600MW锅炉12Cr1MoV末级再热器管失效原因分析

某电厂600 MW亚临界机组的12Cr1MoV末级再热器管运行50000 h后发生泄漏。在迎烟气侧弯头背弧出现裂纹。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪等方法对失效管样进行分析。结果表明,弯头向火侧氧化层过厚,组织球化严重;弯头向火侧管壁存在明显的蠕变孔洞和沿晶裂纹,裂纹沿着晶界发展并充满氧化物;基体出现合金元素贫化,导致组织劣化。综上,12Cr1MoV末级再热器管失效是由长期过热造成管件向火侧组织老化,蠕变开裂而引起泄漏。     

600 MW亚临界机组12Cr1MoV钢末级再热器管状态及寿命评估

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析等方法对已运行超过5万小时的12Cr1MoV末级再热器管进行状态及寿命评估。结果显示,送检样管部分管段常温拉伸性能低于标准要求,样管向火侧试样球化评级均在4级以上,基体已出现合金元素贫化现象,呈现较为明显老化趋势。寿命评估表明送检样管运行当量温度均未超过12Cr1MoV上限温度,剩余寿命均在2.8万小时以上,送检样管尚处寿命中后期。     

12Cr1MoV钢焊接接头开裂原因分析

在660 MW超超临界发电机锅炉的运行期间发现,其高温再热器12Cr1MoV钢入口管焊接接头开裂。对开裂的焊接接头进行了金相检验和能谱分析,以确定焊接接头开裂的原因。结果表明:裂纹位于焊接接头的热影响区粗晶区,有粗大、微小裂纹和孔洞;该焊接接头为小口径薄壁管与集箱短接管的对接焊,结构不合理,导致拘束度较大,存在残余焊接应力。此外,锅炉在使用中,入口管壁的实际温度高达580～610℃,在该温度区12Cr1MoV钢焊接接头对形成再热裂纹是敏感的。据此可以断定,高温再热器12Cr1MoV钢入口管焊接接头开裂,是由于锅炉使用中再次高温加热而产生再热裂纹所导致的。     

长时运行高温过热器12Cr1MoV钢寿命评估

以长时运行高温过热器12Cr1MoV钢为研究对象,采用金相检验、扫描电镜、硬度和拉伸性能测试等手段对其组织形貌、化学成分和力学性能进行分析。结果表明,长期高温服役的取样管珠光体球化达到4.5级,碳化物呈链状聚集分布,存在蠕变孔洞和沿晶裂纹,微观组织劣化严重。微观组织劣化越严重,硬度越低,抗拉强度越低,综合力学性能越差。内壁氧化层厚度与微观组织劣化程度无关。运行过程中取样管的当量温度已接近该材质规定的上限温度,取样管剩余蠕变寿命均大于40 000 h。     

电厂高温再热器管爆管分析

对爆管进行了宏观分析、微观组织分析,并取下爆管内外壁的氧化物,用X-射线衍射仪进行了结构分析.结果表明,由于长时高温运行,再热器管在内外表面氧化腐蚀作用下,管壁严重减薄,材料组织脆化,形成沿晶裂纹,管子不足以承受管内蒸汽压力,形成脆性开裂爆口.     

长时运行后高温再热器用12Cr1MoV钢管材性能评定

某电厂600 MW亚临界机组运行累计123 975. 5 h,对仍在该机组运行的12Cr1MoV钢高温再热器进行性能评定。根据其温度分布,重点对运行温度较高的高温再热器最外一圈进行取样,利用电子万能试验机、光学显微镜和扫描电镜,从力学性能、显微组织、氧化层形态及EDS能谱等方面进行分析。结果表明,管样在长期服役过程中,基体已出现合金元素贫化现象,碳化物弥散程度增加,表现为析出聚集,平均尺寸和所占面积比越来越大,组织开始劣化。压扁试验未见可视裂纹,常温抗拉强度接近标准要求下限值,计算当量金属壁温接近该材料规定的上限温度。建议机组运行过程中严格控制炉温,避免管壁温度超过12Cr1MoV钢使用上限温度,保证机组安全运行。     

电站用T22及与T91管高温蒸汽氧化的失效分析

对T22、T91钢锅炉再热器管高温水蒸气氧化失效进行分析;利用能谱分析仪测试分析氧化皮截面合金元素的浓度变化.结果表明:T22、T91钢管在高温蒸汽环境下产生的氧化皮恶化其传热性能,导致管壁有一定的超温现象;氧化皮可分为双层结构,内层为含Cr的保护性氧化膜,外层主要为Fe2O3氧化物,内外层之间存在着大量的细小空洞缺陷;外氧化层有较明显的剥落,剥落的外氧化层聚集在弯头处导致管壁的过热、过烧,从而导致爆管.     

高温再热器管失效研究与对策

对锅炉再热器管进行宏观检查、化学成分分析、金相显微组织观察和力学性能测试,分析了锅炉再热器管的失效原因。结果表明:该锅炉二级再热器管由于超温运行,因过热引起管子弯头的内外壁产生较厚的氧化皮。管子外弧面壁厚不足并在高温作用下使该处管子发生局部鼓胀,致使氧化皮开裂,露出的基体金属继续被氧化,管子内表面不断氧化与膨胀,导致锅炉二级再热器管破裂。     

长时运行高温再热器12Cr1MoV/R102异种钢接头组织分析

分析了电站锅炉高温再热器中运行近8万小时的12Cr1MoV/R102异种钢接头组织变化及蠕变损伤状况,结果表明:母材与不完全重结晶区组织处于中度老化阶段,粗晶区组织老化程度最低;R102钢侧粗晶区硬度明显降低,不完全重结晶区出现软化现象;由于工作应力不高,接头各部位没有出现蠕变损伤.虽然R102钢蠕变断裂强度明显高于12Cr1MoV钢,接头存在力学性能不均匀性,但在界面附近并未发现蠕变孔洞.     

超温服役T91钢的显微组织与力学性能

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、显微硬度计和万能材料试验机对长时超温服役的火力发电厂锅炉再热器用T91钢管进行了微观组织表征和力学性能测试。结果表明,长时超温服役条件下,T91钢由于亚晶粗化而导致原马氏体板条演变为块状铁素体,此外组织中还发现了蠕变空洞的存在。T91钢中M23C6析出相尺寸明显增加,呈现颗粒状形貌。超温的T91钢管向火侧显微硬度明显降低,硬度值从管壁内侧向管壁外侧逐渐减小。背火侧硬度分布较为均匀,未见明显降低。长时超温服役的T91钢由于显微组织的劣化而使得其抗拉强度明显降低。T91钢在运行过程中需严格监控服役温度,防止发生部件材料超温。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。