Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢两相区铁素体晶粒细化机理

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机和背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术分析研究了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢在(γ+α)两相区不同变形量和不同变形温度下的组织演变,探究了铁素体晶粒的细化机理。结果表明,Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢在750℃,应变速率为0.01 s-1变形时,当应变超过0.69后,铁素体的转变量增加不明显,但等轴铁素体晶粒数量增加,新形成的细小等轴再结晶铁素体晶粒尺寸达到1.4~3μm;在850~750℃、应变速率为0.01 s-1变形时,随着变形温度的降低,铁素体转变量增加,铁素体晶粒尺寸减小,但均匀性降低。Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢(γ+α)两相区铁素体晶粒细化机制为铁素体的连续动态再结晶,并且随着变形温度的降低,发生铁素体的连续动态再结晶的能力增强。     

Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢两相区热变形行为及其组织

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢在变形温度700~950℃、变形量70%、应变速率0.01~10 s-1条件下的热变形行为及其热变形的组织演变规律。结果表明,Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢在700~950℃变形时,峰值应力在低于750℃,高于850℃时随变形温度的升高而降低,而在750~850℃之间随温度升高先降低后升高,在800℃出现极小值。在应变速率和变形量不变的情况下,随着变形温度的降低,组织的细化机制由奥氏体的再结晶细化向铁素体的回复再结晶细化转化,并且铁素体的回复再结晶细化效果更加显著。Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢在应变速率为1 s-1,变形量为70%的变形条件下,变形温度为775℃时获得的组织细小均匀,铁素体晶粒的平均尺寸约为3μm。     

应变速率对双相耐候钢显微组织的影响

利用OM、TEM、热模拟实验,研究了应变速率对Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo双相耐候钢显微组织的影响。研究表明:在变形温度880℃,应变1.2条件下,随着应变速率从0.1 s~(-1)增加到20 s~(-1),耐候钢试样铁素体晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,铁素体体积分数逐渐增加;应变速率为1 s~(-1)时,铁素体转变量为86.2%,铁素体晶粒尺寸为4.5μm;应变速率为20 s~(-1)时,铁素体转变量为88.8%,铁素体晶粒最为细小,尺寸为2.2μm;当应变速率超过1 s~(-1)后,铁素体转变量增加明显变缓,但铁素体晶粒仍然继续细化。     

新型建筑用Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢中铁素体晶粒的细化机制分析

研究了Cu-P-Cr-Ni-Mo耐候钢中铁素体晶粒在压缩过程中的细化机制。结果表明,当应变速率为0.01 s-1时,在750℃的应变温度下,铁素体转变量随应变量的不断增加而逐步增大;当应变量达到0.69以后,铁素体转变量基本不再继续增加。当ε=1.2,试验温度在750~850℃之间时,铁素体转变量随热压缩温度降低逐渐增大,其晶粒尺度不断变小。连续动态再结晶是试验钢中铁素体晶粒细化的主要机制。     

2.25Cr1MoNb钢应变诱导相变的热模拟研究

在Gleeble1500热模拟实验机上进行单道次压缩实验,通过改变压下量、变形温度和应变速率研究应变诱导相变的规律。结果表明,铁素体随变形量的增大而增加,铁素体晶粒尺寸随变形量的增加而减小;在Ar3以下,应变诱导相变随变形温度的降低而增大,铁素体晶粒尺寸随变形温度的降低而减小;铁素体随应变速率的升高而减少,晶粒尺寸随应变速率的升高而变小。     

低碳钢奥氏体晶粒控制对应变强化相变的影响

研究了在温度过冷条件下,名义变形为５０％（应变为－０．６９）,应变速率为１ｓ＾－１,形变温度为８００－７４０℃时,低碳钢相变前奥氏体晶粒尺寸（平均直径为４４－７μｍ）对应变强化相变铁素体转变量及铁素体晶料大小的影响,形变前奥氏体晶粒小的铁素体转变量增加,相变完成后细小铁素体晶粒分布较均匀;形变前奥氏体晶粒粗大时,形变后铁素体转变不完全,铁素体晶粒粗大且不均匀,这种影响的显著程度随形变温度的降低而家     

低碳钢过冷奥氏体形变过程超细铁素体的形成

采用过冷奥氏体在A3-Ar3之间变形工艺，获得平均晶粒尺寸约为2μm的微细铁素体晶粒组织，过冷奥氏体形变过程的组织演变包括两个阶段，形变前期以形变强化相变铁素体转变为主导；当相变基本完成后，形变后期以铁素体的动态再结晶为主，形变强化相变是一以形核为主的过程，是晶粒细化的主要原因，应变量较小时，铁素体主要沿原奥氏体晶界及晶内变形带等位置形核，随应变量的增加，以铁素体转变前沿畸变区的反复形核为主。     

工艺参数对低碳钢形变强化相变的影响

研究了低碳钢过冷奥氏体变形时，工艺参数即变形温度、变形速率和原始奥氏体晶粒大小对形变强化相变组织演变、转变动力学及相变完成时临界应变量εc。的影响。结果表明，εc随变形温度降低而减小，随形变速率和原始奥氏体晶粒大小增大而增加。其中，变形温度对εc的影响最大。在相同应变速率的条件下，降低变形温度、减小原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸，都起到了促进相变的作用，使转变动力学提前。在所研究的不同工艺中，组织演变和转变动力学均可分为两个阶段。第一阶段与晶界、孪晶界或形变带作为相变优先形核位置的“位置饱和”机制有关；第二阶段为晶内铁素体／奥氏体相界前沿高畸变区的反复快速形核，是以形核为主导的过程，表现为“形核位置不饱和”机制。晶粒的长大在时间与空间上受到限制，形变强化相变完成时，可以使铁素体品粒细化到2～3μm。     

变形温度及冷却速度对0.46%C中碳钢组织转变的影响

通过热模拟试验并结合OM、SEM分析技术,研究了变形温度及冷却速度对0.46%C中碳钢组织转变的影响。结果表明,真应变为0.92,变形速率为10 s-1时,随着变形温度降低,形变诱导铁素体转变量增加。当变形温度为650℃时,形变诱导铁素体达到48.21%。当650℃变形后控冷时,在最终组织中均匀分布退化的珠光体和铁素体,其中铁素体平均晶粒尺寸为3.45μm,退化珠光体平均晶粒尺寸为5.83μm。冷却速度对钢的组织有重要影响,较小的冷却速度有利于形成球状渗碳体。     

Q235碳素钢应变强化相变的基本特点及影响因素

在热模拟单向压缩实验中,通过形变参数的变化考察了Q235碳素钢应变强化相变的基本规律及铁素体晶粒细化效果,结果表明,铁素体的超细化在热力学上是由于应变强化相变最大限度地提高了相变过冷度,在动力学上是由于形核集中在局部的高应变区,同时在转变过程中形变不断产生新的形核地点并抑制铁素体生长的结果,实现铁素体的超细化需要一最小变量及一定的应变速率,以使转变完毕并加抑制铁素伯的生长及形变成长条状,应变明显削弱了奥氏体晶粒尺寸的差异带来的铁素体尺寸的差异,应变造成的铁素体动态再结晶进一步细化了晶粒,这种特征是动态转变所特有的,此外,还比较了应变强化相变与无应变及传统近轧控冷铁素体形成时的差异。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。