全片层组织TiAl–Nb合金的高温氧化行为及氧化层结构表征

以Ti-42Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.1Y(at%)合金为研究对象,通过热处理获得全片层组织,片层团尺寸约为85μm,在900℃空气条件下,对合金进行了100 h的抗氧化实验,主要研究了该Ti Al-Nb合金的高温抗氧化行为,并对氧化层的结构、成分及形成过程进行了深入分析。利用OM、SEM、XPS、XRD、和EDS对试样的微观结构、相组成及微区成分进行表征。结果表明:在900℃空气条件下,具有全片层组织的Ti Al-Nb合金,其恒温氧化动力学曲线符合近抛物线规律;长时氧化后,合金表面生成了结晶状颗粒氧化物,为Ti O2和A12O3的混合物;氧化层主要由外表面氧化层、中间过渡层和基体层构成,氧化膜完整厚度大约为6μm。由此可知,添加了合金元素且具有小尺寸片层团组织的Ti Al合金在900℃高温时,具有较好的抗氧化性能。     

磁控溅射制备SiC薄膜及其高温抗氧化性

用射频磁控溅射法在单晶Si(100)基片上制备了SiC薄膜.将制备的薄膜分别在800、900和1000℃空气气氛中退火120 min.用X射线衍射仪和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测试了薄膜的结构,用X射线光电子能谱仪测试了薄膜元素的组成和状态,用场发射扫描电子显微镜测试了薄膜表面的形貌.结果表明:经800℃空气退火后,薄膜表面生成了一层SiO2保护层,阻止了内部SiC薄膜的继续氧化,因此SiC薄膜在800℃具有较好的高温抗氧化性;随着退火温度的升高,SiC薄膜被进一步氧化,经1000℃空气退火后,薄膜已大部分转变为SiO2.     

氟离子注入对TiAlNb合金高温氧化性能的影响

采用等离子体氟离子注入,对TiAlNb合金基体进行了表面氟化处理,研究了不同注入剂量的试样在800 ℃和900 ℃下的高温氧化动力学行为.结果表明,氟离子注入可显著地改善钛铝合金的高温抗氧化性.X射线和扫描电镜对氧化层物相和组织结构分析结果表明,氟离子注入后的TiAlNb合金在高温氧化过程中生成了一层致密的Al2O3氧化阻挡层,该阻挡层能有效阻止氧向合金基体的扩散,从而大大提高合金的高温氧化抗力.     

镍基高温合金GH202表面纳米陶瓷涂层抗高温氧化性能研究

为了弥补高温合金抗高温氧化性能的不足,解决高温力学性能与抗高温氧化性之间的矛盾,在高温合金GH202合金表面增加含纳米高温陶瓷涂层CXM98-1,通过氧化动力学实验和能谱分析技术对涂层/基体合金体系的抗高温氧化性能进行了研究.实验结果得出:含纳米陶瓷涂层能有效的阻滞合金的高温氧化进程,极大的提高了合金的耐高温抗氧化性能.不论有无涂层,在900℃长时间扩散退火过程中,氧均通过涂层或金属表面向基体合金进行扩散,基体合金中的Cr、Al元素向涂层/基体合金界面上坡扩散,环境中氧原子通过涂层向基体合金扩散,在界面处靠涂层一侧主要形成Cr2O3扩散层,界面的基体一侧主要形成Al2O3晶间氧化层;有涂层与无涂层试样的区别在于氧的扩散速率和扩散通量存在快慢、大小的差别.     

激光退火对Inconel 718微观组织和硬度的影响

研究激光退火对Inconel718时效合金的显微组织和硬度的影响.一台2.5kW的CO2激光机被用来照射试样的表面.在激光能作用下,试样表面层被加热后空冷.通过控制激光工艺参数,在表面不发生熔化的前提下,能够使一定厚度表面层内的硬度降低到标准退火合金的水平,而不影响试样内部母材的硬度.显微组织观察显示表面层的基体强化相(γ″和γ‘)在激光照射过程中被固溶,而其它二次相没有变化.γ″和γ‘的固溶被确定是表面层硬度下降的原因.在其它试验条件不变时,确立了退火层生成时由激光散焦距离和扫描速度描述的工艺参数范围.     

