On the design of adaptive notch filters

In instrumentation and other applications, the on‐line estimation of the frequency and amplitude of a noise‐corrupted sinewave is of great practical interest. Recently an adaptive notch filter (ANF) with global convergence properties has been developed, and is a candidate approach to our problem. This paper analyses the transient and noise properties of this ANF and equips the method with design equations. Using frequency ranges greater than (up to 2 decades) and signal/noise ratios less than (down to ?16 dB) those commonly found in the ANF literature, it is verified by extensive simulations that the new frequency estimator has excellent tracking and noise‐rejection properties, provided that the signal/noise ratio is not too small. A comparison is made of its behaviour with that of a phase‐locked loop, a method commonly used in practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于自适应陷波器的电网频率估计方法

本文针对电网频率难以精确测量的问题,提出利用自适应陷波器结构的滤波功能,结合电网电压基波信号及其谐波信号的特性,以陷波器实时输出平方值作为陷波器参数的优化目标函数,根据随机优化理论推导出陷波器参数在线迭代算法,从而对与频率有关的陷波参数进行自适应调整,达到电网频率估计的目的。该方法结构简单,通过仿真分析和实验测试,检验了所提出的频率估计算法的收敛速度和逼近精度,表明基于自适应陷波器的电网频率估计方法,可以准确估计出电网频率。     

基于变步长LMS自适应陷波算法的电气信号频率测量

提出一种基于二阶无限冲击响应(IIR)变步长自适应数字陷波滤波器的电气信号频率跟踪测量算法。论述了陷波滤波器能够滤除信号中特定的频率,而其他的频率成分不受影响的原理;最小均方LMS(LeastMeanSquare)自适应陷波算法是将被谐波和随机噪声污染的电气信号通过基波陷波器,根据陷波器输出误差采用变步长因子的递推LMS自适应修正陷波器参数和跟踪频率的变化。实例中,给出了给定变步长迭代公式的常数以计算出频率,并采用频率稳定时的测量、频率波动时的测量、电机运行频率测量的3种仿真结果表明所提出的频率跟踪测量算法效果良好。     

Design of IIR multiple notch filters

A new method for designing IIR multiple notch filters is presented, which satisfies the notch frequency specifications exactly and realizes 3 dB rejection bandwidths which are lower than those specified. An allpass filter-based realization has been worked out to make the design relatively insensitive to coefficient inaccuracies. Illustrative examples are given. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于自适应陷波器的科氏流量计信号频率跟踪新方法

为提高对科氏流量计信号频率随机缓慢变化的持续跟踪能力,以对格型ANF、简化格型ANF和基于SMM的新式ANF三种典型自适应陷波器的性能比较分析为基础,提出了一种科氏流量计信号频率跟踪新方法。该方法对频率、幅值和相位均随机游动变化的科氏流量计信号,首先采用新式ANF快速检测信号频率并作短时频率跟踪,待其收敛后简化格型ANF开始并行工作,在简化格型ANF收敛后取代新式ANF持续跟踪信号频率的变化。仿真结果表明,本文方法比格型ANF方法收敛速度更快、频率跟踪精度更高,比单一采用新式ANF方法计算更为简便,是一种科氏流量计信号处理的有效方法。     

Performance characterization of a non‐linear system as both an adaptive notch filter and a phase‐locked loop

The behaviour of a non‐linear dynamical system is described. The system may be characterized as an adaptive notch filter, or alternatively, as a phase‐locked loop. Either way, the system has the inherent capability of directly providing estimates of the parameters of the extracted sinusoidal component of its input signal, namely its amplitude, phase and frequency. The structure and mathematical properties of the system are presented for two cases of fixed‐frequency and varying‐frequency operation. The effects of parameter setting of the system on its performance are studied in detail using computer simulations. Transient and steady‐state behaviour of the system are studied in the presence of noise. Simplicity of structure, high noise immunity and robustness and the capability of direct estimation of amplitude, phase and frequency are the salient features of the system when envisaged as an adaptive notch filter or a phase‐locked loop. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the design of multi notch filters

