金属材料损伤的发展

组织退化,包括基体固溶体的贫化,第二相成分、形态和大小的改变,晶粒长大(尤其高温时明显)等,使金属零件在使用过程中易发生变形,这符合人们熟知的Moht-meh-Гpaht定律——材料内损伤的发展,从而缩短了零件的使用寿命。材料中产生的内应力,也加速了损伤的发展(与内应力产生的原因无关)。 破坏瞬间形成的损伤是材料破坏的直接原因。材料中由于微孔和微裂纹的形核、长大及合并,便产生了损伤。因此,金属零件的持久性直接依赖于显微缺陷积累的动力     

医疗废物焚烧装置中锅炉管爆裂分析

对医疗废物焚烧装置中使用不到1年而爆裂的304锅炉管进行了宏观形貌、金相组织、断口形貌及腐蚀产物的分析.结果表明,炉管爆裂属应力腐蚀开裂.造成炉管应力腐蚀的内因为304不锈钢是对氯化物、硫化物等相当敏感的材料;外因为医疗废物焚烧时产生的高温烟气中所含氯化物、硫化物腐蚀和来自炉管的工作应力与加工应力;并提出了相应的改进建议.     

不等宽不锈钢双层板汽车消声器外壳成形工艺分析

针对不等宽不锈钢双层板汽车消声器外壳成形中出现的起皱和破裂问题,结合零件结构特点,详细分析了问题可能产生的原因,并通过有限元数值仿真提出了合理的成形工艺方案。分析结果表明,对该类零件采用二次拉深工艺方案,能够使零件成形时材料流动均衡,极大地改善零件小端处的破裂、管口处和大端处的起皱和材料层叠问题。     

热处理对提高疲劳强度与修复疲劳裂纹的影响

零件在使用过程中受到交变动载荷作用时,容易产生疲劳,严重的时候导致零件的破坏,甚至造成事故。热处理能够有效地提高材料的疲劳强度,并且能够对零件疲劳裂纹进行修复,从而延长零件使用寿命。疲劳裂纹容易产生于应力集中的部位,优化的组织结构能够有效抑制初始疲劳裂纹产生;热处理工艺选取是否合理对于保证材料疲劳强度是关键,热处理过程中应防止脱碳,获得晶粒大小合适,协调性好的组织;处于不同时期的裂纹其修复使用的热处理方法不同;由于组织与基体组织之间存在差异使得裂纹修复只能进行有限次数。     

30CrMnSiA支臂零件裂纹产生原因分析

30CrMnSiA支臂零件在机加工和热处理后,经无损探伤检验发现在零件轴线多处有裂纹存在。为明确支臂零件裂纹产生的原因,通过宏观观察、金相组织分析、微观观察和能谱分析、力学性能测试、化学成分分析等试验手段进行分析,并与原材料进行对比。结果表明：该零件材料的微观组织不均匀,容易产生较大的组织应力,异常的带状组织分布方向与裂纹扩展方向一致;裂纹主要位于零件截面尺寸变化处,因筋条的尺寸变化而造成的淬火冷速不一致,导致裂纹处存在较大热应力。经分析可知,零件裂纹均为淬火裂纹,零件原材料带状组织不均匀和零件形状尺寸变化较大等综合因素导致该零件淬火时容易产生淬火裂纹。     

基于起皱分析的钛合金异形盒件缺陷控制研究

针对钛合金异形盒零件成形起皱问题开展研究，对零件热成形过程中失稳起皱的原理进行分析，结合鼓动产生前后接触压力矢量分布情况得到成形过程中材料流动趋势以及褶皱产生的原因。通过监测零件成形过程中受压侧褶皱折弯角度及零件最大应变情况，发现在合模间隙为6 mm时零件发生失稳变形。对该状态下零件型面进行光顺，设计出零件2道次成形的过渡工装型面，并对工装排布与毛料结构进行优化，最后进行试验验证，成形后的零件贴模间隙为0～0.15 mm。结果表明，改进后的工艺方法将零件变形进行分解，使材料变化均匀，过渡型面消除了成形过程中的褶皱问题，实现了零件的精确成形。     

改进槽钢式零件的弯曲

<正> 本专利涉及弯曲槽钢式零件的方法和装置。 对槽钢或管子进行弯曲时,在内弯曲曲线上,存在形成折叠和弯曲弧度不平滑的难题。在这种弯曲中,外弯曲的材料厚度比内弯曲的材料厚度薄得多。而且外弯曲中产生材料应力,这些情况相当大的降低零件的结构强度。     

弹压零件模具弯曲半径的计算

<正> 在一些机械仪表产品中,常常应用到一些弹性零件对另外一些零件产生弹性压力。在给定材料的情况下,弹性压力的大小主要由弹性零件的弯曲高度h来决定,如图1、2所示。 弯曲零件的成型,必须知道零件的弯曲半径,在通常的模具设计中,由于零件弯曲半径并没有给出,所以在设计模具时只能凭经验给出一个大概的弯曲半径。有时候,因这个数值与实际出入很大而不得不报废模     

铝合金零件的良好淬火介质——聚合物

铝合金零件传统热处理工艺 ,选用水作为淬火剂 ,分为三个冷却阶段 :第一阶段是稳定膜阶段 ;第二阶段是沸腾阶段 ;第三阶段是对流和传导快速冷却阶段。在第二阶段沸腾状态时 ,零件表面的温度迅速地降低 ,其速度比零件内部热量的传出快得多。结果当铝合金零件截面间温差所产生的热应力大于材料的屈服强度时 ,将产生塑性变形。随后第三阶段的快速冷却 ,仍会继续增加热应力和变形 ,所以水淬后的铝合金零件需进行机械加工和矫正。如果选用聚合物作为铝合金零件热处理淬火剂 ,则由于聚合物在水中的逆溶解性 ,当炽热的铝合金零件淬入聚合物水溶液时…     

密封盖内外翻边模具改进

通过密封盖零件的翻边成形,介绍了密封盖翻边模具结构及工作过程,分析了黑色金属材料在翻边成形过程中产生划伤的原因,提出了采用硬质合金材料制造模具,解决了零件在翻边成形过程中,外表面产生划伤、划痕等问题。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。