5Cr2NiMoVSi钢摩擦环的真空热处理

观察和测试了5Cr2NiMoVSi钢摩擦环试样真空淬火和两次回火后的组织和硬度。结果表明,5Cr2NiMoVSi钢试样经真空热处理后,组织为回火马氏体+回火下贝氏体+少量残留奥氏体+共晶碳化物;显微组织较均匀,硬度52~54 HRC,满足技术要求。     

热处理对718钢干摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过显微组织分析、硬度测试、摩擦磨损性能测试以及磨损形貌观察,研究了不同热处理工艺对718钢的组织、硬度及干摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,热处理工艺对718钢的显微组织、洛氏硬度及干摩擦磨损性能有显著影响。与热轧态718钢相比,经860℃油淬+200℃回火处理后,718钢的硬度提高显著,其硬度可达49.5 HRC,其显微组织为回火马氏体+少量粒状碳化物。718钢经860℃油淬+200℃回火处理后,磨损量和平均摩擦因数最小,表现出优异的干摩擦磨损性能。     

3种模具钢组织与性能的对比研究

采用金相显微镜、洛氏硬度计、冲击试验机与扫描电镜(SEM)对淬火+回火热处理后的SKD11钢、GD钢和LD钢的组织、硬度、冲击韧性及断口形貌进行了测试和分析。研究结果表明:3种钢经淬火+回火后的组织均由针状马氏体+碳化物+少量残余奥氏体构成,但马氏体和碳化物的形态有明显不同;淬火+回火后SKD11钢的硬度值为55.6 HRC,冲击能量约为63 J,GD钢的硬度值为58.6 HRC,冲击能量约为31 J,LD钢的硬度值为58.8 HRC,冲击能量约为75 J。3种模具钢断口宏观形貌均呈现出微量塑性变形的微晶瓷状特征,微观断口形貌为撕裂棱相连的小块解理面,3种钢的断裂机理均为准解理脆性破断。     

淬、回火温度对含铈H13钢组织及硬度的影响

不同含量稀土Ce的H13钢在不同温度淬火30 min后空冷，不同温度二次回火2 h后空冷，进行组织观察和硬度测试。研究表明，淬火温度达到1040℃,基体组织和晶界处的碳化物减少，板条马氏体更清晰，回火温度在580℃时，显微组织为回火马氏体+回火托氏体，回火温度超过600℃,碳化物聚集长大，故最佳热处理工艺为1040℃淬火+580℃二次回火；稀土Ce含量为0.026%时，试验钢的晶粒最为细小，组织最为均匀，硬度最高，淬火硬度为650.6 HV30,回火硬度为391.4 HV30。     

W6Mo5Cr4V2铸钢气门阀座的真空热处理

观察和测试了铸钢W6Mo5Cr4V2气门阀座试样真空淬火和三次回火后的组织和硬度。结果表明,气门阀座试样经上述热处理后,组织为回火隐针马氏体+极少量残留奥氏体+断续网状分布的共晶碳化物+弥散析出的二次碳化物;显微组织较均匀,硬度52.0～54.0 HRC,畸变量可控制在要求范围内,满足技术要求。     

高耐蚀塑料模具钢1.2316MOD显微组织及硬度研究

分析了高耐蚀性能塑料模具钢的市场需求,对Cr17型1.2316MOD钢的淬火及回火特性进行了研究。结果显示,该钢在调质之后显微组织为马氏体+铁素体+碳化物。经过不同温度回火后制成的回火曲线及显微组织分析显示,该钢在300℃～500℃回火时,硬度没有发生显著下降,在450℃回火时出现二次硬化效应。500℃以上回火时淬火组织发生明显分解,马氏体中析出较多的碳化物,此时硬度及组织可较好的满足模具使用要求,可用于较普通4Cr13更耐腐蚀的注塑模具行业。     

30CrMnSiNi2A钢螺纹零件局部感应回火工艺

对30CrMnSiNi2A钢螺纹试验件进行了局部感应回火工艺研究，对比研究了不同预处理(等温淬火+低温回火和真空油淬+低温回火)和不同感应回火工艺(单段式加热、两段式加热、两段式加热+移动补温)对工件回火后硬度分布的影响。结果表明，等温淬火+低温回火和真空油淬+低温回火后试验件的硬度和显微组织差别不大。由于集肤效应和端部效应，单段式感应加热会使试验件内部产生较大的径向和轴向硬度梯度，而两段式加热法可通过增设一段均温时间以消除集肤效应所造成的径向硬度梯度，通过感应器移动补温可消除端部效应所导致的轴向硬度梯度。两段式加热+移动补温的感应回火工艺可使试验件螺纹端头的硬度达到要求，并获得均匀的硬度分布。     

高温回火对4330V钢组织及力学性能的影响

通过显微组织观察、拉伸和冲击试验、硬度测试等研究了高温回火温度对4330V钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明,4330V钢经880℃油淬560~650℃回火后的组织均为回火索氏体+片状或块状铁素体+碳化物;钢在620℃回火后具有优良的强韧性匹配;560℃回火后,室温强度和布氏硬度达到最大,冲击吸收能量则最低,而650℃回火后则反之。随着回火温度升高,4330V钢的抗拉强度、屈服强度、硬度逐渐下降,冲击吸收能量逐渐升高。     

4Cr5Mo2NiV热作模具钢淬回火工艺研究

采用显微组织观察、拉伸试验、冲击试验和硬度测试等方法,研究了4Cr5Mo2NiV模具钢淬火、回火工艺对其显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:淬火态4Cr5Mo2NiV钢组织主要为板条状、针状马氏体以及少量碳化物。随着淬火温度的升高,4Cr5Mo2NiV钢硬度先升高后降低。1010℃淬火,4Cr5Mo2NiV钢硬度达到最大值58.3 HRC。当回火温度在400～650℃,4Cr5Mo2NiV钢回火后出现二次硬化现象。4Cr5Mo2NiV钢最佳淬、回火工艺为1010℃淬火+600℃回火,此工艺下,4Cr5Mo2NiV钢的综合性能最佳。     

热处理对高Cr热作模具钢组织和力学性能的影响

通过中频真空感应炉冶炼了试验钢,采用箱式电阻炉进行了热处理试验,并分析了预处理、淬火、回火等不同热处理下的组织、硬度变化规律,探讨了淬火温度对试验钢最终组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢预处理后的组织为高温回火马氏体+弥散的第二相,组织均匀细化,晶界连续的网状组织完全消除。淬火组织为板条马氏体+残余奥氏体,硬度较高;回火组织主要为回火马氏体+少量残余奥氏体,马氏体板条较为明显,硬度下降。随淬火温度提高,回火组织中回火马氏体板条更为细小化,残余奥氏体含量略有增加;试验钢淬火态、回火态硬度均提高;冲击功先略有降低,当淬火温度超过1040℃时又提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。