呼和浩特市某小区中水回用设计研究

房地产项目中采用中水回用已经成为目前节能减排的重要趋势.主要介绍了小区中水回用情况、主要采用的处理工艺、工艺的可行性和经济效益分析.     

中水回用装置在聚氯乙烯行业中的应用

介绍了四平昊华化工有限公司中水回用装置的运行情况,探讨了聚氯乙烯行业中水回用装置的工艺特点及经济效益。     

膜分离生物反应器处理污水的优势和局限性

中水回用是实施污水资源化的核心内容,一体式膜分离生物反应器(IBSMBR)作为近年迅速发展的一项高效污水处理工艺,开辟了中水回用工艺的新视野。作者简介了IBSMBR工艺组成、膜组件分类及其优势．研究了此工艺的作用原理,同时详细分析此工艺存在一定局限性(与常规污水处理方法相比存在一个最大经济流量)的原因．并提出了切实可行的防治措施。     

膜生物反应器在小区污水回用上的应用

概述了城市住宅小区污水处理的设计原则及常用工艺流程，详细介绍了住宅小区的污水经过深度处理和消毒后即可达到中水回用水质要求，为小区污水处理及回用提供了一种可供选择的工艺。     

双膜法深度处理中水回用的实践应用

结合新钢中水深度处理及回用工程建设的背景条件,对中水深度处理及回用工艺的选择及运行情况进行了简要阐述,并提出了建议。     

中水回用在大学校园的应用研究

概述了高校中水回用的建设概况,探讨了高校中水水源、中水回用途径,中水处理技术与工艺。日处理能力为1 000 m~3/d的中水系统,每年可节约30万t的市政供给水量。高校中水回用系统实现了污水资源化,具有很好的经济效益和环境效益。     

中水回用除盐处理技术分析与研究

在分析和研究目前中水回用除盐技术优缺点的基础上,提出了串联组合工艺,并分析了串联组合工艺带来的经济、环境和社会效益,为今后中水回用除盐处理技术的选择提供支撑。     

印染工业废水的中水回用技术研究进展综述

该文介绍了印染废水的特性、危害及印染废水回用现状。主要归纳总结了物化法、生物法及组合工艺法对印染废水中水回用处理的情况,讨论了目前国内外在印染废水中水回用方面的研究进展及研究成果的应用情况,并对印染废水中水回用的使用方向,运行成本进行了综合分析。由于印染废水成分的复杂,单一的处理方法难以实现达到排放及回用标准,因此将物化法与生物法作为预处理,并耦合膜法的技术可以较为有效地完成印染废水的深度处理。     

锦州采油厂废水二级出水深度处理研究

采用"悬浮填料浮动床-曝气生物滤池—加药絮凝—纤维束过滤"工艺对锦州采油厂采油废水二级出水进行中水回用深度处理研究。结果表明,出水COD保持在20mg/L以下,氨氮小于0.025mg/L,磷含量在0.2mg/L左右,pH值在6～9中性范围内。该工艺处理效果稳定,工艺耐冲击负荷强,处理成本低。出水各项指标符合回用标准,可以作为锦州采油厂二级出水深度处理回用工艺。     

中水回用技术在高校中的应用及其经济效益的分析

针对高校用水特征和污水性质,提出在高校建立中水回用系统,详细分析了高校中水回用的可行性及技术因素,包括中水原水的选择与收集、中水处理工艺的确定,总结了国内高校中水回用系统的建设经验,结合实例给出了适合于高校中水处理工艺的设计方案,并分析了高校生态校园中水回用系统的经济效益,指出高校中水回用的应用前景。     

A stepwise optimal design of water network☆

In order to take full advantage of regeneration process to reduce fresh water consumption and avoid the accumu-lation of trace contaminants, regeneration reuse and regeneration recycle should be distinctive. A stepwise opti-mal design for water network is developed to simplify solution procedures for the formulated MINLP problem. In this paper, a feasible water reuse network framework is generated. Some heuristic rules from water reuse net-work are used to guide the placement of regeneration process. Then the outlet stream of regeneration process is considered as new water source. Regeneration reuse network structure is obtained through an iterative optimal procedure by taking the insights from reuse water network structure. Furthermore, regeneration recycle is only utilized to eliminate fresh water usage for processes in which regeneration reuse is impossible. Compared with the results obtained by relevant researches for the same example, the present method not only provides an appro-priate regeneration reuse water network with minimum fresh water and regenerated water flow rate but also sug-gests a water network involving regeneration recycle with minimum recycle water flow rate. The design can utilize reuse, regeneration reuse and regeneration recycle step by step with minor water network structure change to achieve better flexibility. It can satisfy different demands for new plants and modernization of existing plants. ? 2016 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. Al rights reserved.     

