红土镍矿脱水机理及还原过程动力学

研究红土镍矿的脱水机理及还原过程动力学。结果表明,红土镍矿在升温过程中主要进行自由水的脱除、针铁矿的分解、高岭石及蛇纹石的脱羟基反应和蛇纹石类矿物的第二段脱羟基反应;红土镍矿还原过程可分为3个阶段,第一阶段的控速环节是化学反应,预焙烧和未焙烧红土镍矿的活化能分别为90.21和63.12 kJ/mol;第二阶段和第三阶段控速环节是扩散,红土镍矿的活化能逐渐增大。     

红土镍矿的硫酸铵焙烧过程EI北大核心CSCD

针对传统硫酸化焙烧红土镍矿能耗高、设备腐蚀大等缺点,采用硫酸铵焙烧-水浸处理红土镍矿的工艺;考察硫酸铵焙烧过程中焙烧剂硫酸铵用量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对有价金属回收率的影响,并对红土镍矿硫酸铵焙烧热力学进行分析。结果表明:在矿料与硫酸铵质量比4:3、焙烧温度400℃、焙烧时间90 min的工艺条件下,红土镍矿中Ni、Co、Mn的回收率分别达到90.8%、85.41%和86.74%,而Fe的回收率仅为9.98%,达到选择性提取有价金属的效果。升高温度有利于蛇纹石相与硫酸铵的反应,抑制镁铁矿石的反应,从而抑制该部分Fe的硫酸化。经适当条件焙烧后,目标金属以硫酸盐形式进入水相,而Fe主要以不溶于水的形式存在。     

采用熔融碱法从红土镍矿中提取硅

通过正交试验,研究红土镍矿熔融碱法提硅过程中反应温度、反应时间、碱矿质量比及搅拌速度对SiO2提取率的影响.结果表明:试验过程中各因素对SiO2提取率的影响由大到小的顺序为反应温度>反应时间>碱矿质量比>搅拌速度;最佧的试验条件为反应温度550℃,反应时间20 min,碱矿质量比4:1,搅拌速度400 r/min;按照最佳条件进行实验,SiO2的提取率可达93%以上,镍、铁和镁等元素富集于渣中,氧化镍的质量含量达到2.92%.     

红土镍矿钠盐还原焙烧-磁选的机理

配加钠盐焙烧可改善红土镍矿的还原-磁选效果,显著提高磁性产品的镍、铁品位及回收率。通过热力学计算,并结合X射线衍射、光学显微镜以及环境扫描电镜分析,对硫酸钠和碳酸钠作用下红土镍矿的还原行为进行研究。结果表明:钠盐在红土镍矿还原焙烧过程中,可以破坏硅酸盐矿物的结构,有利于镍的还原富集。碳酸钠强化镍还原的能力强于硫酸钠的,硫酸钠则因还原过程中形成的硫具有降低镍铁金属颗粒表面张力的作用,因而其促进镍铁颗粒聚集长大的能力明显高于碳酸钠的,且硫酸钠作用下FeS的形成也有利于提高镍的品位。所以,硫酸钠和碳酸钠的共同作用下可获得高镍品位的磁性产品及较高的镍回收率。     

离子交换吸附富集红土镍矿浸出液中的镍

研究高镁铁质红土镍矿硫酸浸出液中镍的高效提取方法。通过在d 150 mm×1800 mm PVC柱中填充12 L CN27离子交换树脂,对高镁铁质红土镍矿硫酸浸出液进行动态吸附。研究初始液pH、Ni2+和Fe2+的质量浓度、流速、吸附时间等参数对树脂有效吸附量和吸附效率的影响。结果表明:初始液中Ni2+质量浓度2.5 g/L、pH 3~5、流速1.0 L/min、树脂饱和吸附时的有效利用率达85%~93%,树脂吸附Ni2+的最高有效吸附量可达58.0 g/kg;初始液中Ni2+质量浓度2.5 g/L、pH 4.5、流速1.0 L/min时,吸附后液Ni2+质量浓度1.0 mg/L时,树脂吸附Ni2+的有效吸附量可达41.8~42.0 g/kg,富集液中Ni2+的富集倍数达到25以上,镍离子的质量浓度提高到54 g/L以上;初始液中Fe2+的质量浓度增加,树脂对镍的吸附量降低,不仅会导致富集液中Ni2+的质量浓度降低,富集液中Fe2+的质量浓度也会增加。离子交换吸附不但能使低浓度含镍溶液富集到满足镍电积工艺的要求,且能对杂质进行有效分离。     

从低品位红土镍矿中湿法提取制备氧化物的试验研究

在分析低品位红土镍矿成分、物相的基础上,提出一种利用硫酸对红土矿在常压下湿法浸出、分级沉积金属元素并获得高附加值氧化物的方法。利用XRF、XRD和SEM-EDS等表征手段,确定浸出过程中产物的成分,并分析各级产物的物相及尺寸。试验证明,综合回收利用低品位红土镍矿中的多种有价金属,实现从矿物中直接制备纳米粉末是可行的。     

