蒸汽喷射器流动参数与性能的数值分析

通过二维流动数值计算，分析了以水蒸气为工质的喷射器内工作流体压力、引射流体压力及出口压力对喷射系数的影响；探讨了各工作参数变化对喷射系数产生影响的原因，以及激波产生的条件、激波的位置、强度，产生引射流体雍塞的条件等。结果表明：喷射器存在临界的出口压力pd，当喷射器出口压力大于pd时，喷射器的喷射系数随出口压力升高而降低；当喷射器出口压力小于pd时，喷射器的喷射系数将保持不变。在计算模拟的制冷工况范围内，工作流体压力升高，引起喷射系数降低，pd升高；而引射流体压力升高时，喷射系数与pd都升高。     

新型可调式喷射器性能的计算与分析

提出在喷射器喷嘴内插入喷针来调节喷射器工作参数的方案,建立了可调武喷射器性能计算模型,分析了喷嘴截面积变化对喷射系数、气体压力、气体流量等参数的影响。结果表明,通过对喷射器喉口面积的调节,可以实现把出口流量控制在一个稳定的区域内,从而减小喷射器入口参数对出口参数以至整个系统的影响。可调式喷嘴可拓宽喷射器的有效工作范围。     

Performance characteristics of HCFC-123 ejector refrigeration cycles

Ejector refrigeration systems can use low grade thermal energy, at temperatures as low as 60°C, to provide space cooling. Since this waste energy is widely available and the cost of its supply is negligible in many cases, cooling costs can be lower than conventional systems, which makes the method very attractive. The present study describes a computer simulation model for ejector refrigeration systems that was developed using an existing ejector theory. This model allows for internal irreversibilities within the ejector to be included and caters for the addition of a regenerator and a precooler for improving the system coefficient of performance. The study shows that HCFC-123 is a suitable replacement for CFC-11 in this application. Results also indicate that the use of a variable geometry ejector can maintain the optimum performance of refrigeration systems when operating conditions change.     

Supersonic flow structure in the entrance part of a mixing chamber of 2D model ejector

The paper deals with experimental and numerical results of investigation into supersonic and transonic flow past a two-dimensional model ejector. Results of optical measurements show a flow structure and flow parameter development in the entrance part of the mixing chamber of the ejector. Numerical results are obtained by means of both the straight solution of shock waves in supersonic flow field using classical relations of parameters of shock waves and the Fluent 6 program. Results of numerical solutions are compared with experimental pictures of flow fields. Flow structure development in the mixing chamber is analysed in detail.     

风冷太阳能双级水喷射制冷空调系统性能分析

对额定制冷量为12.3 kW的风冷太阳能双级水喷射制冷空调系统进行了变工况性能分析。该系统的制冷量随室内温度升高而增大,随环境温度升高而减小,随太阳辐照度增强而增大;COP的变化与制冷量的变化类似,所不同的是COP随着太阳辐照度的增强先迅速增大,当太阳辐照度增大到一定程度后,COP基本保持稳定。在室内温度不低于27℃,室外温度不高于38℃,太阳辐照度不低于500 W/m2的条件下,系统的制冷量为7.7~32 kW,COP为0.082~0.107。     

太阳能喷射式制冷系统的模拟

介绍了结构简单、工作可靠的太阳能喷射式制冷系统的原理和工作过程,给出了一个模拟计算。采用Ｒ１３４ａ为制冷剂,在发生器温度９０℃、冷凝器温度２０～３８℃和蒸发器温度 ６～１４℃时,对系统效率进行了模拟计算。结果表明,该系统具有一定的可行性。本文还对理想状况下水作为制冷剂的系统效率进行了讨论。     

二维流动模型的喷射器性能分析研究

采用二维轴对称流动模型,计算分析了吸入通道内回流现象、喷射器“恒能力”现象与静压力在轴线上分布情况之间的关系;探讨了工作压力对喷射器性能的影响。结果表明：持续降低出口压力会在混合室内形成激波,喷射因数保持不变;工作压力过高会在混合室内产生壅塞,反而降低喷射因数;吸入压力过低会在喷射器吸入通道内产生回流现象,影响喷射式制冷系统运行的安全性。     

蒸汽喷射器内二维流场的数值模拟研究

通过求解二维N-S方程．对以水蒸气为工质的喷射器内复杂的流场进行数值模拟。分析比较了四种不同的湍流模型，Chen-Kim修正的k-ε模型用于数值模拟，分析了工作参数及喷射器结构对喷射器内部的流场及出口激波的形成的影响，得出了喷射器设计的优化方案。     