A methodology for designing FIR multi notch filters (NFs) derived from second‐order prototype IIR NFs is suggested. Rejection bandwidth for the designed filter can be controlled by suitable choice of ‘r’, the pole radius of the IIR prototype NFs. The suggested multi NF can also be adapted to eliminate second‐, third‐ and fourth‐order harmonics of periodic noise besides the fundamental noise frequency component. A special case when two notch frequencies ω₁ and ω₂ are such that [(cosω₁)(cosω₂) = ? 1/2] has also been discussed. The IIR multi NF design for this special case results in reduction of the number of multipliers without affecting the response of the desired NF. For the aforereferred condition, the required coefficients of impulse response of FIR multi notch filter get reduced to almost half in number resulting in reduced computations. The number of zero coefficients further reduces with increase in ‘r’ value. In addition, the frequency response becomes better, with reduced ripples in the pass bands, when ‘r’ is increased and length ‘L’ of the FIR NF is chosen appropriately. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于改进型自适应滤波器的正负序分解方法

针对分布式发电系统微电网并网的控制需求,文中介绍了一种三相电网电压信号正负序分量的提取方法,作为电网信号处理和同步的工具。基于多结构ANF的方法能够估计出电网信号的频率、振幅、基波及其正交分量等有用信息,利用基波及其正交分量信息能检测出电网中的正负序分量,但当电网信号的幅度或频率变化时,传统多结构ANF方法性能将降低。文中通过优化ANF的动态方程,提出一种改进的ANF结构,使其具有频率和幅值自适应性,并将改进后的多结构ANF用于电网信号正负序分量的提取。MATLAB仿真结果表明,该方案对电网信号中存在的电力系统干扰具有很高的抗干扰度,当三相电网信号不平衡时,其频率和幅度估计性能优于传统的多结构ANF正负序提取方法。     

Adaptive sliding mode observers for sector-bounded nonlinear systems

This article introduces a novel sliding mode observer design for sector bounded nonlinear systems. The proposed observer can simultaneously estimate both states and unknown parameters in the presence of disturbances and measurement noise. The observer is developed by using a time-averaged Lyapunov (TAL) functional to analyze the effect of noise (Gaussian) and to adequately reduce its effect on the system. The TAL averages the Lyapunov analysis over a small finite time interval, allowing for intuitive analysis of noises and disturbances acting on the system. The TAL is shown to satisfy all the requirements of a Lyapunov candidate function. The article focuses on the observer design for sector bounded nonlinear systems since several nonlinearities can be modeled using a sector bound. An optimization approach is also developed to provide a tight bound on the effect of the uncertainty on the estimated parameters. The conditions for the existence of the observer are presented in the form of linear matrix inequality (LMI), which can be explicitly solved offline using commercial LMI solvers. Furthermore, the LMI design is also extended to a specific case of a dissipative nonlinear system. The observer design has also been extended to the case where the input disturbance is correlated with the sensor noise.     

Adaptive notch filter for synchronization and islanding detection using negative‐sequence impedance measurement

Dispersed generation (DG) has been found promising for satisfying the requirements of high power quality in distributed systems. One operation situation, namely, an island, is formed when one or more DG systems and an aggregate of local loads are disconnected from the main grid and remain operational as an islanded entity. Islanding is either due to intentional events, e.g. maintenance outage, or due to unintentional events, such as faults, and their subsequent switching actions. Islanding is usually undesirable because of the potential harm it causes to the existing equipment, human safety, power reliability and quality, etc. Accordingly, anti‐islanding schemes are used to immediately detach a DG system from the feeder after islanding. This paper presents an active method of detecting islanding for DG systems by injecting a small negative voltage into the point of common coupling, and then measuring the negative system impedance. In this study, an adaptive notch filter is introduced as a synchronous part instead of a phase‐locked loop and as a signal processing unit as well. The proposed control strategy allows DG systems to detect properly the occurrence of islanding in a balanced distribution system. Simulation results show the overall system performance including synchronization, power control, and islanding detection capability of the simulated DG system. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于陷波器和相关法的科氏流量计信号处理方法