低品位红土镍矿深度还原机理

采用扫描电子显微镜和EDS能谱研究低品位红土镍矿深度还原过程中金属颗粒的生长行为,并在此基础上分析其还原机理。结果表明,金属铁和镍逐渐聚集生长为Fe—Ni颗粒,并且颗粒粒度随着还原温度的升高和还原时间的延长而明显增大。还原后,红土镍矿明显变为Fe—Ni金属颗粒和渣相基体两部分。铁镁橄榄石的还原与其晶体化学特性密切相关。铁和镍的氧化物被还原剂还原为金属铁和镍,同时,橄榄石的晶格结构被破坏。红土镍矿深度还原包含金属氧化物还原和金属相生长两个过程。     

碳热还原法从红土镍矿中提取金属镁的研究

采用了HSC chemistry 5.0热力学分析软件、XRD、SEM及EDS等方法与手段,对碳热还原法从红土镍矿中提取金属镁过程进行了热力学分析及实验研究。研究结果显示,碳热还原提取金属镁过程主要由Mg2SiO4、Fe2O3、MgSiO3、MgFe2O4及少量NiO等参与反应。热力学研究表明,常压下MgFe2O4、Mg2SiO4与MgSiO3碳热还原生成金属镁蒸汽的初始温度在1373～2073K,Fe2O3、NiO碳热还原生成金属铁、镍的初始温度分别为923K、723K;在真空压力为10Pa时,MgFe2O4、Mg2SiO4与MgSiO3碳热还原生成金属镁蒸汽的初始温度均在923～1323K,Fe2O3、NiO碳热还原生成金属铁、镍的初始温度分别为673K、523K。试验结果表明,碳热还原法从红土镍矿提取金属镁过程是可行的,冷凝物含金属镁的平均含量达98.5%以上。     

红土镍矿高温硫化熔炼镍锍EI北大核心CSCD

本文通过热力学分析,揭示了红土镍矿硫化熔炼低镍锍过程物相演变规律,阐明了硫化熔炼过程机理。结果表明:在一定硫化熔炼条件下,红土镍矿中镍氧化物转变历程为NiO→Ni→Ni_(3)S_(2),钴氧化物转变历程为CoO→Co→Co_(9)S_(8),铁氧化物转变途径为Fe_(2)O_(3)→Fe_(3)O_(4)→FeO→FeS或Fe_(2)O_(3)→Fe_(3)O_(4)→FeO→Fe→FeS;金属与S亲和力强弱顺序为Ni≈Fe>Co;金属与O亲和力强弱顺序为Fe>Co>Ni。由理论计算可知:在硫化熔炼过程中,当硫磺添加量为矿料质量的2%、碳添加量为矿料质量的4%时,产出镍锍品位为21.45%,镍、钴回收率分别为99.43%、87.58%,硫直接利用率为62.68%。目前,红土镍矿高温硫化熔炼镍锍,已初步实现工业应用,与常规RKEF技术相比,过程绿色低碳,是具有里程碑意义的技术变革。     

红土镍矿还原焙烧-磁选制取镍铁合金原料的新工艺

采用钠盐添加剂强化红土镍矿的还原焙烧-磁选,确定了添加剂存在下适宜的焙烧和磁选技术参数,开发出红土镍矿还原焙烧-磁选制取镍铁合金原料的新工艺.结果表明:钠盐添加剂具有显著降低焙烧温度、大幅提高产品镍、铁品位和回收率的作用;对一种含镍1.58％、铁22.06％的红土镍矿配加添加剂后,在还原温度1 100℃、还原时间60 min、磁场强度0.1T的条件下,磁性产品的镍、铁品位可分别从无添加剂时的2.0％、57.2％提高到7.5％、80.5％,镍、铁回收率也相应从19.1％、33.6％增加到82.7％、62.8％.XRD结果表明:红土镍矿在无添加剂作用下经还原焙烧-磁选所得的磁性产物中仍有部分镁橄榄石及顽火辉石存在;而有添加剂存在时,还原生成的镍铁合金通过磁选可与非磁性脉石成分得到更为有效的分离,产品可作为不锈钢的生产原料.     