Transonic instability in entrance part of mixing chamber of high-speed ejector

Introduction The research of flow structure in the entrance part of the mixing chamber of two-dimensional supersonic ejector[1,2] shows, how this structure depends both on stagnation pressure ratio of streams p01/p02[3] and on back pressure ratio pb/p02 [4]. It was found out that the structure of shock waves is not stable, but it oscillates less or more. For the high back pressure ratio a terminal shock wave is in the mixing chamber and due to this shock wave the mixing processes change quali…     

Experimental and CFD analysis of nozzle position of subsonic ejector

The influence of nozzle position on the performance of an ejector was analyzed qualitatively with free jet flow model. Experimental investigations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the nozzle position of the subsonic ejector were also conducted. The results show that there is an optimum nozzle position for the ejector. The ejecting coefficient reaches its maximum when the nozzle is positioned at the optimum and decreases when deviating. Moreover, the nozzle position of an ejector is not a fixed value, but is influenced greatly by the flow parameters. Considering the complexity of the ejector, CFD is reckoned as a useful tool in the design of ejectors.     

Optimization study of a Coanda ejector

The Coanda effect has long been employed in the aerospace applications to improve the performances of variousdevices.This effect is the ability of a flow to follow a curved contour without separation and has well been util-ized in ejectors where a high speed jet of fluid emerges from a nozzle in the ejector body, follows a curved sur-face and drags the secondary flow into the ejector.In Coanda ejectors,the secondary flow is dragged in the ejec-tor due to the primary flow momentum. The transfer of momentum from the primary flow to the secondary flowtakes place through turbulent mixing and viscous effects.The secondary flow is then dragged by turbulent shearforce of the ejector while being mixed with the primary flow by the persistence of a large turbulent intensitythroughout the ejector.The performance of a Coanda ejector is studied mainly based on how well it drags thesecondary flow and the amount of mixing between the two flows at the ejector exit.The aim of the present studyis to investigate the influence of various geometric parameters and pressure ratios on the Coanda ejector per-formance.The effect of various factors,such as,the pressure ratio, primary nozzle and ejector configurations onthe system performance has been evaluated based on a performance parameter defined elsewhere.The perform-ance of the Coanda ejector strongly depends on the primary nozzle configuration and the pressure ratio.The mix-ing layer growth plays a major role in optimizing the performance of the Coanda ejector as it decides the ratio ofsecondary mass flow rate to primary mass flow rate and the mixing length.     

喷嘴可调式蒸汽喷射器的性能计算

基于气体动力学函数法,建立了的喷嘴可调式蒸汽喷射器的变工况性能计算模型。应用该模型得到了喷射器压缩蒸汽压力变化时,不同喷嘴喉口面积下喷射器性能的变化规律,为研究喷嘴可调式喷射器的变工况性能提供依据。结果表明:减小喷嘴喉口面积,喷射器的最佳工作点具有较高的喷射系数,同时该点的压缩蒸汽压力、压缩蒸汽温度较低;喷射器压缩蒸汽流量随喷嘴喉口面积减小而降低。     

Grid Generation and Numerical Analysis of Multi-Stream Flow in the Complex Channel with a Forced Mixer Lobe

The co-located grid, SIMPLEC and Chen-Kim modified k - E turbulence model are applied to investigate numerically the multi-stream flow and temperature fields in the complex channel with a forced mixer lobe at room temperature and at elevated temperature. The body-fitted coordinate grids are generated respectively in sub-domains according to the shapes of the channel by solving Poisson's equations to compose the whole grid of the domain. The large viscosity, linear and simultaneous under-relaxation factors are used to solve the coupling of fluid and solid. The solid grid is complemented at the upper inlet of the secondary flow to keep the same node number at the inlet and at double-wall sub-domains. The numerical results and experimental data show good agreement at room temperature. It is illustrated that the cooling air ejected into the slot between the double plates decreases the temperature of the wall.     

太阳能喷射式制冷系统性能的实验研究

对太阳能喷射式制冷系统进行了实验研究,采用电加热模拟太阳能辐射的方法,研究了冷凝器、发生器和蒸发器温度对制冷系统COP的影响,给出了太阳能喷射式制冷系统制冷能力与COP随时刻的变化关系。系统在80℃热源条件下,全天提供16℃的冷水,系统最大制冷量为0.43 kW。     

喷射制冷系统关键部件的数值分析

建立喷射制冷系统中可调喷嘴喷射器的数学模型,采用数值模拟方法对可调式喷射器与固定结构喷射器的流场进行对比分析,并计算调节锥在不同位置的可调式喷射器内部流场的变化。结果显示,可调式喷射器在喷嘴出口处的速度提高3.5%,真空度提高65.3%,喷射系数提高47.6%;调节锥进入喷嘴可达到更低的轴线压力,喷射器出口轴线流速降低8.9%。     