深层渗碳对H13钢显微组织和硬度的影响北大核心CSCD

采用OM、TEM和XRD对深层渗碳处理后H13钢的显微组织进行观测,研究了深层渗碳对H13钢显微组织和硬度的影响。结果表明:渗碳后完全退火试样与渗碳后球化退火试样的渗碳层厚度均在3 mm以上,组织细密均匀,硬度提高30%~60%;渗碳后球化退火试样的晶粒更细小,基体上碳化物弥散分布并存在较多的亚结构,且表面硬度稍高于渗碳后完全退火试样。最佳深层渗碳处理工艺为1000℃下固体渗碳4 h,接着进行球化退火(840℃保温4 h,炉冷到740℃再保温4 h,炉冷到500℃后空冷到室温),然后进行1030℃淬火10 min,最后进行560℃回火2次,每次2 h。     

深层渗碳对H13钢显微组织和硬度的影响

采用OM、TEM和XRD对深层渗碳处理后H13钢的显微组织进行观测,研究了深层渗碳对H13钢显微组织和硬度的影响。结果表明:渗碳后完全退火试样与渗碳后球化退火试样的渗碳层厚度均在3 mm以上,组织细密均匀,硬度提高30%~60%;渗碳后球化退火试样的晶粒更细小,基体上碳化物弥散分布并存在较多的亚结构,且表面硬度稍高于渗碳后完全退火试样。最佳深层渗碳处理工艺为1000℃下固体渗碳4 h,接着进行球化退火(840℃保温4 h,炉冷到740℃再保温4 h,炉冷到500℃后空冷到室温),然后进行1030℃淬火10 min,最后进行560℃回火2次,每次2 h。     

TC4钛合金沉积NiCrAlY涂层的氧化行为

采用电弧离子镀（AIP）技术在TC4（Ti-6Al-4V）钛合金基体表面沉积制备NiCrAIY涂层,测定TC4钛合金和NiCrAIY涂层在700-900℃的氧化动力学曲线。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱（EDS）分析与X射线衍射分析（XRD）研究TC4钛合金和NiCrAIY涂层氧化前后物相组成和组织形貌,讨论氧化过程中元素的扩散行为。结果表明：在700-900℃静态空气中氧化100h,NiCrAIY涂层能明显提高TC4钛合金的抗氧化性能,TC4钛合金氧化后形成A12O3层和TiO2层交替出现的氧化膜层;经700和800℃氧化后,NiCrAIY涂层保持其原始的相组成,但在表面形成Al2O3和Cr2O3混合氧化膜;经900℃氧化后,氧化膜由Al2O3和TiO2组成;经700℃氧化时,主要发生Ti和Ni两种元素的扩散;经800和900℃氧化时,由于Ti及Ni元素的剧烈扩散,界面附近出现Kirkendall疏孔带和约100μm的β相稳定区;经900℃氧化时,Ti扩散到涂层表面形成氧化物导致氧化速率提高,Cr元素开始向基体扩散并在近界面处富集。     

Ni3Al-Mo合金1100℃初期高温氧化行为研究

研究了Ni3Al-Mo合金在1100℃下暴露时间为1h的氧化行为,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量衍射谱(EDS)和X射线衍射等手段观察分析了氧化层的表面形貌、微观组织结构成分,并结合氧化动力学曲线分析,探明了Ni3Al-Mo合金1100℃高温氧化初期的氧化机理。研究结果表明,在1100℃氧化初期(1 h内),Ni3Al-Mo合金表面氧化层中存在一个富Mo层,并随着时间延长而增厚,表明合金中Mo元素没有发生氧化挥发。1100℃时Ni3Al-Mo合金试样表面形成NiO+富Mo层+NiAl2O4多层结构氧化层。随着氧化时间的增长,形成NiO层的颗粒逐渐增大,氧化层孔隙增多变得疏松,与基体结合力减弱,试样从炉中取出,在冷却过程中由于NiO氧化层热膨胀系数大,致使氧化层翘曲并剥落。     

热轧退火态430不锈钢的高温氧化行为

研究了热轧退火态的430铁素体不锈钢在700~900 ℃的高温氧化行为,测量了其恒温氧化增重曲线,利用扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）观察分析了氧化表面形貌和组成,使用X射线衍射仪（XRD）鉴定了氧化物的种类。结果表明：在700 ℃生成的Cr2O3氧化膜不足以覆盖基体,材料氧化缓慢;800 ℃时氧化速率相对较大,生成的氧化物主要为CrMn1.5O4和Fe2O3;900 ℃时氧化十分迅速,材料表面有大量Fe2O3突起;退火温度对材料高温氧化性能影响不大。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.