三江平原洪河自然保护区及周边地区湿地景观变化过程研究

选取我国东北地区三江平原腹地洪河国家级自然保护区及周边的3个农场作为研究区,选取1975年、1989年和2006年3个不同历史时段的研究区遥感影像,通过高精度影像的支持,应用遥感目视解译方法,提取出研究区沼泽、河流泡沼、林地、水田、旱地及其它地物类型共6种地类景观30 a来的历史变化信息。在地理信息系统方法支持下,定量分析了研究区从20世纪70年代中期单一的沼泽湿地景观随着当地农业发展逐步成为当前以农田景观为主的过程。研究表明,研究区湿地景观变化过程明显,在此过程中还伴随着水田与旱田景观结构剧烈变化,并且呈现出不同的区域内部景观变化发展过程。其中,开发最早、受人类活动影响最明显的前锋农场,沼泽湿地面积减少最多;鸭绿河农场的沼泽湿地面积减少速度最快;而洪河自然保护区由于生境栖息地狭小,尽管受到严格保护,在周边农场外部影响下还是出现了一定程度的沼泽湿地萎缩现象。     

基于像元与对象分类的景观指数差异性分析

景观指数分析是进行遥感监测土地利用及变化空间格局的重要方法之一,而因为遥感分类方法的不同,所计算出的同一景观指数所揭示的土地变化模式可能出现较大差异。以北京市密云县为研究区,对影像分别进行了面向对象分类与基于像元的监督分类,并对两种分类进行景观指数计算,利用配对样本t检验方法对各景观指数进行了差异显著性分析。分析结果显示地类面积比例(PLAND)和最大斑块指数(LPI)在两种分类方法之间差异不显著;边缘密度(ED)略有显著差异性;而斑块数量(NP)、斑块面积平均值(AREA_MN)、聚合度(AI)与周长面积分维数(PAFRAC)在两种分类方法之间差异显著。     

塔里木河下游输水区景观与植被变化分析

对塔里木河下游输水区植被分布主要区域2000、2002年ETM、2004、2006年ASTER影像景观特征值、景观格局分析,结果表明:2000年输水后,研究区(193726hm2)天然植被面积迅速扩大并呈连片趋势,沙地斑块数量增加但面积减少、聚集度明显减小;除了沙地外其他各地类斑块密度、数量减少,平均斑块面积扩大,各景观类型呈聚集趋势,景观分布趋于连片.转移矩阵计算表明,2000～2006年输水区4275hm2疏林地转化为有林地;4573hm2中、低覆盖度灌草地转化为高覆盖度灌草地;18729hm2低覆盖度灌草地转化为中覆盖度灌草地;2230hm2沙地转化为灌草地,输水后研究区植被面积增加了7345hm2.生态输水有效地遏制了沙漠化扩展.     

基于NDVI及DEM的青海湖北岸景观格局空间自相关分析

本文以青海湖北岸为研究区,利用2006年Landsat-5 TM数据,结合植被类型图、SRTM高程数据、1∶5万地形图等数据,获取了该区12类景观类型,分类总体精度为82.91%,Kappa系数为0.81。以NDVI均值、坡向均值、高程均值为区域观测值,计算研究区景观类型的空间自相关性的Moran指数,再根据局部Moran指数的空间集聚分布特征,分析这些景观类型之间的结构稳定性,表现为如下特征:第一,较稳定景观,格局类型包括河谷灌丛、山地灌丛、高寒沼泽、高寒草甸、河流、裸岩;第二,欠稳定景观,格局类型包括湖泊、温性草原、湖滨沼泽;第三,极不稳定景观,格局类型有沙地、石砾地、裸土地,如鸟岛、金沙湾,尕海地区的沙地。     

