CO2浸渍法酿造两性花毛葡萄NW196葡萄酒的研究

为研究CO2浸渍法对两性花毛葡萄NW196葡萄酒品质的影响,试验采用高效液相色谱等方法测定了传统工艺和CO2浸渍工艺酿造的NW196葡萄酒中化学成分的含量.结果表明,和传统工艺相比,CO2浸渍工艺酿造的NW196葡萄酒中总酸、单宁、花色素苷和主要单体酚等成分的含量较低,这为改善该葡萄酒品质提供了新的思路.     

葡萄酒中14种单体酚的高效液相色谱测定

建立一种新的、同时测定葡萄酒中14种单体酚含量的高效液相色谱法。采用ZORBAXSB-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),乙腈-冰醋酸-水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长280nm。测定6种不同地区、不同年份的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中14种单体酚的含量。结果表明,不同地区相同品种葡萄酒中没食子酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素3种单体酚含量均较高,但14种单体酚含量各不相同,同地区不同年份的赤霞珠葡萄酒单体酚含量亦有差别,葡萄酒中几种主要单体酚随时间的变化含量均有降低,同时伴随着部分单体酚含量的增加。     

HPLC检测葡萄酒中12种单体酚的方法研究

试验建立了一种用HPLC测定葡萄酒中没食子酸、原儿茶酸等12种单体酚的方法。采用C18色谱柱,乙腈-冰醋酸-水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长280 nm。检测结果表明,在该色谱条件下各单体酚在40 min内能得到较好分离,各物质的含量与峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,方法的检出限在0.028~0.216之间,回收率均在85%以上,且相对标准偏差均小于4%,重复性好。采用该种方法测定6种相同地区、不同年份、不同品种葡萄酒中单体酚的含量。结果表明,不同年份、相同品种葡萄酒中12种单体酚含量各不相同,没食子酸、儿茶素含量均较高;葡萄酒中除个别酚酸含量有所增加以外,大部分单体酚含量均随储藏时间的增长而有所降低。     

原料冷冻处理对‘爱格丽’葡萄酒品质的影响

试验以‘爱格丽’葡萄为原料,探究其经过冷冻处理后所酿造的干白葡萄酒的基本理化性质与总酚、单宁和单体酚等成分含量的变化,以及原料冷冻处理对葡萄酒感官品质的影响。结果表明:原料冷冻处理对‘爱格丽’葡萄酒的基本理化性质产生了显著影响。总酚、单宁和单体酚总含量显著增加,香草酸和安息香酸等8种单体酚成分含量明显增加,儿茶素和没食子酸等6种单体酚成分含量明显降低。原料冷冻处理显著提升了‘爱格丽’葡萄酒的感官品质。因此,原料冷冻处理是提高葡萄酒品质的重要技术手段,为精品葡萄酒的酿造工艺提供了新思路。     

不同年份干红葡萄酒单宁结构特性与涩感强度的关系

为探究不同年份干红葡萄酒单宁的含量和结构与涩感强度之间的关系,以内蒙古产区不同年份的赤霞珠和蛇龙珠葡萄酒为材料,测定其总单宁、游离态黄烷-3-醇单体含量及缩合单宁结构组分,并对涩感强度进行评价。结果表明：新酒的总单宁含量和游离态黄烷-3-醇单体总量均高于陈酿酒,且新酒的儿茶素和表儿茶素没食子酸酯含量较高,陈酿酒的表棓儿茶素和棓酸儿茶素含量较高。在缩合单宁的结构特性中,新酒的原花青素占比较高,陈酿酒的原翠雀素占比较高,且陈酿8～9年酒样的单宁结构趋于稳定。葡萄酒中各组分与涩感强度间的主成分分析表明：总单宁、平均聚合度、单体表棓儿茶素没食子酸酯、延伸单元表儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯及没食子酰化程度对涩感影响较大,总酸、pH值、酒度、总酚、花色苷及游离态单体对涩感影响则较小。     

HPLC同时检测葡萄酒中10种单体酚的方法

本研究建立了用HPLC同时测定葡萄酒中没食子酸、( )-儿茶素等10种单体酚的方法.色谱条件为:Hibar RT Lichrospher反相C18柱,流动相A为水:乙酸(98:2),流动相B为乙腈,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为280nm.在该色谱条件下各个单体酚在30min内得到了良好的分离,各物质的含量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,且回收率较高,重复性好,且具有定量准确、快速等特点.结果表明,三种葡萄酒均被检测到了这10种单体酚,且它们在红葡萄酒中的含量显著高于白葡萄酒.     