化工回用水处理工程设计实例及分析

某化工回用水处理工程废水主要由循环水排污水和经生化处理系统处理后的气化灰水、冲渣水等废水组成,针对该废水特点,本工程采用两级曝气生物滤池法(DN型BAF+DC/N型BAF)+保安过滤器+膜处理技术等工艺对其进行处理。结果表明,该工程工艺运行效果良好,处理出水水质达到设计要求,可实现回用。工程总运行费用为1.967元/m^3。     

Grey water treatment and simultaneous surfactant recovery using UF and RO process

The membrane-based grey water treatment for grey water reuse and surfactant recovery is presented in this research paper. Grey water from washing machine discharges having turbidity and used surfactant was processed through the polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membrane to remove the turbidity. The UF treated grey water is further purified by reverse osmosis (RO) membrane for surfactant recovery and water reuse. The surfactant trapped inside the RO spiral wound membrane module is recovered through various membrane physical regeneration techniques such as backwashing, simultaneous backwash–back-flush and ozone back-flush. Among this, backwash–back-flush is found to be effective process for surfactant recovery. The methodology for optimising surfactant recovery is captured by studying effect of various operating parameters such as feed detergent concentration, backwash pressure, backwash temperature and back-flush flow rate. By implementing optimal process conditions, the integrated UF and RO membrane process is able to produce 300 L of reusable pure water and 80 L of concentrated detergent solution and 20 L of turbid water while treating 400 L of grey water discharges. Maximum surfactant recovery of 82% is obtained while treating grey water which consists of 720 ppm of total dissolved solids (detergent) and 45 ppm of surfactant. The extent of UF and RO membrane fouling is determined by measuring the pure water flux before and after the grey water treatment. The membrane performance is found to be stable when membrane is regenerated by backwash–back-flush technique for RO and gravity backwash for UF membrane.     

Adsorption of a spent reactive dyebath by a chitosan bed: study of water reuse,bed regeneration,and UV/Fenton oxidation

In the present paper, a facile process combining chitosan bed adsorption and the UV/Fenton advanced oxidation process for treatment and reuse of spent reactive dyebath waste has been developed. The chitosan bed was very effective in decolouring spent reactive dyebath waste by adsorption enrichment of CI Reactive Red 195, and the water and sodium sulphate therein could easily permeate through the chitosan bed and then be recycled. Although the resulting recycled dyebaths were used 10 times as reconstituted dyebaths for dyeing with CI Reactive Red 195, the colour difference and the relative unlevelness index changes of the dyed samples still remained within acceptable levels. That was also true for CI Reactive Blue 19 in the 11th recycling cycle. As a result, an average saving of 60.4% and 93.4% for water and sodium sulphate, respectively, was achieved with the reuse process for the 11 dyebaths. The exhausted chitosan bed can be regenerated three times by dilute alkali without any significant sacrifice of adsorbability or mass. Emissions of the elution concentrates generated from three regeneration runs of the chitosan bed and then treated by UV/Fenton oxidation were found to meet the most stringent emission standards for both chemical oxygen demand and colour in China. Results reveal that the process combining chitosan bed adsorption and UV/Fenton advanced oxidation is promising for treatment and reuse of spent reactive dyebath waste, which can potentially benefit the environment and reduce operating costs.     

New quality criteria in wastewater reuse : The case of Gran Canaria

Wastewater reuse plays a key role in this vital cycle of water because it is able to reduce the wastewater spilled. Simultaneously, the supply of water for specific uses is increased. A new regulation (Royal Decree 1620/2007) came into force in Spain in December 2007 and regulates the basic conditions for the wastewater reuse and establishes the required criteria of quality to waters according to use.In the present paper, different kinds of tertiary treatments in reuse of wastewater are described. We focused on the applied tertiary treatments in most wastewater treatment plants of Gran Canaria Island. Particularly, we analysed Hoya del Pozo wastewater treatment plant due to its wide number of technologies and processes.Finally, we reviewed the quality criteria used in the regenerated waters, in agreement with the new regulations.     