内蒙古东部自然保护区天然湿地动态遥感分析

为有效分析天然湿地动态变化的影响因素,该文提出了利用景观发展强度指数量化人类活动对保护区天然湿地的影响强度。以内蒙古东部2000年和2012年Landsat TM影像为数据源,运用面向对象与决策树相结合的分类方法获得各国家级湿地自然保护区土地覆盖数据,结合动态度与空间分析方法对保护区天然湿地动态变化进行分析,为湿地研究和保护提供参考。结果表明:2000~2012年间,内蒙古东部国家级湿地自然保护区内天然湿地面积呈下降的趋势,其中达赉湖自然保护区天然湿地面积减少最多;减少的天然湿地主要转变为裸地和草地,分别占湿地转化总面积的50.57%和46.22%;图牧吉和达赉湖自然保护区在2000~2012年间,受到人类活动的影响强度增大趋势最为明显;天然湿地减少是自然环境变化和人类活动共同作用的结果,自然环境变化为内因,人类活动影响是外因。     

基于分形的海南岛东寨港红树林景观空间结构变化研究

红树林湿地在维护近岸海域的生态环境,抵御海潮、台风自然灾害等方面具有重要作用。利用海南岛红树林遥感专题信息产品,基于分形理论中的豪斯道夫维数、景观稳定性指数和聚集维数,分析了1987—2017年海南岛东寨港自然保护区红树林景观空间结构的变化特征：(1)1987—2017年间,红树林景观面积整体增加,2017年总面积达到18.05 km²,且扩展方式主要为边缘扩展和内部联通。(2)红树林景观分布复杂度和稳定性在1987—2003年间整体下降,波动性较强,景观结构不稳定;在2003—2013年间稳步上升,斑块持续扩展,景观结构稳定发展;2013年后略有下降。(3)红树林景观增长有聚集中心,聚集维数为1.47,对周围红树林的增长有辐射性。东寨港红树林聚集分布区已达景观稳定状态,在保持抚育的基础上可适度开发其审美、生态功能,针对尚处于扩张等状态的红树林斑块,可持续进行扩种、抚育。     

双台子河口湿地景观时空变化研究

在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,利用2000年的一景Landsat ETM数据及2005年的一景CBERS-02星CCD数据对双台子河口湿地进行了景观时空变化研究。通过对两期图像进行景观类型提取,得到了两个年份的研究区景观分类结果,采用景观类型转移矩阵对两个时段的景观类型变化进行了分析,并利用两个时段间的转移变化情况应用马尔科夫模型对研究区湿地景观演化趋势进行预测。研究结果表明,在2000年到2005年间,研究区湿地景观类型变化比较显著,天然湿地呈现出向人工湿地转化的趋势。同时预测结果也表明,研究区内湿地景观的面积在未来呈减少的趋势。     

基于国产小卫星遥感数据的矿区土地覆盖与景观格局变化研究

采用北京一号小卫星和环境与灾害监测预报小卫星遥感数据,对徐州西矿区2008年～2009年土地利用/覆盖及景观格局变化进行分析。通过对4种分类方法的比较,选择精度最高的决策树分类图进行分析。试验表明:采矿活动导致徐州西矿区植被面积下降明显,大部分转为建筑用地;同时,矿区土地复垦使塌陷积水面积减少;区域景观破碎化程度有所下降,斑块的形状趋于规则化,景观多样性减小。评价变化检测精度,结果表明:国产小卫星遥感数据能有效地应用于矿区土地利用/覆盖及景观格局变化监测。     

杭州湾滨海湿地景观动态变化分析

以杭州湾滨海湿地为研究区,基于3S技术与模型对湿地景观动态变化进行分析。首先对研究区卫星遥感影像进行湿地景观基础信息提取,通过对遥感影像进行分类处理,提取了不同年份的湿地基础数据,同时基于GIS应用转移矩阵模型研究了不同时段各类景观的变化情况,最后对未来研究区的湿地景观的转化情况进行了驱动力分析。研究表明,5年来研究区岸线逐渐向海迁移,共增加湿地面积10308.05ha2,但人类生产活动对湿地的侵占也在增加。湿地减少的面积超过增加的面积,人为因素作用是影响湿地景观变化的主导因素。通过此研究提供了湿地管理与保护的主要方向与科学依据。     

