S型抗静电剂的合成及其在高分子材料中的应用

Ｓ型抗静电剂是一种阳离子季铵盐表面活性剂，非离子表面活性剂和协同剂按一定比例组成的复合型抗静电剂。介绍了Ｓ型抗静电剂的合成路线，考察了在高分子材料中的抗静电效果。在催化剂作用下，直链烷基伯胺和环氧乙烷生成非离子表面活性剂；在协同剂作用下，非离子表面活性剂再与高氯酸和环氧乙烷进行季胺化反应，得到产品Ｓ型抗静电剂。     

表面活性剂对溴离子选择性电极工作曲线的影响

通过实验确定了以体积比为50%的硝酸钾溶液溴离子选择性电极离子强度调节剂,绘制工作曲线。并分别加入阳离子表面活性剂、阴离子表面活性剂十以及非离子表面活性剂,溶液中各种类型的表面活性剂都会使Br-电极测定值产生正误差,但其干扰的程度各不相同,阳离子表面活性剂对线性回归方程有明显影响;阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂对线性回归方程影响不明显。     

硝酸反萃体系中表面活性剂对传质的影响

在改进的传质池中研究了3种表面活性剂对硝酸反萃体系传质的影响。实验表明，在不加界面激励时，表面活性剂的存在大大降低硝酸反萃的传质系数；加界面激励时，阴、阳离子表面活性剂会增加硝酸反萃的传质系数，非离子表面活性剂则减小传质系数。     

阳离子表面活性剂在工业清洗中的应用研究

阳离子表面活性剂易吸附于通常带负电的固体表面,使固体表面疏水,易吸附油污,不利于清洗,工业清洗中常被忽视.然而在阴离子、非离子表面活性剂清洗体系中,复配少量阳离子表面活性剂可以显著提升清洗效率.本文综述了通过改性后可以普遍与阴离子、非离子表面活性剂复配的阳离子表面活性剂的类型、结构及其应用特点,并指出了应用于工业清洗的...     

乳液聚合用非离子表面活性剂与APEO替代研究

捅要：就几种不同的环保或不环保的（含APEO）非离子表面活性剂对乳液聚合的影响进行一些探讨与研究,寻找APEO的替代品及乳液聚合过程中对乳液稳定性的影响。表面活性剂（特别是非离子型）是乳液聚合中的重要助剂,其性能很大程度上决定了乳液的最终性能：乳液稳定性、乳液粒子粒径大小、成品性能（耐水性、成膜性能、力学性能、粘结性能等）等等,由于传统性能优异的APEO越来越大范围禁用,选择绿色环保的非离子表面活性剂是从事合成乳液的化学专家重要任务。研究结果表明市场上绿色环保的非离子表面活性剂基本可替代APEO,效果与APEO比或稍有不如,也有综合性能较为特出的如SRNIE非离子表面活性剂,明显比APEO优胜。     

表面活性剂对纳米碳酸钙结晶过程的影响

在Ca(OH)2的碳化反应过程中加入阴离子、阳离子和非离子表面活性剂。采用pH、电导率在线跟踪和透射电子显微镜等手段考察了表面活性剂对碳化反应的影响和对碳酸钙结晶过程的影响。实验发现：①无表面活性剂存在下在碳化反应开始后约4min～7min时，反应液呈凝胶态，体系黏度发牛突变，而在表面性剂存在下，这一凝胶化现象被消除，体系的黏度仅小幅升高；②表面活性剂的存在可加速碳化反应的进行，有效地缩短反应时间；③表面活性剂的存在可影响碳酸钙的结晶行为，在适宜的表面活性剂存在下，碳酸钙的晶形发生改变，可得到直径20nm左右、长数十到数百纳米的链球形碳酸钙晶体。     

一种鉴别表面活性剂类型的系统方法

以亚甲基蓝指示剂法为基础,通过对样品的处理和一系列的对比试验,依次对碳纤维油剂中阳离子表面活性剂、阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂进行鉴别,建立了一种鉴别碳纤维油剂类型的系统方法。鉴别结果表明,此方法适用于系统鉴别碳纤维油剂中阴离子、阳离子和非离子表面活性剂类型。     

