一种基于回波相关的无源合成孔径雷达成像方法

利用机会照射源的无源雷达因为可以解决频带拥挤和具有良好的电子对抗性能,是雷达领域的一个研究热点。鉴于大多数机会照射源发射窄带或超窄带的连续波信号,该文研究采用窄带连续波信号的无源合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像。通过不同接收机回波之间进行相关,建立成像的数据模型,并给出一种滤波反投影(FBP)成像算法,详细分析了影响该成像方法分辨率的因素。通过仿真实验,验证了基于回波相关和FBP的无源SAR成像方法。该方法无需发射机位置信息,适用于任意载机飞行轨迹。     

3-D radar imaging using range migration techniques

An imaging system with three-dimensional (3-D) capability can be implemented by using a stepped frequency radar which synthesizes a two-dimensional (2-D) planar aperture. A 3-D image can be formed by coherently integrating the backscatter data over the measured frequency band and the two spatial coordinates of the 2-D synthetic aperture. This paper presents a near-field 3-D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging algorithm. This algorithm is an extension of the 2-D range migration algorithm (RMA). The presented formulation is justified by using the method of the stationary phase (MSP). Implementation aspects including the sampling criteria, resolutions, and computational complexity are assessed. The high computational efficiency and accurate image reconstruction of the algorithm are demonstrated both with numerical simulations and measurements using an outdoor linear SAR system     

Blind-velocity SAR/ISAR imaging of a moving target in a stationarybackground

A synthetic aperture radio/inverse synthetic aperture radar (SAR/ISAR) coherent system model and inversion to image a target moving with an unknown constant velocity in a stationary background are presented. The approach is based on a recently developed system modelling and inversion principle for SAR/ISAR imaging that utilizes the spatial Fourier decomposition of SAR data in the synthetic aperture domain to convert the SAR system model's nonlinear phase functions into linear phase functions suitable for a computationally manageable inversion. It is shown that SAR/ISAR imaging of a moving target can be converted into imaging the target in a stationary squint-mode SAR problem where the parameters of the squint-mode geometry depend on the target's velocity. A method for estimating the moving target's velocity that utilizes a spatial Doppler analysis of the SAR data within overlapping subapertures is presented. The spatial Doppler technique does not require the radar signal to be narrowband, so the reconstructed image's resolution is not sacrificed to improve the target's velocity estimator.     

基于深度学习的复杂沙漠背景SAR目标检测

SAR目标检测,因成像场景大、背景复杂多变而极具挑战。传统基于恒虚警率的SAR目标检测方法极易受背景干扰。针对上述问题,提出一种基于深度学习的复杂沙漠背景SAR目标端对端检测识别系统。即采用小规模沙漠背景下的SAR图像数据对Faster-RCNN网络进行迁移训练,一体化完成典型目标的检测与识别。基于合成数据集Desert-SAR的试验结果表明,与传统方法相比,该方法检测速度更快、准确率更高、鲁棒性更强。     

SAR Images of Rooms and Buildings Based on FDTD Computer Models

This paper presents synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of rooms and buildings based on numerical simulations, with application to sensing through the wall (STTW) scenarios. We use the finite-difference time-domain modeling technique to compute the radar return from configurations of increasing complexity, where humans and furniture objects are placed in a room. We apply SAR image formation techniques and analyze the images obtained for various wall materials, aspect angles, and radar parameters. We investigate the multipath propagation issues relevant to STTW imaging radar and discuss the radar parameter tradeoff based on image quality. We also look at images obtained in cross-polarization, demonstrating how this radar operational mode can achieve significant clutter rejection. The phenomenological results obtained in this paper can be used as guidance by radar engineers in order to optimize the performance of STTW SAR imaging systems.     