Application of profiled ejector in chemical lasers

Recently, the use of profiled ejectors based on constant rate of momentum change [I.W. Eames, Applied Thermal Engineering 22 (2002) 121] along the mixing chamber has been proposed for enhancing the recovery ratio across an ejector stage by minimizing shock losses for application in ejector based refrigeration system. Such ejectors can achieve pressure recovery ratio in excess of 150, thus making the system a compact one. Chemical lasers in general and chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) in particular fall in the high power lasers category and find numerous applications in defense and industry. However, these lasers have not been exploited fully because these require pressure recovery systems for their operation and as such the practical systems are extremely voluminous and bulky. The profiled ejectors find direct applications in these lasers and thus can make the system extremely compact. The conventional supersonic COIL systems operate at a typical stagnation pressure of nearly 20 torr and a cavity static pressure of approximately 3 torr, which are amongst the lowest in the class of chemical lasers. Thus, a low-pressure operation of the laser system demands a high capacity vacuum system. Alternatively, efficient ejector based pressure recovery system has been utilized for achieving direct atmospheric exhaust of the lasing medium. However, a minimum of two-stage conventional supersonic ejectors need to be employed for the operation of the laser system. Multiple stages of the ejector are essential on account of the stagnation pressure loss occurring across a normal shock at the exit of the mixing chamber in each ejector stage. The present study presents a general treatment on the design of a profiled ejector for the case of dissimilar motive and suction fluids that are typical of these lasers. Also, determinations for the increase in recovery ratio for various conditions of entrainment ratio over the conventional ejectors have also been presented. Finally, a computational study using McCormack’s method for Euler system of equations has been carried out to numerically validate the analytical studies for a peripheral air ejector system suitable for a 500 W class COIL employing a flow rate of 3 gm/s with an entrainment ratio of 0.025. It has been concluded that a single-stage profiled ejector is sufficient to achieve atmospheric pressure recovery even in the low-pressure systems.     

Experimental investigation on starting process of supersonic single-stage air ejector

This paper deals with experimental study of flow field of starting process in two-dimensional, single-stage supersonic ejector on different air total pressure. Schlieren pictures of flow field were taken, static pressure distribu-tions on side wall were measured. The obtained results show that, on critical pressure, the starting main shock waves in ejector oscillated back and forth between the second throat and the middle section of the mixing chamber, it causes the pressure in the second half of the mixing chamber acutely fluctuated .When the working pressure of the active flow is higher than the critical starting pressure, ejector starts normally and the inner flow-field of the mixing chamber keeps stable and the shock waves in the second throat have a certain degree of oscillation . After ejector starts, the operating pressure of the active flow may be lower than the starting pressure .     

高压气体引射器的试验研究和仿真

以一个高压气体引射器试验台为基础，开展了一系列高压引射试验，研究高背压条件下引射器的工作特性。同时，利用计算流体力学方法对引射器引射，混合过程进行了详细的研究。系列试验表明引射系数对引射气流的压力变化不敏感，但高背压的确对引射气流和被引射气流在混合管内的混合，扩散和流动产生影响。数值仿真克服了试验设备的限制，并显示了引射流动的详细情况。数值仿真结果表明：在一定的工况下，总存在一个最佳面积比和最佳相对位置以对应最大引射系数(即使引射器达到最大工作效率)，而其物理表现为引射器喉管壁面压力最低。正是它们之间的内在关系决定了气体引射器的工作特性。     

The effect of secondary flows on the starting pressure for a second-throat supersonic ejector

The effect of the secondary flow on the starting pressure of a second-throat supersonic ejector has been investigated by adapting the height of the secondary flow inlet. The obtained results show that an optimum value of the secondary inlet height exists, and the starting pressure of the ejector becomes a minimum at that condition. Based on the results of the pressure measurements, a qualitative analysis has been made to clarify the flow behavior and the physical meaning of the performance diagram. It appears that the choking phenomenon of the secondary flow plays an important role in the starting process of the ejector. When the secondary inlet height is relatively small, the choked secondary flow and the supersonic primary flow could be employed to protect the static pressure in the suction chamber from being disturbed by the back pressure effect at a certain primary stagnation pressure, which is lower than the starting pressure for the case of the zero-secondary flow. However, as the secondary inlet height increases and exceeds a critical value, the static pressure in the suction chamber rapidly increases, and the starting pressure of the ejector increases accordingly.     

Design and characterization of an electronically controlled variable flow rate ejector for fuel cell applications

A variable flow ejector is presented to address the challenge of providing cost-effective recirculation of hydrogen in fuel cell systems. The ejector uses supersonic flow to provide sufficient pressure rise for the Ballard Mark 9 SSL stack used in the University of Delaware’s fuel cell hybrid buses. Details of geometry optimization via computational fluid dynamic simulation, control system design, electronic control implementation, and mechanical design are discussed. Results from testing in the final application are included, showing the ejector’s excellent performance compared to Ballard’s specifications for recirculation flow rate.