阳离子表面活性剂复配体系研究进展

表面活性剂被称为工业味精,在工业中有着广泛用途,尤其以阴离子表面活性剂用量最大,但其中的一些阴离子表面活性剂在环境中不易降解,容易造成环境污染,所以降低表面活性剂的用量是该领域的一个研究方向。表面活性剂复配就是提高表面活性剂使用效果,降低其用量的一个有效途径,是表面活性剂应用领域的一个热点。本文重点综述了阳离子/阴离子,阳离子/非离子,阴离子/阳离子/非离子三种表面活性剂复配体系的研究进展,并在此基础上对有阳离子表面活性剂的复配体系研究给出了建议。     

铝、铍、铁、钪多元络合物显色反应中阳离子、非离子混合表面活性剂的作用

尽管各种表面活性剂在分光光度法中的应用日益广泛,但对混合表面活性剂的研究仍报导较少。Watanade曾研究了在阴离子和非离子型混合表面活性剂存在下,用1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚测定钴,郑用熙等用阴-阳混合型表面活性剂用铬天青S测定铝,戚文彬等研究了阴离子和非离子表面活性剂混合液在Ag~ -5-Cl-PADAB体系中的协同增色作用。作者曾在两性、非离子表面活性剂存在下比较满意地用铬天青S测定了不同材料中的Sc、U,并发现除两性表面活性剂外,阳离子与非离子表面活性剂亦可形成混合胶束,对体系有较好的增敏、增溶及增稳作用。目前阳离子表面活性剂应用广泛,如能深入研究这两种混合表面活性剂的作用及有关机理,并推广应用,将对胶束增溶分光光度法有所促进。本文是在Al、Be、Fe、Sc同铬天青S、阳     

有机硅类表面活性剂在日化及防织业中的应用

概述了有机硅的特性,按照有机硅表面活性剂的离子种类分别概述了阳离子、阴离子、非离子以及两性离子有机硅表面活性剂在日化和纺织行业中的应用状况.     

Application of a non-ionic amphiphilic maleic diester as polymerizable surfactant in free-radical emulsion polymerization

Summary A non ionic amphiphilic maleic diester with a poly(ethylene oxide) hydrophilic chain was used as a copolymerizable surfactant in batch free-radical emulsion polymerizations of styrene and n-butylacrylate. A good stability during the polymerization process was observed together with a high incorporation of the surfactant. Received: 14 December 1998/Revised version: 10 February 1999/Accepted: 10 February 1999     

PHMS／VAc复合乳液的研究

分别采用一次加料法和单体连续滴加法制备了含氢聚甲基硅氧烷／醋酸乙烯酯／羟甲基丙烯酰胺复合乳液,讨论了这两种聚合方法对乳液性能、粒径大小及转化率的影响,同时也考察了乳化剂配比及用量对乳液各项性能的影响。结果表明：在单体连续滴加法下,采用非离子型和阴离子型复合乳化剂可制得较为稳定的乳液。     

用AMPS合成高耐水性丙烯酸乳液压敏胶的研究

运用可聚合乳化剂AMPS和极少量低分子化剂CO－436相配合，采用特殊工艺的半连续无皂乳液聚合方法，研制出了一种耐水性较好的丙烯酸乳液压敏胶，并就其各种性能及影响因素进行了考查，结果表明，聚合工艺对AMPS乳液的聚合稳定性有较大影响，用可聚合乳化剂AMPS合成的丙烯酸乳液压敏胶具有较好的耐水性。     

Inferential closed-loop control of particle size distribution for styrene emulsion polymerization

In this work, a new control strategy for controlling the particle size distribution (PSD) in emulsion polymerization has been proposed. It is shown that the desired PSD can be achieved by controlling the free surfactant concentration which in turn can be done by manipulating the surfactant feed rate. Simulation results show that the closed-loop control of free surfactant concentration results in a better control of PSD compared to open-loop control strategy, in presence of model mismatch and disturbances. Since the on-line measuring of ionic free surfactant concentration is difficult, conductivity which is related to it is measured instead and used for control purposes. The closed-loop control of conductivity also results in a better control of PSD compared to open-loop control strategy, but its performance is not as good as controlling free surfactant concentration in presence of model mismatch.     