科氏流量计信号处理的关键在于频率和相位差的准确估计,频率估计主要存在长时间持续跟踪精度不高的问题,相位差估计主要存在精度不够和实时性较差的问题。首先,通过引入负反馈控制,可有效解决自适应陷波器长时间持续跟踪问题,提高频率估计精度。然后,利用频率估计结果,对自适应陷波器滤波后的增强信号进行整周期数据处理。接着,对整周期数据处理后的信号进行希尔伯特变换。最后,对希尔伯特变换前后的信号进行相关运算,利用正弦公式即可求得相位差,进而求得质量流量。仿真结果表明,本文所提方法具有较高的频率和相位差估计精度,可用于科氏流量计的实时信号处理。     

Robust hybrid estimation and rejection of multi‐frequency signals

We consider the problem of output regulation for LTI systems in the presence of unknown exosystems. The knowledge about the multi‐frequency signals exosystem consists in the maximum number of frequencies and their maximal value. The control scheme relies on two main components: an estimation algorithm, to reconstruct the signal generated by the exosystem, and a controller, to enforce the output regulation property to the closed‐loop system. To tackle the first task, we propose a hybrid observer for the estimation of the (possibly piece‐wise continuous) number and values of the frequencies contained in the exogenous signal. The hybrid observer is particularly appealing for numerical implementations, and it is combined with a self‐tuning algorithm of the free parameters (gains), thus improving its performance even in case of noisy measurements. Semi‐global exponential convergence of the estimation error is provided. As far as the second task is concerned, a robust hybrid regulator is designed for practical rejection of the multi‐frequency disturbance signal acting on the plant. The result is achieved by exploiting the frequencies estimated by the hybrid observer. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is shown by means of numerical simulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

采用自适应陷波器的电压暂降检测方法

随着科技的发展,用电设备对电能质量的要求越来越高,电压暂降问题越来越受到重视,其中准确的电压暂降检测是治理电压暂降问题的前提。提出采用自适应陷波器结构的滤波功能,结合频率自适应方法,可以准确的检测出频率变化时的相电压的基波信号及其正交信号,从而可以求得电压的幅值和相位信息,达到电压暂降检测的目的。该方法结构简单,抑制谐波影响,适应频率变化,仿真和实验结果均表明,采用自适应陷波器的电压暂降检测方法,可以准确的获得每相电压的电压暂降信息。     

级联陷波器抗窄带干扰设计与实现

针对扩频通信系统中常见的带宽较宽的强窄带干扰,提出了一种基于级联滤波器的干扰抑制方法,并对其抑制性能进行了仿真,最后针对该方案在FPGA上进行了优化设计并加以实现,对实现效果进行了性能测试。仿真和测试结果表明,设计的级联滤波器对于占有用信号扩频带宽1/10的窄带干扰可以达到40 dB的抗干扰性能,且占用硬件资源少,当采用常用的赛灵思600万门的FPGA实现时,仅占用4%的逻辑资源,在航空、航天等资源受限的场合具有较强的工程应用价值。     

基于自适应陷波器的单相分布式电源并网控制方案的研究

为了提高单相分布式电源的能量利用效率,提出了两种基于自适应陷波器的单相分布式电源并网的控制方法,它们应用于不同的场合。其中 P控制系统以有功功率的控制为核心,PQ控制系统以有功功率和无功功率的控制为核心。采用提出的方法,可以使得光伏电源以最大功率并网,电池电源输出所需功率。在某些特殊场合,采用提出的PQ控制可以使分布式电源进行一定的无功功率补偿。由于自适应陷波器在信号检测方面具有优良的性能,与传统的并网控制系统相比,两种控制方法结构简单,抗干扰能力强。最后通过仿真验证所提方法的快速性和准确性。     

Adaptive filters cascade applied to a frequency identification improvement problem

