通过遗传编程建立铸铁管道铁释放速率模型研究

为了应对供水管网的铁释放问题,需要研究铁的释放规律,并建立相应的数学模型。选取北京市某区供水管网铸铁管段,通过浸泡试验获得了不同Larson指数、余氯和溶解氧浓度下的铁释放速率,采用遗传编程建立了管道铁释放速率模型。结果表明铁释放速率与Larson指数呈正相关,与余氯、溶解氧浓度呈负相关。对模型参数的敏感性分析表明,总体上铁释放速率对Larson指数的变化响应最为敏感。     

高层建筑转输供水系统余氯衰减规律与补氯特点研究

针对高层建筑转输供水系统的二次供水水质安全问题,研究了水力停留时间、补氯量、水温、有机物等因素对余氯衰减特性的影响。结果表明,水箱中0.1mg/L余氯量的进水停留4h后余氯不达标并出现微生物滋生的问题,同时随着停留时间的延长,浊度升高,有机物含量下降;二次供水系统中余氯的衰减符合一级动力学模型,余氯衰减受补氯量、TOC含量和水温的影响,显著程度依次为水温补氯量TOC含量,其中补氯量、水温与TOC含量对余氯衰减的交互作用比较显著;补氯后余氯的衰减速率增大,且补氯量越低,TOC含量、水温越高,余氯的衰减速率越快;因此,在高层和超高层建筑的转输供水系统中进行补氯时,补氯点的设置和优化需要考虑二次供水水质、补氯量、余氯衰减速率、水温、有机物含量等因素。     

余氯静态衰减过程及影响因素分析

通过西安市供水管网的出厂水和管网末梢水的余氯静态衰减试验,利用相关系数分析,将水体中余氯的衰减分为两大类,一阶段型和两阶段型,并建立了水体中余氯衰减的数学模型;通过相对关联度的分析,分别确定了余氯衰减系数k1、k2及分割时间tb三个指标的主要影响因素;通过比较铁、锰对k1、k2及tb的S2A/S2T,分析了铁、锰对余氯衰减过程的影响;试验证明,余氯静态衰减过程中溶解态铁、锰的浓度变化主要受氯氧化作用的影响,总铁、锰的含量,pH和浊度的变化不受余氯浓度的影响。     

给水管道工程中管材的选择

灰口铸铁管是过去使用最多的给水管道，但因其脆性大且接口为刚性膨胀水泥砂浆或铅接口，事故率最高。管道无内防腐，易生锈结瘤，影响输水能力。随着球墨铸铁管等性能好的管材批量生产，价格逐渐趋于可接受，灰口铸铁管已逐渐不被采用。建设部下达的文件中，从2004年7月1日起，灰口铸铁管管材、管件不得用于城镇供水。     

给水管网中管材对水质变化的影响研究

研究了给水管网中镀锌钢管、铝塑管等常用管材中水质变化的规律,得出了三种管材中游离氯和化合氯的衰减规律,分析了金属离子溶出的影响因素.发现三种管材中旧镀锌钢管的余氯衰减最快,新镀锌钢管比铝塑复合管余氯衰减要快,旧镀锌钢管中余氯衰减呈现一级动力学特征,新镀锌钢管和塑料管余氯衰减呈现零级动力学特征.随着管网水停留时间的增加,锌、铁等金属离子浓度增加,溶出铁的含量与浊度、色度呈现很好的线性相关关系.     

电厂温排水中余氯衰减规律及其影响因素的实验研究

本文针对火(核)电厂冷却水中余氯排放后的衰减规律和主要影响其衰减的因素进行了现场研究。在余氯排放对水环境影响分析的基础上，在现场用邻联甲苯胺比色法观测温排水中余氯浓度衰减变化规律，并在实验室内进行对照实验，对影响其衰减的主要因素进行定量研究。实验研究表明，余氯在最初的一段时间内衰减迅速，随着时间的延长，浓度衰减速率变缓，影响其衰减的主要因素有光照、水体性质、水温和水的pH值等，其影响因素中光照和水体性质的影响大于其他因素，特别是在余氯最初的衰减阶段更为明显。     

天津市给水管网余氯衰减模型研究

以天津给水管网为对象,利用水体自身的信息,通过实验室试验和现场实测,分别确定了主体水和管壁水余氯衰减的模型。结果表明,管壁生长环是影响余氯衰减的主要因素,不同的管道属性对余氯衰减的影响也有较大差别。建立了天津市管网余氯衰减的数学模型。     

含沙量对水体耗氧有机污染物降解耗氧影响

在泥沙存在情况下,水体中的耗氧有机污染物的降解耗氧规律与清水中有很大的差异。从水体耗氧有机物降解反应动力学和溶解氧反应动力学方程出发,考虑泥沙对耗氧有机污染物降解的影响,得出了耗氧有机物降解过程耗氧量随时间变化表达式。通过室内实验研究了含沙量对耗氧有机污染物的耗氧规律的影响,利用耗氧量随时间表达式对实验数据进行分析,得出了泥沙影响下的耗氧有机污染物耗氧速率常数与含沙量的一般规律。结果表明,泥沙对耗氧有机污染物降解耗氧过程符合一级动力学反应,且耗氧速率常数随含沙量的增大而增大,由泥沙存在引起的溶解氧衰减速率常数与含沙量之间存在非线线的函数关系。     

城市供水管网水源切换模拟及黄水控制措施研究

针对Z市未来水源切换期间可能发生的黄水现象,通过建立小区试验模型,研究了管网中总铁、溶解氧和硫酸盐等水质参数在换水期间的变化规律。研究结果表明:硫酸盐浓度可以作为整个水源切换过程的指示性指标,该市主要管网水源切换过程的终点时间约30h,小区管道在换水期间将发生铁超标现象,通过增大管道内余氯浓度至0.4mg/L以上,控制管网溶解氧水平在4.50mg/L以上,可在换水7d后有效缓解黄水现象。     

浅谈球墨铸铁管与其他管材间的接口转换

结合实际对球墨铸铁管与钢管、塑料管、混凝土管和灰口铸铁管等管材间接口转换的常用方法进行了分析 ,指出了各种方法的优缺点及适用场合     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。