一种丙烯酸改性乳化环氧树脂的制备与研究

提供了一种制备改性环氧树脂乳液的新方法,以丙烯酸酯类为聚合性单体,加入环氧树脂,利用乳液聚合方法制成了环氧树脂含量达50％的丙烯酸酯改性环氧树脂乳液。通过测试交联度,证明环氧树脂确实参与了聚合反应。同时,还对乳化剂、功能性单体以及环氧树脂含量对乳液稳定性、产品收率、吸水性以及各项力学性能的影响问题进行了研究,得出：丙烯酸对环氧树脂的聚合交联起到了决定性的作用,丙烯酰胺的引入大大提高了乳液的稳定性和力学性能,环氧树脂含量越多产品性能越接近纯环氧树脂,聚合应采用阴、非离子复合乳化剂。     

Surfactant-enhanced free radical polymerization of styrene in emulsion gels

The presence of a surfactant (such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) enhanced the rate of polymerization of styrene in emulsion gels with and without silica. The emulsion gels consisted of styrene, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), surfactant, water, and, in some cases, fumed silica. Polymerization of the emulsions was carried out at room temperature in one or several days depending on the composition of the emulsion. The conversion of monomer to polymer could exceed 90% in a couple of days. In contrast, very little polymerization occurred in the absence of surfactant. A simple model, incorporating a surfactant-initiator complex and standard free radical polymerization, successfully fits the experimental kinetics data. This analysis suggests that the initiator is complexed with approximately three surfactant molecules.     

Online monitoring of the evolution of the number of particles in emulsion polymerization by conductivity measurements. I. Model formulation

A conductivity meter is an inexpensive instrument that can easily be installed in polymerization reactors. This instrument can be used to monitor ionic species without time‐consuming calibrations. A probe is inserted into the media, providing in situ measurements of conductivity in real time. For emulsion polymerization reactions, the conductivity meter can respond to changes in the ionic surfactant concentration, allowing the determination of surfactant dynamics in the media. The surfactant concentration can then be related to the changes in the surface area of the polymer particle phase, which can be linked to nucleation or coagulation phenomena. In this study, a conductivity meter was coupled to a calorimetric reactor to provide in situ and online measurements of conductivity during the emulsion polymerization of styrene, with sodium dodecyl sulfate as an anionic surfactant and with potassium persulfate as a free‐radical initiator. A semiempirical model was built to describe the conductivity signal as a function of the latex composition and the reactor temperature. The model was inverted and combined with the available conductivity signal, conversion, and temperature measurements and was able to accurately predict the number of polymer particles in the latex and the surfactant concentrations in the many phases, without online measurements of the particle size. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1213–1226, 2003     

Ionic liquid as surfactant in microwave‐assisted emulsion polymerization

The aim of this work is to study the use of an ionic liquid (IL) as surfactant in emulsion polymerization reactions and to evaluate its effect when these reactions are heated under microwave irradiation. The IL 1‐n‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride was chosen to replace the surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) in methyl methacrylate emulsion polymerizations. The conversion evolutions and the final average diameter of polymeric particles were quite similar for reactions using the surfactant DTAB or the IL, showing that the IL acted efficiently as surfactant in emulsion polymerizations. Comparing the polymerization reactions performed under microwave irradiation and conventional heating, reaction rate enhancements were obtained for both DTAB and IL. Using a pulsed scheme, under high‐power microwave irradiation, slightly higher reaction rates and molecular weights were obtained in reactions using IL, in comparison with surfactant DTAB, indicating the existence of some specific effects linked to IL–microwaves interaction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Soap-free emulsion polymerization of n-butyl acrylate: Copolymerization with 1,1-(dimethyl)-1- (3-methacryloxyethyl)-1-(sulfopropyl)ammonium betaine

Emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of n-butyl acrylate has been performed in the presence of a polymerizable sulfobetaine monomer, 1,1-(dimethyl)-1-(3-methacryloxyethyl)-1-(sulfopropyl)ammonium betaine (SPE). An investigation of the effect of various salts (NaCl, NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and NaH₂PO₄) on the emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of n-butyl acrylate revealed that the type and quantity of salt is important in determining the size and size distribution of the final latex particles. In the case of the copolymerizations, control of the monomer feeding protocol (batch vs. semicontinuous and unseeded vs. seeded reactions) and of the ionic strength of the reaction mixture via addition of electrolytes allowed the preparation of stable latexes at 10% solids content with controllable particle size distributions. The results indicate that the amphiphilic sulfobetaine is able to stabilize the latex in much the same way as a polymerizable surfactant or an ionic comonomer. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 227–236, 1998