基于Landsat TM 数据的若尔盖县LUCC 时空特征研究

若尔盖县是世界著名若尔盖湿地的主要组成部分, 是青藏高原高寒生态系统的典型代表。基于1989 年、1997 年和2004 年3 期Landsat TM 影像的土地利用ö土地覆被分类结果, 运用地理信息系统空间分析方法和数理统计学方法, 深入分析了四川省若尔盖县近15 年来各土地利用/覆被类型尤其是草地和沼泽的数量和空间变化特征。结果表明: ①研究区主要土地利用与土地覆被类型为草地、沼泽、林地和裸地, 其中草地与沼泽面积逐步减少, 而裸地面积成倍增长。②通过建立研究区LU CC 幅度、LU CC 数量和空间变化模型以及趋势与状态指数模型, 很好的表现了研究区LU CC 的时空特征。从整个区域来看, 前期综合LU CC 趋势和状态指数为0. 37, 处于准平衡状态;后期小于前期, 为0. 23, 处于平衡状态, 整个时段其指数为0. 35, 为准平衡状态, 呈现双向转换态势。③定位分析了研究区LU CC 情况, 发现区域草地和沼泽退化相当严重, 而且前后两期退化区在空间上有所转移。     

Classification of Vegetation Coverage of Wetland Landscape based on Remote Sensing in the Coastal Area of Jiangsu Province

The Vegetation Coverage Estimation Model (VCEM) was established based on the classification of coastal wetlands by remote sensing technology and the improved dimidiate pixel model as well as the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI).The VCEM was used to calculate vegetation coverage (Fc) and grade level for different wetland types in the study area of Yancheng,Jiangsu Province.The relationship between wetland vegetation coverage and their types was analyzed further by overlaying the coverage classification map and wetland landscape map.The results show that the zonal distribution of plant community of the coastal wetland was notable.And the vegetation coverage level varies with different types of wetland.The reed marshes tend to grow at the high vegetation coverage zone,which account for 67.45% of the total area of reed marshes,and the medium vegetation coverage zone account for 23.61%,and the low vegetation coverage zone only account for 8.94%.Most the Suaeda salsa marshes were in the medium vegetation coverage zone,which account for 81.14% of its total area,and 3.36% and 16.06% were distributed at the high vegetation coverage zone and the low vegetation coverage zone respectively.Most of the Spartina alterniflora marshes were distributed at the high vegetation coverage zone,accounting of 83.47% of its total area,and only 15.07% at the medium vegetation coverage zone,1.74% at the low vegetation coverage zone.In addition,most high vegetation coverage areas of wetlands were distributed at the middle location of each vegetation zone,and the Transition zone for each wetland type was usually with lower vegetation coverage level.     

Progress of Chinese Coastal Wetland based on Remote Sensing

Coastal wetlands as a unique ecosystems with high productivity and abundant biology diversity,has many important resource values,ecological values,economic values and scientific research values.Due to the multi\|temporal,multi\|platform,macroscopic,objective,informative,real\|time,highly effective,comparable and so on,so the remote sensing technology has been gradually approved and widely promoted in coastal wetland research in the past three decades.Current status of coastal wetland research based on remote sensing technique in China was systematically discussed from multiple aspects,including remote sensing data sources,theories and methods,and the application of remote sensing technology to Chinese coastal wetland is reviewed from the aspects of coastal wetland resource investigation and management,landscape pattern and dynamic change,ecological environment monitoring,ecosystem quality and service evaluation.This paper also points out some shortcomings existed in Chinese coastal wetland research by remote sensing technology include the spatial and temporal distributions of the study area is uneven and dominated by small and medium scale,lack of interdisciplinary comprehensive research,focus on theoretical research and ignore application intelligent application of remote sensing technology,information sharing ability is poor,the improve of interpretation accuracy is difficulties.Related research prospects should be to carry out such as monitoring and mapping on all scale,strengthen the multidisciplinary collaboration,strengthen the comprehensive and comparative study,establish a unified classification system of coastal wetland based on remote sensing and the national coastal wetland information system,emphasis on the development of new remote sensing technology and fusion of multi\|source data,emphasis on the use of new methods and new models.     

A remote sensing approach to determine environmental flows for wetlands of the Lower Darling River,New South Wales,Australia

A remote sensing approach was adopted to determine environmental flow requirements for wetlands in the Lower Darling River. The regulation of river flows by the Menindee Lakes Storage has altered the natural flow regime in the river and is likely to be affecting the health of both the river and its wetlands. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images corresponding to four flood events (1989, 1990 and two in 1996) were analysed and a relationship between river flow heights and wetland inundation was established. Wetlands were classified according to broad commence-to-flow river discharges. The study concluded that 13 000 Ml d^-1 (megalitres per day) at Weir 32 would inundate approximately 50% of the wetlands along the Lower Darling River, this figure being 10 000 Ml d^-1 less than estimated in a previous study.     