Development of water re-use treatment system for municipal wastewater

The move for environmental protection and preservation of clean water sources has given rise to the latest tendency in Japan toward reuse of waste water after advanced treatment. As a means of saving water and securing water sources, water reuse systems are beginning to be installed to treat waste water for reuse as flushing water and cooling water for air conditioners.This study was conducted with the aim of developing a compact high-performance water treatment system that may meet the stated requirement.Most water reuse systems in practical use today are based on biological treatment. With this process, treatment is slow and equipment takes up much space. In addition, it involves a large amount of sludge.In an attempt to overcome these disadvantages, we developed a physico- chemical treatment technique that combines the three elementary techniques of dissolved air flotation, foaming separation, and activated carbon packed electrolyzer, and that permits multifunctional treatment with compact equipment. The activated carbon packed electrolyzer, which forms the core of the new system, is a newly developed technique. The purification mechanism was established, and conditions of application to actual waste water were determined. The electrolyzer was combined with the dissolved air flotation and foaming separation methods, to make up an optimum system.With a 10 m³/d trially manufactured apparatus, a demonstration test on reuse of sewage was performed to study the performance and economics of the system. The desired target was achieved and prospects were gained for commercialization.     

采用迭代方法设计具有再生再利用/循环的单杂质用水系统

具有再生再利用/循环利用的水网络与只有再利用的水网络不同之处在于前者增加了再生水流。如能确定再生水流的浓度和流量并将之加到只考虑再利用的水网络中,即可构成具有再生再利用/循环利用的水网络。在上述思想基础上提出一种迭代法设计具有再生再利用/循环利用的水网络。该方法既可以解决给定移除率（removal ratio,RR）问题,又可以解决固定再生浓度问题。对RR问题,根据水网络及再生过程的特点估算出初始再生水流浓度,再生水流的量待定。将所得再生水流加到只考虑再利用的网络中构成具有再生过程的水网络。设计上述水网络,可以得出新的再生水流的量及浓度。当相邻两次再生浓度之差小于给定值时迭代结束。对RR问题,通常只需几次迭代即可得出最终设计;对于固定再生浓度问题,只需一次迭代即可得出最终设计。设计中考虑了影响水网络设计总费用的新鲜水用量、再生水用量和杂质再生负荷3个主要参数。对文献中几个实例的研究表明,本文方法得到的设计与文献中的设计相当,而设计步骤比文献中的简单。     

基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络集成图示法

将氢网络中基于剩余率的集成优化法扩展至水网络，以杂质浓度为基础进行分析，提出了基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络图像集成优化方法。该方法无需图像试差和迭代，通过构建浓度-流量图和杂质赤字图，可确定未考虑再生回用的水网络夹点位置及最小新鲜水用量。并在此基础上，考虑再生装置和水网络的优化以及二者的集成，分析水网络的新鲜水节省量与杂质脱除率、再生水源流量及再生废水浓度的定量关系；构建定量关系图确定最小新鲜水用量随各参数的变化关系、夹点位置、最大新鲜水节省量以及一定再生条件下的极限及最优提纯参数。案例分析表明，该方法简单、高效，对于各工况下的水网络，均可使新鲜水消耗量及废水排放量减小，为工艺设计和操作提供重要的参考。     

可资源化活性焦烟气脱硫技术简介

介绍活性焦脱硫剂和可资源化活性焦烟气脱硫技术的原理、特点及技术经济指标.活性焦以吸附催化氧化的方式而不是简单的物理吸附方式吸附SO2,使SO2与烟气中的水、氧气发生化学反应生成吸附态硫酸.吸附饱和后的活性焦被间接加热到一定温度,让吸附在表面的硫酸与活性焦中的碳发生还原反应,释放出φ(SO2)约20%的气体.活性焦恢复活性后循环使用,富含SO2的气体可用于生产硫酸等化学品.此工艺脱硫效率高达95%以上,不消耗水,不形成二次污染.     

核电厂水处理的工艺比选和系统设计探讨

在进行核电厂污水处理工艺设计时,应分析核电厂污水水质和水量的特点。文章就核电厂的污水处理工艺比选、系统设计和中水回用方案进行讨论,从而确定合适的工艺流程和中水回用方案。提高污水处理站的出水水质,对中水进行综合利用,减少对附近的自然水体造成的不利影响,可以实现良好的经济效益和社会效益,为后续电站的工艺设计提供借鉴和参考。