Resolution of the ocean wave propagation direction in SAR imagery

There is an inherent 180° ambiguity in the derived wave propagation direction when using conventional spectral analysis techniques on standard synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image products. Three different techniques are successfully used to resolve this ambiguity in propagation direction using a single pass of airborne SAR data. The fact that the SAR is characterized by a large time-bandwidth product is used to advantage. A sequence of individual looks extracted from the Doppler spectrum represents images of the scene collected at a sequence of discretely delayed intervals of time. The techniques utilized include cross-correlation-based motion analysis of a pair of looks, phase weighting based upon a pair of looks and the ocean wave dispersion relation, and a three-dimensional spectral analysis. The phase weighting technique is also demonstrated for a Seasat SAR scene     

MCA: A Multichannel Approach to SAR Autofocus

We present a new noniterative approach to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) autofocus, termed the multichannel autofocus (MCA) algorithm. The key in the approach is to exploit the multichannel redundancy of the defocusing operation to create a linear subspace, where the unknown perfectly focused image resides, expressed in terms of a known basis formed from the given defocused image. A unique solution for the perfectly focused image is then directly determined through a linear algebraic formulation by invoking an additional image support condition. The MCA approach is found to be computationally efficient and robust and does not require prior assumptions about the SAR scene used in existing methods. In addition, the vector-space formulation of MCA allows sharpness metric optimization to be easily incorporated within the restoration framework as a regularization term. We present experimental results characterizing the performance of MCA in comparison with conventional autofocus methods and discuss the practical implementation of the technique.      

Motion measurement errors and autofocus in bistatic SAR.

This paper discusses the effect of motion measurement errors (MMEs) on measured bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) phase history data that has been motion compensated to the scene origin. We characterize the effect of low-frequency MMEs on bistatic SAR images, and, based on this characterization, we derive limits on the allowable MMEs to be used as system specifications. Finally, we demonstrate that proper orientation of a bistatic SAR image during the image formation process allows application of monostatic SAR autofocus algorithms in postprocessing to mitigate image defocus.     

Reconnaissance with slant plane circular SAR imaging

This paper presents a method for imaging from the slant plane data collected by a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) over the full rotation or a partial segment of a circular flight path. A Fourier analysis for the Green's function of the imaging system is provided. This analysis is the basis of an inversion for slant plane circular SAR data. The reconstruction algorithm and resolution for this SAR system are outlined. It is shown that the slant plane circular SAR, unlike the slant plane linear SAR, has the capability to extract three-dimensional imaging information of a target scene. The merits of the algorithm are demonstrated via a simulated target whose ultra wideband foliage penetrating (FOPEN) or ground penetrating (GPEN) ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radar signature varies with the radar's aspect angle.     

Signal subspace fusion of uncalibrated sensors with application inSAR and diagnostic medicine

Addresses the problem of fusing the information content of two uncalibrated sensors. This problem arises in registering images of a scene when it is viewed via two different sensory systems, or detecting change in a scene when it is viewed at two different time points by a sensory system, or via two different sensory systems or observation channels. We are concerned with sensory systems which have not only a relative shift, scaling and rotational calibration error, but also an unknown point spread function (that is time varying for a single sensor, or different for two sensors). By modeling one image in terms of an unknown linear combination of the other image, its powers and their spatially transformed (shift, rotation and scaling) versions, a signal subspace processing is developed for fusing uncalibrated sensors. The proposed method is shown to be applicable in moving target detection (MTD) using monopulse synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with uncalibrated radars. Results are shown for video, magnetic resonance images of a human brain, moving target detector monopulse SAR, and registration of SAR images of a target obtained via two different radars or at different coordinates by the same radar for automatic target recognition (ATR).     

快速搜索算法与极化合成孔径雷达三维成像

从全极化(hh,hv,vh,vv)合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像数据中,可提取方位向的地势倾斜度信息,形成极化SAR三维成像。该文重点研究极化 SAR三维成像快速算法;提出由 Stokes矢量推导的的极化椭圆方向用解模糊算法;讨论目标极化散射特性对提取地势高度信息的影响以及处理方法;并利用真实的极化 SAR图像数据得到了极化三维成像结果。     

Simulation of ocean waves imaging by an along-track interferometricsynthetic aperture radar