Problem of frequency identification performance improvement for a single‐tone sinusoidal signal is solved via construction of an adaptive filters cascade. The cascade consists of adaptive band‐pass filters tuned by estimates of the frequency provided by a given identification algorithm. Stability of the cascade is studied and boundedness of trajectories is proven with Lyapunov analysis under certain assumption on identification algorithm. Numerical simulations are given illustrating improved identification performance for different identification algorithms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种具有频率响应自适应性的电压同步信号提取方法

基于自适应陷波器(adaptive notch filter,ANF)的电压同步信号提取方法能够在变频情况下准确提取基波频率和同步信号。但当电压频率在较大范围内变化时,如航空电源频率在360~800 Hz之间变化,会对ANF频率提取的动态性能产生影响。通过对ANF的动态性能进行理论分析和实验测试,发现其动态响应速度与电源频率呈现反比关系:电源频率越高,频率提取的响应速度越低。将频率检测结果引入到ANF的反馈环节中,提出一种改进的基于ANF的同步信号提取方法。该方法可消除电源频率变化对频率提取响应速度的影响,使变频情况下的频率检测结果具有频率响应自适应性。将改进方案在变频航空电源环境中进行仿真和实验研究,结果表明,所提方法能有效消除电源频率变化对动态响应速度的影响,提高动态性能,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

基于附加级联陷波滤波器的MMC-HVDC多频段谐振抑制策略

针对基于模块化多电平换流器（MMC）的柔性直流输电系统（MMC-HVDC）存在的中高频谐振问题,建立了MMC交流侧阻抗模型,分析了MMC呈现负阻尼特性的关键因素,即延时、电压前馈环节是主导MMC中高频段呈现负阻尼特性的主要原因,功率外环对中频段阻尼特性有较大的影响。对此,提出了附加级联陷波滤波器配置方法以最大限度地衰减电压前馈和功率外环对MMC的阻尼特性影响,在此基础上,针对正负序控制器引发的阻抗波动性问题提出了附加阻尼反馈环节和内环附加级联陷波滤波器2种抑制策略消除特定多频段的谐振风险。最后根据奈奎斯特判据分析了采用抑制策略的MMC与电网交互的谐振稳定性,并在电磁仿真软件中验证了理论分析和抑制方法的正确性与有效性。     

Distributed Kalman filters with adaptive strategy for linear time‐varying interconnected systems

We consider the problem of distributed state estimation over a sensor network in which a set of nodes collaboratively estimates the state of a continuous‐time linear time‐varying system. In particular, our work focuses on the benefits of weight adaptation of the interconnection gains in distributed Kalman filters. To this end, an adaptation strategy is proposed with the adaptive laws derived via a Lyapunov‐redesign approach. The justification for the gain adaptation stems from a desire to adapt the pairwise difference of state estimates as a function of their agreement, thereby enforcing an interconnection‐dependent gain. In the proposed scheme, an adaptive gain for each pairwise difference of the interconnection terms is used in order to address edge‐dependent differences in the state estimates. Accounting for node‐specific differences, a special case of the scheme is also presented, where it uses a single adaptive gain in each node estimate and which uniformly penalizes all pairwise differences of state estimates in the interconnection term. The filter gains can be designed either by standard Kalman filter or Luenberger observer to construct the adaptive distributed Kalman filter or adaptive distributed Luenberger observer. Stability of the schemes has been shown, and it is not restricted by the graph topology and therefore the schemes are applicable to both directed and undirected graphs. The proposed algorithms offer a significant reduction in communication costs associated with information flow by the nodes. Finally, numerical studies are presented to illustrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed adaptive distributed Kalman filters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于自适应陷波器的分布式电源并网技术

分布式电源并网时要求与公共电网保持同频同相,传统的方法是使用锁相环提取公共电网电压的相角。为了提高控制系统的性能,该文提出了基于自适应陷波器的单相和三相并网控制系统,单相控制系统以电流控制为基础,参考电流的相角由ANF提取,三相控制系统采用PQ控制原理,电网电压的频率、幅值和相角由ANF检测。与基于锁相环的并网控制系统相比,文中的方法抗干扰能力强,最后通过仿真验证该文所提方法的快速性和准确性。