羧基丁腈胶乳在20m^3釜的工业放大研究

主要考察了羧基丁腈胶乳在工业放大中引发剂的用量及其加入方式、反应前期温度、搅拌转速等因素对聚合过程及胶乳稳定性的影响.结果表明在20m3釜上引发剂的使用量仅为小试的50%～60%,且引发剂量减少及加入时间延长,使聚合稳定性增加,设备操作周期延长;反应初期温度以15±2℃为宜;反应转化率＜70%,搅拌器采用100r/min转速,转化率≥70%,搅拌器采用75r/min转速,可有效减少胶乳的凝胶量,提高胶乳质量.     

氯乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯-马来酸酐乳液共聚转化率和胶乳特性

以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和α-丙烯基烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(10)硫酸铵(HS-10)为复合乳化体系、偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐(AIBA)为引发剂,采用间歇乳液聚合合成氯乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯-马来酸酐(VC-VAc-MAH)共聚物胶乳,研究了聚合温度、AIBA用量、SDS和HS-10用量及初始单体投料比对聚合转化率、胶乳稳定性和乳胶粒子粒径的影响。结果表明:MAH的加入使胶乳稳定性下降,加入HS-10虽使聚合转化率略有降低,但胶乳稳定性增加;聚合转化率随聚合温度和引发剂用量的增加而增加;当SDS用量为3%(质量分数)时,胶乳稳定,聚合转化率较大;乳胶粒子粒径随着SDS用量的增加而减小,HS-10用量对乳胶粒子粒径的影响较小;随着投料单体中VAc或MAH含量的增加,聚合转化率降低;固定投料单体组成时,共聚物中VAc和MAH含量随转化率的增加而增加。     

乙酸乙烯酯无乳化剂乳液聚合的影响因素探讨

采用乙酸乙烯酯(VAc)在水中以过硫酸钾(KPS)和亚硫酸氢钠氧化还原体系作为引发剂进行无乳化剂乳液聚合,探讨了引发剂浓度、聚合温度、单体浓度和搅拌速度对聚合速率及转化率的影响。结果表明:当VAc质量分数为30%,KPS:VAc摩尔比为1:2 000,聚合温度10℃,反应时间10 h,搅拌速度80 r/min,时聚合产物聚乙酸乙烯的聚合度达到10 848;当VAc质量分数为35%时,聚合转化率可达到96%,聚合速率与引发剂浓度的0.944次方成正比;当搅拌速度达到200 r/min以上时,搅拌速度对聚合速率以及转化率影的响可以忽略。     

热塑性地毯用胶乳的合成

以丁二烯和苯乙烯为主要单体,不饱和羧酸、酰胺及腈类为功能单体,采用复合乳化体系,在过硫酸盐的引发作用下合成了热塑性地毯用胶乳.研究了乳化体系、引发体系、功能单体和中和度对聚合过程及胶乳性能的影响.结果表明,最佳的聚合配方是以十二烷基硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚为复配乳化体系,其用量为1.3～1.6份(质量,下同),丙烯腈单体用量为3～5份,引发剂用量为0.5～0.9份,中和度在0.24～0.30;最佳的工艺条件为反应温度70～80℃,搅拌转速为250～350 r/min.     

悬浮聚合法制取不同分子量级别的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯

采用粉状MgCO3 作为分散剂 ,悬浮聚合制取了分子量从 2 4× 10 4 ～ 2 5 4× 10 4 的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。考察了温度、引发剂种类和浓度、分子量调节剂、转化率对聚合物分子量的影响规律 ,用粘度法测量了聚合物聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA)的分子量。结果表明 :温度的升高、引发剂浓度的增大、分子量调节剂的加入都会导致分子量的减小 ,随着转化率的提高 ,聚合物的分子量增大。在同等条件下 ,引发剂过氧化苯甲酰 (BPO)聚合所得的分子量较偶氮二异丁腈 (AIBN)高。通过实验 ,得到了满足作者需求的分子量 (96× 10 4 ～ 10 0× 10 4 )的聚合物的聚合条件为 :分散剂MgCO3 用量 1% ,单体∶水相 =1∶2 5 (质量比 ) ,引发剂BPO浓度 0 5 % ,反应温度 70℃ ,反应时间 3h。     

磷石膏复分解法制备硫酸铵的研究

以磷石膏和碳酸铵为原料,采用复分解法制备硫酸铵。考察了原料物质的量比、反应温度、反应时间、液固比、搅拌器转速等因素对磷石膏制备硫酸铵的影响。通过实验,确定了最佳工艺条件:原料液中CO2-3与SO2-4物质的量比为1.5,反应温度50℃,反应时间90 min,液固比为5.0,搅拌器转速为200 r/min以上。在此条件下,磷石膏制备硫酸铵转化率大于90.0%,产品质量分数大于98.0%。     

液相SO3体系中过氧化物引发甲烷的自由基部分氧化反应

以过氧化物为引发剂,在SO3体系中进行甲烷的自由基反应研究。进行了引发剂的筛选,考察了反应温度、引发剂加入量、反应时间对甲烷自由基氧化反应的影响,并对反应机理进行探讨。最终确定K2S2O8为最佳引发剂,反应最优工艺条件为:温度T=333 K,初始压力P=4 MPa,时间为6 h,搅拌速度500 r/min,催化剂用量0.018 5 mol/L。该工艺条件下甲烷转化率为34.72%,目的产物收率为33.17%。     

耐水性压敏胶的工艺研究

本实验采用丙烯酸及丙烯酸酯类单体为原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用预乳化聚合工艺制备了稳定的无皂丙烯酸乳液。探讨了反应温度及搅拌速率对反应的影响,对使用不同乳化剂用量、玻璃化温度及引发剂用量的丙烯酸乳液性能进行测定;并对制备的乳液的有关性能进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,反应温度为75~80℃,搅拌器转速为150~250 rad/min为丙烯酸乳液的最佳制备条件。     

液相SO3体系中过氧化物引发甲烷的自由基部分氧化反应

以过氧化物为引发剂,在SO3体系中进行甲烷的自由基反应研究。进行了引发剂的筛选,考察了反应温度、引发剂加入量、反应时间对甲烷自由基氧化反应的影响,并对反应机理进行探讨。最终确定K2S2O8为最佳引发剂,反应最优工艺条件为：温度T=333 K,初始压力P=4 MPa,时间为6 h,搅拌速度500 r/min,催化剂用量0.018 5 mol/L。该工艺条件下甲烷转化率为34.72%,目的产物收率为33.17%。     

新工艺法制备微细A(D)C发泡剂的研究

研究了酸度、反应温度、加料方式、搅拌器的转速对A(D)C发泡剂粒径的影响,最佳工艺条件为催化剂m(NaBr)m(V2O5)=11的质量约为反应物质量的1%～2%,反应体系的pH值3～4,反应温度控制在50℃左右,氯酸钠溶液(质量分数20%)采用通管滴加的方法加入,整个反应时间约为25 min,搅拌器的转速一般控制在350～360r/min.还发现在反应体系中加入适量的表面活性剂能够减小产品粒径,但产品晶型会受到破坏.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。