A two-dimensional (2D) model for describing the imaging of ocean waves by an along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar (AT-INSAR) is derived. It includes the modulation of the normalized radar cross section by the long waves, velocity bunching, and azimuthal image smear due to orbital acceleration associated with long waves and due to the orbital velocity spread within the AT-INSAR resolution cell (parameterized by the scene coherence time). By applying the Monte-Carlo method, AT-INSAR amplitude and phase image spectra are calculated for different sea states and radar configurations. The Monte-Carlo simulations show that velocity bunching affects the AT-INSAR imaging mechanism of ocean waves, and that a unimodal ocean wave spectrum may be mapped into a bimodal AT-INSAR phase image spectrum due to an interference between the velocity term and the velocity bunching term in the AT-INSAR imaging model. It is shown that the AT-INSAR imaging mechanism of ocean waves depends on the ratio of the scene coherence time and the time separation between the observations by the two antennas. If this ratio is larger than one, the AT-INSAR phase image spectra are distorted. Furthermore, the simulations show that the AT-INSAR phase image spectrum is quite insensitive to the ocean wave-radar modulation transfer function. Comparing AT-INSAR with conventional SAR imaging of ocean waves, the authors find that the azimuthal cut-off in AT-INSAR phase image spectra is shifted toward higher wavenumbers than in conventional SAR image spectra. This implies that AT-INSAR can resolve shorter azimuthal wavenumbers than conventional SAR. Thus the authors conclude that AT-INSAR phase images are better suited for measuring ocean waves spectra than conventional SAR images     

自然场景SAR图像的仿真

提出了一种模拟自然场景的SAR图像的新方法。该方法用双尺度分形模型和小面单元法来模拟自然场景，利用其Kirchhoff近似求得自然场景的后向散射系数；在求回波和图像处理时采用二维FFT，大大减少了计算量。计算机仿真结果显示，该方法能很好地模拟出自然场景的speckle特征和SAR图像的几何畸变现象。     

A Two-Dimensional Bandwidth Extrapolation Technique for Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Images

The resolution of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image, in range and azimuth, is determined by the transmitted bandwidth and the synthetic aperture length, respectively. Various superresolution techniques for improving resolution have been proposed, and we have proposed an algorithm that we call polarimetric bandwidth extrapolation (PBWE). To apply PBWE to a radar image, one needs to first apply PBWE in the range direction and then in the azimuth direction, or vice versa . In this paper, PBWE is further extended to the 2-D case. This extended case (2D-PBWE) utilizes a 2-D polarimetric linear prediction model and expands the spatial frequency bandwidth in range and azimuth directions simultaneously. The performance of the 2D-PBWE is shown through a simulated radar image and a real polarimetric SAR image     

滑动聚束SAR波束控制研究与设计

本文在分析聚柬SAR模式波束控制方式的基础上,指出滑动聚柬SAR控制波束始终指向远离成像区域的某个虚拟的焦点,其波束控常l方式实际上等同于聚束SAR模式的波束控制。在详细分析虚拟焦点固定的情况下,成像区域中各散射点分辨率的变化以及虚拟焦点到场景中心线的远近对分辨率的影响基础上,给出了一定分辨率下虚拟焦点到场景中心垂直距离的计算公式;然后以0．3m分辨率滑动聚柬SAR模式为例,进行了仿真计算,最后给出了0．3m滑动聚束SAR模式在运七飞机上的试验图像。     

Imaging of Single and Double Scatterers in Urban Areas via SAR Tomography

Microwave scattering is a rather complex mechanism, especially in urban areas. Three-dimensional (3-D) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) tomography is a technique that uses multiple views to map the scattering power at different heights, thus extending the capability of SAR sensors to fully image the scene in the 3-D space. This paper presents a first validation of spaceborne long-term SAR tomography by demonstrating the capability to resolve a simple layover case, i.e., to separate single- and double-scattering mechanisms within imaged pixels. Results obtained with real data acquired by the European Remote Sensing 1 and 2 (ERS-1 and ERS-2) satellites over the urban area of Napoli are presented. As an additional contribution, an innovative algorithm estimating residual topography and surface deformation, called the spatial-differencing technique, is also discussed in detail at the data calibration stage     

SAR图像目标综合检测方法

基于SAR(合成孔径雷达)图像杂波结构,结合小波变换和自适应维纳滤波提出了一种新的抑制SAR图像相干斑噪声方法,该方法能够较好保留杂波边缘和点目标.分析了抑制SAR图像相干斑噪声后的多分布特性,研究了相应的SAR目标检测,提出了一种新的SAR图像目标检测方法及其实现.实际SAR图像测试结果表明了本文方法的有效性.     

