

燃料电池用有机-无机杂化质子交换膜的研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池具有能量转化效率高、寿命长、比功率和比能量高、以及对环境友好等优点。质子交换膜则是关键部件之一,它起到分隔燃料和氧化剂、传导质子和绝缘电子的作用,其性能和寿命直接决定电池的性能和寿命。本文主要介绍了有机无机杂化质子交换膜的特点,并对近几年的发展状况进行了综述,就其设计原理、制备方法及优缺点作了简要评述。     

质子交换膜燃料电池研究进展

介绍了燃料电池的工作原理及目前世界上主要燃料电池的主要特性;综述了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的主要基础研究进展;简单介绍了PEMFC关键部件的研究方向。     

燃料电池碱性聚合物阴离子膜研究进展

阴离子交换膜(AEM)是碱性聚合物电解质燃料电池APEMFC内部结构中的核心部件,但是目前因离子导电率差和化学稳定性不足等问题还不能满足APEMFC商业方面的推广应用。因此,迫切需要开发出高性能的AEM以备APEMFC使用。介绍了一些比较成熟的AEM功能化方法,并综述了近年来国内外关于APEMFC的最新研究成果。     

Ex situ hydrolytic degradation of sulfonated polyimide membranes for fuel cells

Ex situ hydrolytic stability of sulfonated polyimide (s-PI) membranes for fuel cells was studied depending on structural and external parameters including the ion exchange capacity, the block character, the temperature and the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify the chemical modifications such as the loss of imide functions and of ionic monomers. The decrease in ion exchange capacity due to the elution of sulfonated oligomers was confirmed by sulfur content analysis. A complete hydrolysis of some of the imide functions is observed leading to polymer chain scissions and to the loss of the mechanical properties. It is shown to be a thermo activated process and the activation energy (60 kJ/mol) is found in good agreement with the value determined from fuel cell lifetimes. The degradation in fuel cell conditions is similar but faster than in pure water. The same kinetic can be reproduced ex situ by addition 0.05% of hydrogen peroxide.     

Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxides) as membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

The synthesis of a thermally stable proton conducting polymer based on poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) was carried out using 2,6‐dimethylphenol (DMP) and 2‐allylphenol (AP) as monomers. The copolymers using the two monomers were prepared with DMP to AP molar ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20. The polymers and the copolymers were blended with poly(vinylidene fluoride) and cast as membranes. All the membranes were sulfonated and characterized for their suitability as a polymer electrolyte membrane. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1792–1798, 2002     

Functionalized carbon support with sulfonated polymer for direct methanol fuel cells

Recently electrodes for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) have been developed for getting high fuel cell performances by controlling composition of catalysts and sulfonated polymers, developing catalyst particles, modifying carbon supports, etc. The electrodes in DMFCs are porous layers, which are composed of catalyst, which is black or carbon supported, and sulfonated polymers in a blended form. In the present study, carbon support for catalysts was functionalized to play dual roles of a mass transport and a catalyst support. The functionalized carbon support was characterized and compared with pristine one by thermal and spectroscopic analysis, and loading of platinum (Pt) catalysts on modified support was performed by gas reduction. The electrodes with Pt on functionalized carbon support were fabricated, though the conventional electrodes were prepared with sulfonated polymer and Pt catalysts. Membrane electrode assembly with Pt catalyst on functionalized support showed a higher DMFC performance of 30 mW cm⁻² at 50 °C without using additional sulfonated polymer. Integration of electrode components in one body has another advantage of easier and simpler process in preparing electrodes for DMFCs. Improved DMFC performance of the electrode containing functionalized carbon was be attributed to a better mass transport which maximize the catalytic activities.     

