不同炭化压力下沥青炭结构特性的研究

将高温煤沥青和浸渍剂沥青在不同压力下炭化，在2500℃下对所得沥青炭进行石墨化处理；测试了所得沥青炭的体积密度、开孔率；利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了所得沥青炭的显微结构；利用XRD检测了不同炭化压力所得沥青炭石墨化处理后的石墨化度。结果表明：随着炭化压力的增大．沥青炭的体积密度增大而开孔率减小；随着炭化压力的增大沥青炭显微结构有从流线型向镶嵌型和域型转变的趋势：流线型结构沥青炭石墨化度较高；沥青中QI组分也会影响沥青炭的显微结构。     

沥青炭石墨化度的间接表征方法研究

将高温煤沥青和浸渍剂沥青在不同压力下炭化，在2500℃下对所得沥青炭进行石墨化处理。利用X射线衍射方法（XRD）检测了所得沥青炭试样的石墨化度；对比分析了几种试样的真密度、电阻率和磁阻。结果表明：沥青炭的石墨化度越高，其真密度越大；沥青炭的室温电阻率随石墨化度的增加而下降，随体积密度的增大而下降；在不同磁场强度下，随石墨化度的提高，磁阻增大。     

炭/炭复合材料用浸渍剂煤沥青研究进展

本文介绍了炭/炭复合材料用浸渍剂煤沥青的结构组成与性能特点,分析了影响煤沥青浸渍性能的关键因素,总结对比了近几年浸溃用煤沥青改性方法的优缺点.指出煤沥青的开发和生产应该兼顾残炭率、流动性、黏度和软化点等因素,从而减少浸渍次数,降低炭/炭复合材料的生产成本.     

制备工艺对炭/石墨密封材料性能及其结构的影响

以改性的填料（二次焦）为骨料炭,中温煤沥青为黏结剂来制备炭/石墨密封材料,考察了材料制备工艺条件对材料机械强度、开孔率以及微观结构的影响。研究表明,与传统的炭/石墨密封材料制备工艺相比,利用改性后的骨料炭所制备的炭/石墨材料具有较高的机械强度和相对均匀的孔径分布。此外,随着二次焦热处理温度的升高,最终材料的体积密度和机械强度增大,开孔率降低。当二次焦热处理温度升高到540℃时,最终所得材料的抗压和抗弯强度分别达到210.0MPa和67MPa,开孔率为19.3%。炭/石墨材料经浸渍金属Cu后,Cu颗粒在利用传统工艺制备的材料中的尺寸相对较大,且存在局部聚集或团聚,而在利用二次浆涂工艺制备的材料中则呈细网状结构且均匀分布。     

先驱体微观结构对泡沫炭比强度和隔热性能的影响

以两种不同酚醛泡沫为先驱体,参照各自的DTG曲线,经过高温炭化处理得到泡沫炭.采用微机控制电子万能试验机对泡沫炭进行压缩强度测量;采用激光法导热分析仪对泡沫炭的三个热常数:热扩散系数α、导热系数λ、比热容cp进行测量.采用分析型扫描电镜(SEM)对泡沫炭微观结构进行分析;利用全自动压汞仪对泡体的开孔率进行测定.结果表明,细腻、均匀、开孔率低的先驱体泡孔结构有利于提高泡沫炭的比强度及隔热性能.     

炭材料热物理性能研究

炭材料宏观性能受微观组织多样性的影响表现出极强的多样性。实验制备几种模压炭材料，并对其热物理性能进行表征。结果表明，随着原材料中胶体石墨含量的增加，材料的电阻率下降，热导系数、热扩散率提高；材料的比热容、热导系数、线膨胀系数随温度升高而增大，热扩散率随温度升高而降低。研究结果还表明，用传统的石墨化度G参数表征多相炭材料石墨化度具有一定的局限性，而用G参数与衍射峰高相结合表征更能准确反映多相炭材料的石墨化特性。     

热处理温度对炭/炭复合材料性能的影响

对同一种炭／炭复合材料，经过不同温度热处理后的微观结构、石墨化度、导热系数、抗弯强度和摩擦磨损性能进行了对比研究。试验表明：随着最终热处理温度的提高，易石墨化的热解炭偏振光下光学活性增强，而难石墨化的热解炭微观结构几乎没有变化；炭／炭复合材料的晶粒逐渐长大，层面间距缩小，石墨化度有较大提高；平行炭布方向的导热系数和垂直炭布方向的导热系数均有上升。同时，由于基体炭与炭纤维两者热膨胀系数的差别，热处理温度的提高，降低了基体与增强纤维的的结合强度，使炭／炭复合材料的抗弯强度降低。试验还表明：随着热处理温度的提高，炭／炭复合材料的摩擦表面逐渐形成薄而致密的自润滑膜，摩擦系数在经过一个峰值后趋于平稳状态，磨损量下降明显。经l800℃热处理的质量损失主要是由氧化造成的。     

聚四氟乙烯浸渍石墨工艺及其性能研究

聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)因其优异的耐腐蚀性和耐热性可被用作浸渍剂制备不透性石墨,为了缩短聚四氟乙烯浸渍石墨的工艺耗时以及增强浸渍效果,进行了浸渍和塑化工艺的优化研究。在常温、0.7MPa条件下对石墨分别进行1、2、3、4次浸渍处理,后在常压、380℃条件下塑化,并对浸渍塑化后的石墨进行密度、增重率、开孔气孔率、偏光显微镜、耐热性和抗压强度等性能表征分析。结果表明:石墨密度、增重率和抗压强度随着浸渍次数的增加而升高,开孔气孔率和耐热性能随浸渍次数的增加而降低,n浸1塑工艺比n浸n塑工艺浸渍石墨的效果好;石墨经3浸1塑工艺处理后,其抗压强度高达50.1 MPa,开孔气孔率低至0.754%.     

石油系中间相沥青基泡沫炭的制备与结构研究

分别以中间相含量为100％和30％的两种石油系中间相沥青为前驱体制备泡沫炭，利用SEM、偏光显微镜观察泡沫炭的孔和孔壁等微观形貌，利用XRD分析石墨化泡沫炭的微晶结构。考察不同中间相含量前驱体的发泡性能，同时探讨了焦化手段对泡沫炭结构和性能的影响。结果表明，两种前驱体均能制备得到孔结构均匀、开孔率高的泡沫炭；100％中间相含量的前驱体相对更适合发泡；通过延长焦化时间可以优化泡沫炭结构、提高石墨化度，进而提高泡沫炭产品性能。     

短炭纤维 /沥青炭复合材料导热系数与石墨化度的关系

采用脉冲激光闪光法和XRD技术，分析了一种短炭纤维增强沥青炭复合材料的导热系数与石墨化度之间的关系，建立了两者之间的定量数学模型，并运用声子导热机制对其机理进行了分析。结果表明，随着石墨化度的升高，石墨微晶尺寸增大、结构渐趋完整，复合材料在平行于层面方向的室温导热系数逐渐升高，导热系数与石墨化度之间关系符合公式：λ=59.18 0．53exp(g／14.80)。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。