1980~2018朝鲜半岛西海岸滨海湿地演化分析

环黄海湿地是东亚—澳大利西亚水鸟迁徙廊道的重要组成部分,在全球生物多样性保护方面具有不可替代的作用。研究利用Landsat 系列遥感影像,集成面向对象和决策树分类方法对遥感影像进行解译,得到1980~2018年5个时期朝鲜半岛西海岸湿地分布数据集,对朝鲜半岛西海岸滨海湿地变化特征进行解析,并对比分析朝鲜和韩国不同体制和发展水平差异下的湿地演变驱动因素,以期为环黄海滨海湿地生态系统管理和可持续发展提供科学参考。研究结果表明：朝鲜半岛西海岸主要湿地类型为自然湿地,占研究区总面积的41.1%,以滩涂为主;近40 a间朝鲜半岛西海岸自然湿地面积呈减少趋势,损失1094.4 km²;人工湿地面积呈快速增加趋势,相对增加45.1%;受国家体制、政治、人口和经济等影响差异,朝鲜自然湿地多转化为耕地,而韩国自然湿地多转化为人工表面;人类活动对湿地的直接占用是该地区湿地损失最主要的因素,需加强管控和科学利用海岸带资源。     

Long-term vegetation changes in four types of wetland in China and USA between 2000 and 2011: observations from MODIS

Wetland vegetation assessment is a critical component of evaluating wetland protective policies and providing useful information for global climate change research. In this study, four types of wetland are chosen to evaluate their long-term changes and potential linkage to anthropogenic (e. g., agricultural activities) and natural influences (e. g., hydrometeorological effects). These wetland types include the Yancheng wetland (coastal wetland), the Chongming wetland (river wetland), the Hongze Lake wetland (lake wetland) and the Everglades wetland (marsh wetland) in the contrasting environments of China and USA. The vegetation coverages of these wetlands were evaluated from 2000 to 2011 by using over 2,200 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m resolution images. Four vegetation indices (VIs) were compared to evaluate their effectiveness in assessing relative changes: the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Floating Algae Index (FAI), the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and the Visible Atmospherically Resistance Index (VARI). FAI performance was relatively insensitive in terms of both the statistical error and the aerosol effects compared with other VIs and was thus chosen to study the long-term vegetation changes. The results showed that 1) agricultural influence appeared to be relatively minimal compared with hydrometeorological effects in the Everglades wetland and in the core partitions of the Yancheng, Chongming, and Hongze Lake wetlands over the 12-year period, and 2) the entire partitions of the Yancheng, Chongming and Hongze Lake wetlands showed noticeable influences from agricultural activities in addition to natural variability. The cost-effective method that we demonstrate in this study may be extended to other wetlands near the same geographical location and to other satellite platforms.     

Semi‐automated methods for mapping wetlands using Landsat ETM+ and SRTM data

The overarching goal of this study was to develop a comprehensive methodology for mapping natural and human‐made wetlands using fine resolution Landsat enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+), space shuttle radar topographic mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM) data and secondary data. First, automated methods were investigated in order to rapidly delineate wetlands; this involved using: (a) algorithms on SRTM DEM data, (b) thresholds of SRTM‐derived slopes, (c) thresholds of ETM+ spectral indices and wavebands and (d) automated classification techniques using ETM+ data. These algorithms and thresholds using SRTM DEM data either over‐estimated or under‐estimated stream densities (S _d) and stream frequencies (S _f), often generating spurious (non‐existent) streams and/or, at many times, providing glaring inconsistencies in the precise physical location of the streams. The best of the ETM+‐derived indices and wavebands either had low overall mapping accuracies and/or high levels of errors of omissions and/or errors of commissions.