8种单体多酚对葡萄酒微生物的抑菌活性比较

酚类化合物不仅能赋予葡萄酒丰富的色泽、风味和抗氧化活性,还能抑制葡萄酒微生物的生长。为了比较不同多酚化合物抑菌能力的大小,用牛津杯测试法研究了不同质量浓度(2、5、10 g/L)单体多酚(儿茶素、表儿茶素、没食子酸、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin-3-gallate,EGCG)、鞣花酸、杨梅酮、槲皮素和山奈酚)对引起葡萄酒病害的代表菌种:乳酸菌、醋酸菌和酵母菌的抑制作用。结果表明:在8种供试多酚中,杨梅酮、槲皮素和EGCG抑菌能力相对较强;黄烷-3-醇类化合物对醋酸菌和酵母菌的抑制能力比乳酸菌更强,没食子酸则恰好相反;山奈酚对所有供试菌株都没有抑菌能力。多酚能在一定程度上抑制葡萄酒微生物的生长繁殖。     

不同等级干红葡萄酒中酚类物质的比较分析

对三个不同等级9个干红葡萄酒样品中的总酚、单宁、无色多酚和花色苷等酚类物质进行了比较分析。结果表明,干红葡萄酒的等级越高其中总酚、单宁、总花色苷、基本花色苷、二甲花翠素单葡萄糖苷(Mv-3-Glu)、无色多酚总量、酸性酚、中性酚、没食子酸、儿茶素和表儿茶素的含量越高。其它多酚物质组成与葡萄酒的等级没有显著关联性。     

渥堆发酵过程中藏茶化学成分的变化

目的：阐明藏茶渥堆过程主要化学成分的变化规律。方法：以不同发酵阶段藏茶样为原料,研究发酵过程中藏茶水提物中可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、总多酚、总黄酮含量及水提物体外抗氧化活性的变化,并应用超高效液相色谱仪检测水提物中茶碱、咖啡碱、没食子酸和8种儿茶素类单体的含量,应用酶联免疫法测定水提物中茶黄素、茶红素和茶褐素的含量。结果：藏茶发酵过程中可溶性固形物含量先降低后略有回升,可溶性糖、总多酚、总黄酮含量逐渐降低,抗氧化活性逐渐减弱,咖啡碱呈波动状态且变化较小,没食子酸与儿茶素含量先上升再略有下降,没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯与表儿茶素含量先升高后降低,没食子儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯含量均呈持续下降的状态,其中表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯在黑毛茶中含量为39.69 mg/g,在成品茶中降至1.36 mg/g;茶红素含量先增加后降低,茶黄素含量变化很小,茶褐素含量逐渐升高（黑毛茶中3.12 g/100 g,成品茶中7.46 g/100 g）。结论：藏茶渥堆发酵过程中,可溶性糖、总多酚、总黄酮等含量降低,抗氧化活性减弱,茶碱、咖啡碱、儿茶素类单体等活性成分含量的变化趋势不一致,茶褐色含量逐渐升高。     

海拔对黄土高原地区赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒中酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

以源于黄土高原地区3种海拔条件下的赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒为研究对象,通过对其理化指标、酚类物质含量、抗氧化活性及非花色苷单体酚物质含量进行测定,比较葡萄园海拔对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响。研究结果表明:与2种坡地葡萄酒相比,谷地和平地葡萄酒中总酚、总类黄酮和总黄烷醇含量高;随海拔上升,赤霞珠酒中总花色苷含量增加,而品丽珠酒彼此间无显著差异;2种葡萄酒的抗氧化能力随海拔的上升呈下降趋势;海拔对2种葡萄酒中非花色苷单体酚物质的组成无显著影响,而对其含量有不同程度的影响。谷地和平地的葡萄酒中儿茶素和表儿茶素的含量高于2种坡地的30%以上;坡地葡萄酒的黄酮醇含量也高于平地和谷地条件。海拔对赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒的品质有一定影响,对不同品质指标间的影响存在差异。在黄土高原地区,低海拔葡萄园的赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力均优于高海拔坡地葡萄酒。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.