直接甲醇燃料电池用阻醇质子交换膜研究进展

直接甲醇燃料电池是近十年兴起的新型燃料电池,并以其独特的优点引起了人们广泛的关注。作为其重要组成部分的质子交换膜的性质是影响电池性能的关键因素。本文在介绍近两年质子交换膜研究最新进展的基础上,综述了天然聚合物用作质子交换膜材料的研究情况,并分析了其优劣势及应用前景。     

New solid polymer electrolyte membranes for alkaline fuel cells

New solid polymer electrolyte composite membranes have been prepared using chitosan as matrices and incorporating potassium hydroxide as the functional ionic source. These membranes were featured as a three‐layer structure having a porous intermediate layer while the two crosslinked surface layers are dense. Results from impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the conductivity of some hydrated composite membranes, after hydration for 1 h at room temperature, reached about 10⁻² S cm⁻¹. Several composite membranes were then tested in alkaline fuel cells, using hydrogen as fuel, air as oxidant and platinum as the electrode catalyst. A current density of 35 mA cm⁻² has been achieved at 60 °C with a flow rate of hydrogen at 50 ml min⁻¹ and air at 200 ml min⁻¹. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Silicate-based polymer-nanocomposite membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells have emerged as a promising emission free technology to fulfill the existing power requirements of the 21st century. Nafion^® is the most widely accepted and commercialized membrane to date and possesses excellent electrochemical properties below 80 °C, under highly humidified conditions. However, a decrease in the proton conductivity of Nafion^® above 80 °C and lower humidity along with high membrane cost has prompted the development of new membranes and techniques. Addition of inorganic fillers, especially silicate-based nanomaterials, to the polymer membrane was utilized to partially overcome the aforementioned limitations. This is because of the lower cost, easy availability, high hydrophilicity and higher thermal stability of the inorganic silicates. Addition of silicates to the polymer membrane has also improved the mechanical, thermal and barrier properties, along with water uptake of the composite membranes, resulting in superior performance at higher temperature compared to that of the virgin membrane. However, the degrees of dispersion and interaction between the organic polymer and inorganic silicates play vital roles in improving the key properties of the membranes. Hence, different techniques and solvent media were used to improve the degrees of nanofiller dispersion and the physico-chemical properties of the membranes. This review focuses mainly on the techniques of silicate-based nanocomposite fabrication and the resulting impact on the membrane properties.     

燃料电池用质子交换膜电渗拖曳的研究进展

质子交换膜的电渗拖曳直接影响燃料电池的水管理和电池系统复杂性。本文对质子交换膜电渗拖曳系数的测量方法进行了综述,并指出了各种方法的优缺点。经比较发现：电渗拖曳池、氢泵、电泳核磁共振法可测量质子交换膜与液态水接触时的电渗拖曳系数,其值一般在2～5;活度梯度法和电泳核磁共振法可测量质子交换膜与气态水接触时的电渗拖曳系数。随着复合质子交换膜的发展,亟需普遍性的测量方法测定复合膜的电渗拖曳系数,为燃料电池模型提供相关的参数,以利于数学模型对质子交换膜的准确描述。     

质子交换膜燃料电池用磺化聚醚醚酮膜的研究进展

Nafion膜具有优良的化学稳定性和导电性能,但是它成本高,高温下几乎不导电。本文回顾了Nafion替代膜之一——磺化聚醚醚酮（SPEEK）膜及SPEEK/离子液体（IL）复合膜的研究进展。介绍了SPEEK制备的两种方法：直接磺化法和磺化单体聚合法,其中直接磺化法工艺简单,但磺化度（DS）≤1.0,反应较难控制;磺化单体聚合法DS可控,但工艺复杂,原料有毒。简述了温度、反应时间、原料配比、磺化单体种类、制膜工艺及溶剂对SPEEK膜性能的影响：直接磺化法中DS与温度成负相关,与反应时间成正相关,与原料配比关系不大;磺化单体聚合法中DS受磺化单体的种类和氟酮与磺化氟酮的比例影响较大。着重介绍了SPEEK/咪唑离子液体复合膜和SPEEK/季铵盐离子液体复合膜的研究现状及应用于质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）时存在的问题。最后对SPEEK/IL复合膜未来的研究方向进行了展望,即解决燃料电池运行过程中复合膜中离子液体流失及与Pt基催化剂相容性等关键问题,以提高PEMFC的性能。