Second, given the failure of automated approaches, semi‐automated approaches were investigated; this involved the: (a) enhancement of images through ratios to highlight wetlands from non‐wetlands, (b) display of enhanced images in red, green, blue (RGB) false colour composites (FCCs) to highlight wetland boundaries, (c) digitizing the enhanced and displayed images to delineate wetlands from non‐wetlands and (d) classification of the delineated wetland areas into various wetland classes. The best FCC RGB displays of ETM+ bands for separating wetlands from other land units were: (a) ETM+4/ETM+7, ETM+4/ETM+3, ETM+4/ETM+2, (b) ETM+4, ETM+3, ETM+5 and (c) ETM+3, ETM+2, ETM+1. In addition, the SRTM slope threshold of less than 1% was very useful in delineating higher‐order wetland boundaries. The wetlands were delineated using the semi‐automated methods with an accuracy of 96% as determined using field‐plot data.

The methodology was evaluated for the Ruhuna river basin in Sri Lanka, which has a diverse landscape ranging from sea shore to hilly areas, low to very steep slopes (0° to 50°), arid to semi‐arid zones and rain fed to irrigated lands. Twenty‐four per cent (145 733 ha) of the total basin area was wetlands as a result of a high proportion of human‐made irrigated areas, mainly under rice cropping. The wetland classes consisted of irrigated areas, lagoons, mangroves, natural vegetation, permanent marshes, salt pans, lagoons, seasonal wetlands and water bodies. The overall accuracies of wetland classes varied between 87% and 94% (K _hat = 0.83 to 0.92) with errors of omission less than 13% and errors of commission less than 1%.     

滇池湖滨湿地公园景观服务数据库构建研究

湿地公园作为湿地景观的重要类型是景观生态学和湿地科学研究的新兴领域。湿地公园景观服务定量研究于湿地的科学保护与有效管理具有重要意义。基于景观生态学理论、景观服务定量研究的数据需求和3S技术,以滇池湖滨湿地公园为例,提出以景观服务为应用导向的湿地公园数据库构建的目标与原则,构建湿地公园数据库概念模型与逻辑结构,并对数据库中各子库进行详细设计,探讨滇池湖滨湿地公园景观服务数据库的潜在应用。     

基于多季相Sentinel-2影像的白洋淀湿地信息提取

白洋淀湿地是华北平原上重要的浅水湖泊湿地,对雄安新区绿色发展具有重要的生态价值。对白洋淀高度异质化的景观格局进行分类,能够为白洋淀湿地资源的遥感监测提供指导意义。针对湿地季节变化的特点,对白洋淀每个季节选取一期具有代表性的Sentinel-2影像,采用分类与回归树（CART）、支持向量机（SVM）、随机森林（RF）3种常用的机器学习分类器对15种季相组合实验方案进行分类,分析不同季相遥感影像及其组合对白洋淀湿地信息提取的优劣。结果表明：相较于使用单一季相影像分类,多季相影像的组合能够显著提高分类精度,春&夏季相组合能够得到最优的分类效果,相对单季影像总体分类精度提高了10.9%~25.5%,Kappa系数提高了0.09~0.29;SVM分类器的分类表现较为稳定,能够得到最高的平均分类精度,CART分类器在处理高维特征的能力不如随机森林和SVM;不同特征类型对湿地信息提取的贡献度从高到底依次是红边光谱特征、传统光谱特征、缨帽变换特征、主成分分析特征、纹理特征。实验成果能为湿地信息的遥感识别提供依据。     

基于SAR与Landsat TM的小区域稻田的识别研究——以南京市江宁区为例

以南京市江宁区为研究区域,根据区域特征、作物物候期和水稻的生长特点,采用分层分类的方法提取稻田分布信息。通过比较多时相SAR数据、TM和多时相SAR融合与TM和单时相SAR融合数据识别水稻的精度和提取的水稻种植面积,分析了不同数据对区域多云雨,不同种植方式、面积小且分布破碎的水稻稻田的识别程度,并根据野外实地走访调查分析了主要影响因素。结果表明:多时相SAR数据、TM和多时相SAR数据的水稻识别精度都高于72%,高于TM和单时相SAR融合数据的结果;前两者提取的水稻种植面积和稻田分布接近,主要影响因素是地物分布、不同种植方式水稻物候期和水稻稻田面积小且分布破碎。