A new look at spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar astomography: imaging 3-D targets

A new 3D tomographic formulation of spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is developed. This extends the pioneering work of Munson et al. (1983), who first formally described SAR in terms of tomography but who made the simplifying assumption that the target scene was 2D. The present authors treat the more general and practical case in which the radar target reflectivities comprise a 3D function. The main goal is to demonstrate that the demodulated radar return data from a spotlight mode collection represent a certain set of samples of the 3D Fourier transform of the target reflectivity function and to do so using a tomographic paradigm instead of traditional range-Doppler analysis. They also show that the tomographic approach is useful in interpreting the reconstructed 2D SAR image corresponding to a 3D scene. Specifically, the well-known SAR phenomenon of layover is easily explained in terms of tomographic projections and is shown to be analogous to the projection effect in conventional optical imaging.     

Special Phenomena of the Shadow Region in the High Resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar Image due to Synthetic Aperture

With the development of several High Resolution (HR) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems, many special phenomena appear in the SAR image, especially for the SAR image with millimeter wave. We firmly believed that every detail in the SAR image should have its own special mechanisms and these details may provide some key clues for us to build up the frame work on understanding the SAR image. The synthetic aperture is one of the important particularities about SAR, and the radar is moving during the data is collected, which leads many special phenomena in the SAR image; one of these is the shadow with blurred boundary. In this work, the effect on the shadow region in the SAR image by synthetic aperture is expanded on. The blurred boundary of the shadow is analyzed using imaging formation theory, and the Quadratic Phase Errors (QPE) brought by the synthetic aperture progress is deduced for the first time, which builds up the relationship between the parameters of the shadow caster and the behavior of the shadow in the SAR image. It is found that the QPE is approximately a linear function of the height of the shadow caster. Furthermore, an approach for shadow enhancement based on height variant phase compensation is proposed and it could provide a better effect on shadow enhancement than the traditional technique called Fixed Focus Shadow Enhancement (FFSE), which is proved by theoretical analysis and experiments. Based on the analysis, some typical application of the shadow in SAR image is designed and some mini-SAR image with Ku-band is analyzed about the shadow region. It is expected that the work in this paper could be some helpful for the SAR image understanding and the microwave imaging with high resolution.     

Parametric Velocity Synthetic Aperture Radar:Signal Modeling and Optimal Methods

Velocity synthetic aperture radar (VSAR) is equipped with a linear array to receive the echoes from a radar illuminating area via multiple channels, each of which can reconstruct a reflectivity image for the same stationary scene. Based on analysis of pixel vector sampled among multi-images, VSAR may effectively suppress the strong ground clutter and improve moving target detection and location. In this paper, different Doppler-distributed properties are derived for the moving target and clutter, respectively. Then, we propose a novel parametric statistical model for VSAR by dividing the pixel vector into three components, namely, target, clutter, and noise. Furthermore, a method of adaptive implementation of optimal processing (AIOP-VSAR) is presented for moving target detection. It is shown that the optimum detection performance may be obtained via AIOP-VSAR, particularly for the slowly moving target in an inhomogeneous clutter environment. Also, the Cramer–Rao bounds (CRBs) are derived for the estimation of unknown model parameters, as well as the azimuth locations of moving targets, and the maximum-likelihood methods are proposed to reach these CRBs. Based on the proposed target detection and parameter estimation methods, we present a complete parametric flowchart for VSAR. It is demonstrated that the proposed flowchart may effectively mitigate the “azimuth location ambiguity” of VSAR and has the super-resolution ability to resolve “velocity layover” for multiple targets. Finally, some detailed numerical experiments and scene simulations are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.