几种曲轴缺陷的修理

发动机曲轴容易出现的故障缺陷为轴颈磨损，一般经修磨后基本能恢复使用。但其它一些曲轴缺陷，如轴颈多次磨损超限、曲轴裂纹或折断、曲轴前后油封轴颈磨损超限、曲轴飞轮接盘螺栓孔磨损等缺陷也常常导致发动机出现严重的故障。因此，对这些曲轴缺陷的修复也尤为重要。１　轴颈磨损超限后的恢复对于轴颈磨损数次，经多次修磨处理后，轴颈尺寸会减小到一定极限，这时曲轴的强度就会受到较大的削弱。在这种情况下，再采取继续修磨轴颈的方法是不可取的，而必须采用一定工艺恢复曲轴轴颈的尺寸。目前，在修复实践中常用的恢复轴颈尺寸的方法有…     

纳米碳化硅改性聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用不同偶联剂对纳米碳化硅进行表面处理后,制备了聚四氟乙烯/纳米碳化硅复合材料,考察了偶联剂种类和含量随载荷变化对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜观察和分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌及其磨损机理。结果表明,经表面处理的纳米碳化硅填充后的复合材料硬度和摩擦磨损性能均有提高,以钛酸酯偶联剂（NDZ101）处理效果最好;随着偶联剂含量的增大,钛酸酯偶联剂（NDZ101）处理的复合材料的磨损量和摩擦因数均增大,偶联剂最佳含量为填料质量的1 %;偶联剂处理后的纳米碳化硅与基体之间形成了良好的界面,复合材料的磨损以黏着磨损和磨粒磨损为主。     

纳米SiO_2和MoS_2填充聚酰胺酰亚胺复合涂层摩擦学性能

以45号钢为基体材料,在室温下采用喷涂的方法制备了一种PAI复合涂层。利用LSR-2M往复摩擦磨损仪研究了不同固体润滑剂MoS_2和Nano-SiO_2含量对复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对PAI涂层磨损后磨屑形貌进行观察分析。结果表明:当MoS_2含量为10%(质量分数)、Nano-SiO_2含量为3%(质量分数)时,PAI复合涂层摩擦磨损性能达到最优;SEM观察最优配方磨屑形貌,呈现出明显的黏着磨损特征。     

全氟聚醚改性超高相对分子质量聚乙烯复合材料的性能研究

通过添加全氟聚醚（PFPE）对超高相对分子质量聚乙烯（PE-UHMW）进行改性,研究了PFPE含量对PE-UHMW复合材料力学性能及摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用热重分析仪和差示扫描量热仪分析了复合材料的热性能,同时利用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料磨损表面形貌。结果表明,当PFPE添加量为3 %（质量分数,下同）时,改性复合材料的摩擦因数、体积磨损相对未改性的分别降低20.8 %、59.4 %,摩擦磨损性能改善显著;改性后的复合材料其力学性能和热性能略有提升;未改性复合材料磨损机理主要表现为黏着磨损和塑性变形,改性复合材料则表现为疲劳磨损,伴有轻微的塑性变形。     

ZrSiO_4和Al_2O_3粒度对制动摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用热压成型法制备有机制动摩擦材料,对所制备的摩擦材料进行摩擦磨损测试。研究填料硅酸锆和氧化铝的粒度对多纤维增强树脂基制动摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。研究结果表明,硅酸锆和氧化铝的加入可起到良好的增摩效果,随着填料粒度的细化,摩擦系数减小,但稳定性在粒度居中时最好,同时对磨损率也有一定影响。通过观察试样磨损后表面形貌探讨摩擦磨损机理。     

环氧复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

综述了环氧复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的研究进展,阐述了不同填料单一填充和复合填充改性对环氧复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响,分析了不同填料改性环氧复合涂层的摩擦磨损机制。多种填料之间存在性能互补性,易产生协同效应,多种填料复合填充可提高环氧复合涂层的减摩耐磨性能,使环氧复合涂层具有更优异的摩擦磨损性能。     

陶瓷防护树脂基复合材料的磨损性能及机理研究

为了提高树脂基复合材料的耐磨损性能,采用Al2O3陶瓷贴片制备了陶瓷防护复合材料,通过往复式摩擦磨损试验机对陶瓷片材和复合材料进行了磨损性能试验,得到了防护复合材料在不同加载参数下的磨损形貌,进一步采用三维白光干涉表面形貌仪测试了磨损试样的表面形貌、磨痕深度与宽度,并据此建立了磨损性能数据分析与评价模型,分析了防护复合材料的耐磨损机理。结果表明:复合材料采用陶瓷贴片进行防护可大大提高其耐磨损性能,经陶瓷防护后,复合材料的可承受加载载荷从40 N提高至100 N;随着载荷的进一步增加,陶瓷防护复合材料的磨痕深度大大增加,而钢球的磨损程度迅速下降,其磨损机制发生了变化。分析了造成复合材料磨损性能发生变化的原因。     

超细γ-Al_2O_3对酚醛树脂基摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用热压成型法制备了超细γ-Al2O3粉体改性酚醛树脂基摩擦材料,在定速摩擦磨损试验机上考察了不同含量γ-Al2O3对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察材料磨损后的表面形貌并分析其磨损机理。结果表明,随着γ-Al2O3含量的增加,材料的摩擦系数明显增加,抗热衰退性能得到显著改善,磨损率稍有提高。SEM分析表明,添加γ-Al2O3后,磨损机理由粘着磨损转变为粘着磨损与磨粒磨损的复合形式。     

纳米SiC或Si3N4与玻璃纤维混杂填充PA6复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

采用注塑成型法制备纳米SiC或Si3N4与玻璃纤维混杂填充PA6尼龙复合材料。采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机在干摩擦条件下考察了纳米颗粒含量及载荷对PA6复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析磨损表面形貌及磨损机理。结果表明:纳米Si3N4与玻璃纤维混杂能使复合材料耐磨损性提高,以3%Si3N4与玻璃纤维混杂填充耐磨性最佳;而纳米SiC与玻璃纤维混杂会导致复合材料的磨损量增大,纳米SiC或Si3N4与玻璃纤维混杂填充PA6复合材料的摩擦系数都低于尼龙材料。     

氧化锌对丁腈橡胶性能与摩擦磨损行为的影响

将填充普通氧化锌与纳米氧化锌的丁腈橡胶的材料特性与摩擦磨损性能进行了对比研究。对试样进行常规制备,摩擦磨损性能利用MPV-600型磨粒磨损试验机进行测试;磨损后橡胶表面分子结构利用红外光谱仪进行表征。结果表明,与普通氧化锌硫化胶相比,加入纳米氧化锌硫化胶的抗拉强度提高了10%,100%定伸应力提高了47%,300%定伸应力提高了30%;加入纳米氧化锌胶料焦烧时间与正硫化时间都较普通氧化锌的缩短;添加纳米氧化锌胶料的耐摩擦磨损性能优异,其磨损量比添加普通氧化锌胶料的下降了24%。对于添加不同氧化锌胶料摩擦磨损性能出现差异的原因进行了红外光谱分析,认为摩擦生热导致的硫化返原是造成胶料磨损程度不同的根本原因,即摩擦生热引起多硫键断裂及主链改性,造成胶料交联密度的下降,降低了胶料的耐摩擦磨损性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。