过渡层红土镍矿中的镁质矿中和沉矾浸出

采用沉矾浸出法将铁质矿浸出液对镁质矿进行沉矾浸出。结果表明:镁质矿酸浸过程中,在镁质矿粒度为106～150μm、搅拌强度为150 r/min、终点pHe值为1.3、温度为95℃的条件下,浸出镁质矿3 h,镍、镁、铁的浸出率分别为93.34%、78.28%、26.4%;在沉矾浸出过程中,在反应温度为95℃、搅拌强度为150 r/min、硫酸钠中的钠与形成黄钠铁矾中的钠的摩尔比x为1.3、镁质矿粒度为106～150μm、反应终点pHe为1.3±0.2的条件下,沉矾浸出5 h,镍浸出率能达到92%,镁浸出率在74%以上,铁质矿浸出液除铁率达到87%以上,铁质矿浸出液中铁的浓度在15.87～42.16 g/L的范围内,对镁质矿的镍、镁浸出及铁质矿浸出液中Fe的浓度没有显著的不利影响,溶液中铁基本上控制在4 g/L以下。     

Desiliconization kinetics of nickeliferous laterite ores in molten sodium hydroxide system

A novel process was proposed for treating nickeliferous laterite ores with molten sodium hydroxide.The effect on silicon extraction caused by the factors,such as stirring speed,reaction temperature,particle size and NaOH-to-ore mass ratio,was investigated.The results show that increasing stirring speed,reaction temperature and NaOH-to-ore mass ratio while decreasing particle size increases silicon extraction rate.The desiliconization kinetics of nickeliferous laterite ores in molten sodium hydroxide system ...     

Dechromization and dealumination kinetics in process of Na2CO3-roasting pretreatment of laterite ores

A novel process was proposed for the activation pretreatment of limonitic laterite ores by Na₂CO₃ roasting. Dechromization and dealumination kinetics of the laterite ores and the effect of particle size, Na₂CO₃-ore mass ratio, and roasting temperature on Cr and Al extraction were studied. Experimental results indicate that the extraction rates of Cr and Al are up to 99% and 82%, respectively, under the optimal particle size of 44–74 μm, Na₂CO₃-to-ore mass ratio of 0.6:1, and temperature of 1000 °C. Dechromization within the range of 600–800 °C is controlled by the diffusion through the product layer with an apparent activation energy of 3.9 kJ/mol, and that it is controlled by the chemical reaction at the surface within the range of 900–1100 °C with an apparent activation energy of 54.3 kJ/mol. Besides, the Avrami diffusion controlled model with on apparent activation energy of 16.4 kJ/mol is most applicable for dealumination. Furthermore, 96.8% Ni and 95.6% Co could be extracted from the alkali-roasting residues in the subsequent pressure acid leaching process.     

Transformation and leaching kinetics of silicon from low-grade nickel laterite ore by pre-roasting and alkaline leaching process

The mineralogical phase transformation of a low-grade nickel laterite ore during pre-roasting process and the extraction of silicon during alkaline leaching process were investigated. The results indicate that the reaction activity of nickel ores is effectively improved by pre-roasting at 650 °C for 2 h, because of the transformation of lizardite into magnesium olivine and protoenstatite. When finely ground ore samples (44–61 μm) pre-roasted firstly react with sodium hydroxide solution (60 g/L) with a solid/liquid ratio of 1:5 at 140 °C for 120 min, the extraction of silicon can reach 89.89%, and the other valuable elements of magnesium, iron and nickel are accumulated in the solid residues. The leaching kinetics of nickel laterite ore can be described successfully by the diffusion through the product layer control model. The activation energy is calculated to be 11.63 kJ/mol and the kinetics equation can be expressed as 1–3(1–x)^2/3+2(1–x)=13.53×10^?2exp[–11.63/(RT)]t.     

CuxBi2Se3拓扑超导体研究进展及其掺杂特性

提出了红土镍矿中镍量的酸溶-丁二酮肟分光光度测定法.试样经混酸(盐酸+硝酸+氢氟酸)溶解,高氯酸冒烟.在氢 氧化钠介质中,以过硫酸铵作氧化剂,使镍与丁二酮肟生成可溶性的酒红色络合物,于460 nm波长处进行镍的光度法测定.将该法应用于含镍量不同的9个红土镍矿样品中镍的测定,相对误差(RSD)为1.10％～3.78％ (n=11),加标回收率在98.5％～101.5％之间,与其他3个实验室测定结果以及不同分析方法(过氧化钠碱熔-丁二酮肟光度法、AAS法和ICP-AES法)的测定结果一致.     

Effect of interfacial segregation on phase decomposition of a thin film on a patterned substrate

Numerical simulations of phase decomposition in thin films on patterned substrates are presented for a binary alloy in order to study the influence of substrate composition on microstructural evolution. For systems with a substrate composition less than the film composition, a preferential segregation ofA to the interface was observed and no phase decomposition occurred within the film. For patterned systems with a substrate composition exceeding the film composition, theB-rich phase was able to grow by a barrierless transformation for a range of film compositions outside the chemical spinodal. The number of precipitates which formed on the mesa, the dihedral angles at the three-phase trijunctions, and the resulting microstructure within the film were shown to be sensitive to the substrate composition. This article is based on a presentation made in the 2002 Korea-US symposium on the “Phase Transformations of Nano-Materials,” organized as a special program of the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Korean Institute of Metals and Materials, held at Yonsel University, Seoul, Korea on October 25–26, 2002.